Neurobiology of Supporting Syntactic Chains of Self-Grooming in Rodents and Its Biochecmical Characteristics

Grooming is an innate behavior that serves multiple purposes and has a dual nature, reflecting both comfort and stress. Auto-grooming, in particular, is highly sensitive to stressors and can be influenced by natural and synthetic anxiolytics. Researchers believe that rodent grooming can be a valuable tool in translational neurobiological studies, specifically focusing on aberrant grooming, such as the syntactic chain of grooming, which can serve as an experimental model for certain human psycho-nervous disorders.

Interchange between grooming and infant handling in female Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)

In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.

Postural effect on manual laterality during grooming in northern white-cheeked gibbons(Nomascus leucogenys)

Investigations on manual laterality in non-human primates can help clarify human evolutionary origins of hand preference and cerebral cognition. Although body posture can influence primate hand preference, investigations on how posture affects hylobatid manual laterality are still in their infancy. This study focused on how spontaneous bipedal behavioral tasks affect hand preference in Hylobatidae. Ten captive northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) were chosen as focal subjects. Unimanual grooming during sitting posture and supported bipedal posture were applied as behavioral tasks. The gibbons displayed a modest tendency on left-hand preference during sitting posture and right-hand preference during supported bipedal posture, although no group-level hand preference was detected for either posture. From the sitting to supported bipedal posture, 70% of individuals displayed different degrees of right-side deviation trends. The strength of manual laterality in the supported bipedal posture was higher than that in the sitting posture. We found significant sex differences in manual laterality during supported bipedal posture but not during sitting posture. Thus, to a certain degree, bipedal posture in N. leucogenys facilitates stronger hand preference, elicits a rightward trend in manual laterality, and produces sex-specific hand preference.

A Routing Algorithm in WDM Mesh Networks with Grooming Capacities

Most of the work in traffic grooming has been in the area of providing efficient network designs in Wavelength division multiplexing （WDM）. The objective of these traffic grooming algorithms is to reduce the cost of overall networks. In this paper, a routing algorithm based on transiently chaotic neural network is proposed to solve the problem in WDM logical topology. The objectives of the routing algorithm are ac commodating all traffic requirements and using less network resource. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient in the routing selection, meanwhile the algorithm can use less network resource.

The Cattle Grooming Behavior and Some Problems with Technological Grooming Instruments for Cow Welfare

Thanks to grooming in cattle,dirt,dust and parasites that are removed,skin blood circulation is increased and muscles are massaged.However,grooming should be done with appropriate tools and equipment.Otherwise,it can be more damaging than benefit.There would be a risk that can hurt the animal’s life if not paid attention,and may result in injury or even tail rupture.Animals exposed to such situations normally want to escape from grooming and show resistance even though they enjoy it very much.Inaccurate applications during the acclimatization period,the use of small and low-placed brushes that are not suitable for the size and structure of the cattle,malfunctions during the operation of the grooming brush and in the event of incorrect operation,the wounds occurring in different parts of the body can prevent the expected benefit from the use of the grooming brush.But many works carry on this subject to provide more efficient grooming instruments for cow comfort.And grooming is considered a potential indicator of positive welfare.The combination and integration of welfare instruments will ensure optimum wellbeing for dairy animals to maximize profitability.Use of welfare instruments combined with new technologies for information handling and integration to instruments give more effective results.

Relationships of open-field behaviour with anxiety in the elevated zero-maze test:Focus on freezing and grooming

The National Institutes of Health Genetically Heterogeneous Rat Stock (NIH-HS) is a unique tool for genetic studies of complex traits due to its high genetic heterogeneity and to its high level of genetic recombinants accumulated along many outbreeding generations. In the present study, 90 NIH-HS male rats were tested for anxiety/fearfulness in the elevated zero-maze and in the open-field test in order to investigate the associations among defensive responses from both tests and, in particular, those among open- field self-grooming and freezing. These associations were evaluated by means of a correlational-factorial approach and an analysis of differences between sub- groups displaying extreme scores in representative variables. The final factor analysis revealed a first factor with high loadings of all variables from the zero-maze (“Maze timidity/conflict” factor), and a second (independent) factor dominated by open-field crossings (-0.74), rearings (-0.62) and freezing (0.65), with lower loadings of open-field grooming (-0.39) and stretched attend postures, as well as of entries and time (loadings of -0.32 to -0.25) in the open sections of the zero-maze (“Open Behavior inhibition/ desinhibition” factor), suggesting that open-field self-grooming is a response associated to activity, in the present study, rather than to inhibition. Furthermore, the finding that grooming in the OF loaded negatively in a second factor supports a relationship between grooming and dearousal. Present results, thus, are in accordance with the usefulness of these tests for the purposes they are commonly employed and add new evidence supporting their concurrent validity, as indicated by the relationships observed among measures from both tests.

