Neurobiology of Supporting Syntactic Chains of Self-Grooming in Rodents and Its Biochecmical Characteristics

Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural and synthetic anxiolytics. Researchers believe that rodent grooming can be a valuable tool in translational neurobiological studies, specifically focusing on aberrant grooming, such as the syntactic chain of grooming, which can serve as an experimental model for certain human psycho-nervous disorders.

Interchange between grooming and infant handling in female Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)

In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.

Postural effect on manual laterality during grooming in northern white-cheeked gibbons(Nomascus leucogenys)

Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigations on how posture affects hylobatid manual laterality are still in their infancy. This study focused on how spontaneous bipedal behavioral tasks affect hand preference in Hylobatidae. Ten captive northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) were chosen as focal subjects. Unimanual grooming during sitting posture and supported bipedal posture were applied as behavioral tasks. The gibbons displayed a modest tendency on left-hand preference during sitting posture and right-hand preference during supported bipedal posture, although no group-level hand preference was detected for either posture. From the sitting to supported bipedal posture, 70% of individuals displayed different degrees of right-side deviation trends. The strength of manual laterality in the supported bipedal posture was higher than that in the sitting posture. We found significant sex differences in manual laterality during supported bipedal posture but not during sitting posture. Thus, to a certain degree, bipedal posture in N. leucogenys facilitates stronger hand preference, elicits a rightward trend in manual laterality, and produces sex-specific hand preference.

A Routing Algorithm in WDM Mesh Networks with Grooming Capacities

Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of overall networks. In this paper, a routing algorithm based on transiently chaotic neural network is proposed to solve the problem in WDM logical topology. The objectives of the routing algorithm are ac commodating all traffic requirements and using less network resource. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient in the routing selection, meanwhile the algorithm can use less network resource.

The Cattle Grooming Behavior and Some Problems with Technological Grooming Instruments for Cow Welfare

Thanks to grooming in cattle,dirt,dust and parasites that are removed,skin blood circulation is increased and muscles are massaged.However,grooming should be done with appropriate tools and equipment.Otherwise,it can be more damaging than benefit.There would be a risk that can hurt the animal’s life if not paid attention,and may result in injury or even tail rupture.Animals exposed to such situations normally want to escape from grooming and show resistance even though they enjoy it very much.Inaccurate applications during the acclimatization period,the use of small and low-placed brushes that are not suitable for the size and structure of the cattle,malfunctions during the operation of the grooming brush and in the event of incorrect operation,the wounds occurring in different parts of the body can prevent the expected benefit from the use of the grooming brush.But many works carry on this subject to provide more efficient grooming instruments for cow comfort.And grooming is considered a potential indicator of positive welfare.The combination and integration of welfare instruments will ensure optimum wellbeing for dairy animals to maximize profitability.Use of welfare instruments combined with new technologies for information handling and integration to instruments give more effective results.

Relationships of open-field behaviour with anxiety in the elevated zero-maze test:Focus on freezing and grooming

The National Institutes of Health Genetically Heterogeneous Rat Stock (NIH-HS) is a unique tool for genetic studies of complex traits due to its high genetic heterogeneity and to its high level of genetic recombinants accumulated along many outbreeding generations. In the present study, 90 NIH-HS male rats were tested for anxiety/fearfulness in the elevated zero-maze and in the open-field test in order to investigate the associations among defensive responses from both tests and, in particular, those among open- field self-grooming and freezing. These associations were evaluated by means of a correlational-factorial approach and an analysis of differences between sub- groups displaying extreme scores in representative variables. The final factor analysis revealed a first factor with high loadings of all variables from the zero-maze (“Maze timidity/conflict” factor), and a second (independent) factor dominated by open-field crossings (-0.74), rearings (-0.62) and freezing (0.65), with lower loadings of open-field grooming (-0.39) and stretched attend postures, as well as of entries and time (loadings of -0.32 to -0.25) in the open sections of the zero-maze (“Open Behavior inhibition/ desinhibition” factor), suggesting that open-field self-grooming is a response associated to activity, in the present study, rather than to inhibition. Furthermore, the finding that grooming in the OF loaded negatively in a second factor supports a relationship between grooming and dearousal. Present results, thus, are in accordance with the usefulness of these tests for the purposes they are commonly employed and add new evidence supporting their concurrent validity, as indicated by the relationships observed among measures from both tests.

should Junior school Kids Be Groomed To Become Financial Wizzes?