Combined Analysis of Cost and Traffic Grooming Policies for Hybrid Networks Under Dynamic Traffic Requests

The benefit of a two-layer hybrid IP/MPLS （multi-protocol label switching） over a wavelength division multiplexing network has been analyzed considering both the cost and different grooming policies. A detailed cost and performance analysis of hybrid networks is done for three different grooming policies. The hybrid network cost is compared with that of an opaque network for equal traffic demand and equal blocking probability of dynamic requests of label switched paths. An algorithm is given to design optimum hybrid nodes for different grooming policies to provide the desired blocking probability for a given number of dynamic connection requests. The results show that all three applied grooming policies （IP layer first, optical layer first, and one hop first） result in lower costs of the hybrid network architecture than for the opaque network. In addition, an adaptive one hop first method is given to improve the best of the applied grooming policies, which limits grooming in heavily loaded hybrid nodes to achieve load balancing. The simulation resuits show that the new policy significantly reduces the overall blocking probability.

Dynamic multicast traffic grooming in WDM networks

Dynamic multicast traffic grooming in wave-length division multiplexing(WDM)networks was analyzed to minimize networkwide costs and to increase the network resource utilization.A network model was developed for dynamic multicast traffic grooming with resource constraints and an algorithm that can provide quality of service(QoS)was proposed.The QoS is measured by the maximum number of lightpaths passing between the source and the destinations.The blocking probability of the algorithm was assessed in simulations.The results show that a higher QoS requirement results in higher blocking probability,and when the QoS requirement is low,changes in the QoS require-ments have only small effects on the blocking probability.

Nerve function restoration following targeted muscle reinnervation after varying delayed periods

Targeted muscle reinnervation has been proposed for reconstruction of neuromuscular function in amputees.However,it is unknown whether performing delayed targeted muscle reinnervation after nerve injury will affect restoration of function.In this rat nerve injury study,the median and musculocutaneous nerves of the forelimb were transected.The proximal median nerve stump was sutured to the distal musculocutaneous nerve stump immediately and 2 and 4 weeks after surgery to reinnervate the biceps brachii.After targeted muscle reinnervation,intramuscular myoelectric signals from the biceps brachii were recorded.Signal amplitude gradually increased with time.Biceps brachii myoelectric signals and muscle fiber morphology and grooming behavior did not significantly differ among rats subjected to delayed target muscle innervation for different periods.Targeted muscle reinnervation delayed for 4 weeks can acquire the same nerve function restoration effect as that of immediate reinnervation.

Network Resource Provisioning for IP over Multi-Granular Optical Networks

In the internet protocol（IP） over multi-granular optical switch network （IP/MG-OXC）, the network node is a typical multilayer switch comprising several layers, the IP packet switching （PXC） layer, wavelength switching （WXC） layer and fiber switching （FXC） layer. This network is capable of both IP layer grooming and wavelength grooming in a hierarchical manner. Resource provisioning in the multi-granular network paradigm is called hierarchical grooming problem. An integer linear programming （ILP） model is proposed to formulate the problem. An iterative heuristic approach is developed for solving the problem in large networks. Case study shows that IP/MG-OXC network is much more extendible and can significantly save the overall network cost as compared with IP over wavelength division multiplexing network.

should Junior school Kids Be Groomed To Become Financial Wizzes?

Since the fall semester of 2015, Guangzhou, capital of south China＇s Guangdong Province, has begun offering a course in finance in primary and middle schools. It is the first city in China to start such a course in junior schools.

WDM光网络中的业务疏导

目前WDM光网络普通用户大量的一般业务请求数目及波长通道带宽的不断增加极大的增加了网络中电层和光层设备的处理负担,增加了网络成本。对低速电信号复用到高速光通道进行优化,减少网络电层设备的使用,降低网络成本的业务疏导(TrafficGrooming)技术成为目前光网络研究的一个热点。本文主要介绍了WDM光网络中的业务疏导问题的基本概念、技术特点、国内外研究现状进行了总结。

Routing and wavelength assignment in hierarchical WDM networks

A new routing and wavelength assignment method applied in hierarchical wavelength division multiplexing(WDM)networks is proposed.The algorithm is called offline band priority algorithm(offline BPA).The offline BPA targets to maximize the number of waveband paths under the condition of minimum number of wavelengths,and solve the routing and wavelength assignment(RWA)problem with waveband grooming to reduce cost.Based on the circle construction algorithm,waveband priority function is introduced to calculate the RWA problem.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves significant cost reduction in WDM network construction.

Deadly Groom Spends Wedding Night in Jail

【选注者言:这是一条来自西南亚约旦的一条消息。1989年,我曾经在上海目睹一位新娘因鞭炮落到头上而当场被炸身亡的惨剧。想不到,此故事中的“罪魁”非鞭炮;而是 automatic rirle(自动步枪)！本文的主题句值得我们记学。叙事有条理,且符合英语的表达习惯。】