Since the fall semester of 2015, Guangzhou, capital of south China＇s Guangdong Province, has begun offering a course in finance in primary and middle schools. It is the first city in China to start such a course in junior schools.

Energy-efficient Traffic Grooming Under Sliding Scheduled Traffic Model for IP over WDM Optical Networks

In this paper,we investigate on the problem of energy-efficient traffic grooming under sliding scheduled traffic model for IP over WDM optical networks,so as to minimize the total energy consumption of the core network.We present a two-layer auxiliary graph model and propose a new energyefficient traffic grooming heuristic named Two-Dimension Green Traffic Grooming(TDGTG) algorithm,which takes both space and time factors into consideration for network energy efficiency.We compare our proposed TDGTG algorithm with the previous traffic grooming algorithms for scheduled traffic model in terms of total energy consumption and blocking probability.The simulation results in three typical carrier topologies show the efficiency of our proposed TDGTD algorithm.

Green Multicast Grooming Based on Cross-Shared Protection in Optical WDM Networks

Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.

A traffic model of optical networks based on time-space complexity and traffic grooming

This paper researched the traffic of optical networks in time-space complexity,proposed a novel traf-fic model for complex optical networks based on traffic grooming,designed a traffic generator GTS(gener-ator based on time and space)with 'centralized+distributed' idea,and then made a simulation in Clanguage.Experiments results show that GTS can produce the virtual network topology which can changedynamically with the characteristic of scaling-free network.GTS can also groom the different traffic andtrigger them under real-time or scheduling mechanisms,generating different optical connections.Thistraffic model is convenient for the simulation of optical networks considering the traffic complexity.

岗课赛证视域下《宠物美容》的课程改革和实践

《宠物美容》课程作为高等职业教育宠物养护与驯导专业的核心课程,对于专业人才培养起着至关重要的作用,因此,提高其教学质量尤其重要。本文在深入分析当前教育环境及相关行业背景的基础上,从“岗课赛证”多维视角出发,深入探讨《宠物美容》课程在教学内容的优化、教学模式的创新、数字化教学资源的开发、实践教学条件的完善和考核与评价体系的建立等方面的教学改革路径。通过这一系列的改革措施,旨在构建一个更加合理、高效且适应行业需求的教学体系。这一体系的实施不仅有助于理顺专业课程中相互交叉的知识内容,形成知识的系统梳理和深度融合,还有助于学生构建清晰的知识体系,使课程设置更加合理。同时,通过实施“三评三组三进”教学模式,有效提升授课教师的教学能力,最终提高教学质量。

野生藏酋猴理毛行为与肠道寄生虫感染的关系

理毛行为是灵长类动物群体中普遍存在且频繁发生的行为模式,越来越多的研究证实,对理毛者来说为其他个体理毛不再是一种低代价的投资,其主要原因是理毛行为能够增加寄生虫感染的潜在风险。然而,理毛行为感染何种类型寄生虫及其感染风险如何仍值得进一步研究。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的野生藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)为研究对象,采集动物个体的粪便样品并检测其中寄生虫的种类,通过分析理毛行为与寄生虫感染的关系,探讨理毛者在理毛投资过程中的潜在风险。结果显示,野生藏酋猴共感染了11种寄生虫,感染线虫(Capillaria spp.,Trichostrongylus spp.)和结肠小袋纤毛虫(Balantidium coli)的风险最高(均为93%),感染鞭虫(Trichuris trichura)的风险次之(54%)。基于两两个体之间的理毛关系,研究发现,发起理毛行为时间越长感染结肠小袋纤毛虫的概率越高;接收理毛行为时间越长,感染蛔虫的概率越低。基于理毛行为网络的分析发现,理毛网络中节点强度较高的个体感染结肠小袋纤毛虫的概率最高。本研究不仅有助于认识和理解野生藏酋猴寄生虫感染状况,也为深入理解理毛行为的风险代价及其功能结果提供更多科学依据。

Combined Analysis of Cost and Traffic Grooming Policies for Hybrid Networks Under Dynamic Traffic Requests

The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost and performance analysis of hybrid networks is done for three different grooming policies. The hybrid network cost is compared with that of an opaque network for equal traffic demand and equal blocking probability of dynamic requests of label switched paths. An algorithm is given to design optimum hybrid nodes for different grooming policies to provide the desired blocking probability for a given number of dynamic connection requests. The results show that all three applied grooming policies （IP layer first, optical layer first, and one hop first） result in lower costs of the hybrid network architecture than for the opaque network. In addition, an adaptive one hop first method is given to improve the best of the applied grooming policies, which limits grooming in heavily loaded hybrid nodes to achieve load balancing. The simulation resuits show that the new policy significantly reduces the overall blocking probability.

Dynamic multicast traffic grooming in WDM networks

Dynamic multicast traffic grooming in wave-length division multiplexing(WDM)networks was analyzed to minimize networkwide costs and to increase the network resource utilization.A network model was developed for dynamic multicast traffic grooming with resource constraints and an algorithm that can provide quality of service(QoS)was proposed.The QoS is measured by the maximum number of lightpaths passing between the source and the destinations.The blocking probability of the algorithm was assessed in simulations.The results show that a higher QoS requirement results in higher blocking probability,and when the QoS requirement is low,changes in the QoS require-ments have only small effects on the blocking probability.

高职《宠物护理与美容》课程教学现状分析

《宠物护理与美容》是高职院校畜牧兽医专业的核心专业课程,结合本校宠物护理与美容课程的教学现状、宠物美容行业现状和存在的问题,以提高教学效果和学生的实践技能,掌握职业技能,满足市场的需求。

Deadly Groom Spends Wedding Night in Jail

【选注者言:这是一条来自西南亚约旦的一条消息。1989年,我曾经在上海目睹一位新娘因鞭炮落到头上而当场被炸身亡的惨剧。想不到,此故事中的“罪魁”非鞭炮;而是 automatic rirle(自动步枪)！本文的主题句值得我们记学。叙事有条理,且符合英语的表达习惯。】

打造线上线下混合式教学“金课”——以《宠物美容与护理》为例

基于线上线下混合教学模式的兴起,本文从线上线下混合式教学模式的设计、混合式“金课”教学实施、教学成效、特色与创新出发,力求打造《宠物美容与护理》线上线下混合式教学“金课”,以期提高本专业的育人质量。

Nerve function restoration following targeted muscle reinnervation after varying delayed periods

Targeted muscle reinnervation has been proposed for reconstruction of neuromuscular function in amputees.However,it is unknown whether performing delayed targeted muscle reinnervation after nerve injury will affect restoration of function.In this rat nerve injury study,the median and musculocutaneous nerves of the forelimb were transected.The proximal median nerve stump was sutured to the distal musculocutaneous nerve stump immediately and 2 and 4 weeks after surgery to reinnervate the biceps brachii.After targeted muscle reinnervation,intramuscular myoelectric signals from the biceps brachii were recorded.Signal amplitude gradually increased with time.Biceps brachii myoelectric signals and muscle fiber morphology and grooming behavior did not significantly differ among rats subjected to delayed target muscle innervation for different periods.Targeted muscle reinnervation delayed for 4 weeks can acquire the same nerve function restoration effect as that of immediate reinnervation.

“教育界限”探讨——从赫尔巴特到布雷钦卡

赫尔巴特首先明确提出教育界限问题,从人的可塑性和教育作用的发挥这两方面有所阐发。后世杜威、维果茨基等教育家对教育界限问题的思路有所回应和阐释,但并未对其进行详尽系统的阐释。布雷钦卡延承赫尔巴特的思路,从“目的—手段”范式、受教育者自身、可想与可行的教育以及教育作用这四个角度对教育界限问题进行了系统深入的剖析,受教育者个性、时间和空间被一再论证是永恒的教育界限。在“构建全民终身学习的学习型社会”的时代愿景下,教育学者需重新回顾“教育界限”,从受教育者的主观能动性方面寻求突破教育界限的可能,呼吁师生践行“终身学习”,这正是对推动“中国式教育现代化”发展这一历史使命的积极回应。

高职《宠物美容与护理》课程思政案例的思考与设计——以“宠物的美容保定”章节为例

《宠物美容与护理》是宜宾职业技术学院宠物医疗技术专业开设的一门专业核心课程、专业技能课程,该文主要介绍该课程一个章节中课程思政案例的思考与设计,围绕课程的教学目标构建教学案例,通过对比法和举例法、讲授法和探究法、分析法和讨论法等方式等融入课程思政元素,并对具体案例进行介绍,试图构建以宠物美容与护理专业知识与日常生活案例素材相结合的专业思政融合教育模式,旨在培养宠物专业学生的职业道德、法治意识、安全意识和社会责任感。