Deep-subwavelength single grooves prepared by femtosecond laser direct writing on Si

It is well known that femtosecond laser pulses can easily spontaneously induce deep-subwavelength periodic surface structures on transparent dielectrics but not on non-transparent semiconductors.Nevertheless,in this study,we demonstrate that using high-numerical-aperture 800 nm femtosecond laser direct writing with controlled pulse energy and scanning speed in the near-damage-threshold regime,polarization-dependent deep-subwavelength single grooves with linewidths of~180 nm can be controllably prepared on Si.Generally,the single-groove linewidth increases slightly with increase in the pulse energy and decrease in the scanning speed,whereas the single-groove depth significantly increases from~300 nm to~600 nm with decrease in the scanning speed,or even to over 1μm with multi-processing,indicating the characteristics of transverse clamping and longitudinal growth of such deep-subwavelength single grooves.Energy dispersive spectroscopy composition analysis of the near-groove region confirms that single-groove formation tends to be an ultrafast,non-thermal ablation process,and the oxidized deposits near the grooves are easy to clean up.Furthermore,the results,showing both the strong dependence of groove orientation on laser polarization and the occurrence of double-groove structures due to the interference of pre-formed orthogonal grooves,indicate that the extraordinary field enhancement of strong polarization sensitivity in the deep-subwavelength groove plays an important role in single-groove growth with high stability and collimation.

Heat Transfer Performance of a Novel Microchannel Embedded with Connected Grooves

To improve the heat transfer performance of microchannels,a novel microchannel embedded with connected grooves crossing two sidewalls and the bottom surface(type A)was designed.A comparative study of heat transfer was conducted regarding the performances of type A microchannels,microchannels embedded with grooves on their bottom(including types B and C),or on the sidewalls(type D)as well as smooth rectangular microchannels(type E)via a three-dimensional numerical simulation and experimental validation(at Reynolds numbers from 118 to 430).Numerical results suggested that the average Nusselt number of types A,B,C,and D microchannels were 106,73.4,50.1,and 12.6%higher than that of type E microchannel,respectively.The smallest synergy angle β and entropy generation number Ns,a were determined for type A microchannels based on field synergy and nondimensional entropy analysis,which indicated that type A exhibited the best heat transfer performance.Numerical flow analysis indicated that connected grooves induced fluid to flow along two different temperature gradients,which contributed to enhanced heat transfer performance.

Vacuum Infusion Molding Process (Part 2 VIMP Based on Grooves)

The optimal parameters for flow grooves and supply grooves were determined by a series of experiments,and the influences of various molding conditions on the mold filling process were analyzed.Furthermore,the whole VIMP procedure based on grooves was introduced in detail taking the manufacture of a sandwich panel as an example.

A Spectral Finite Difference Method for Analysis of a Fluid-Lubricated Herringbone Grooves Journal Bearing under a Special Case at Rectangle Groove

A spectral difference method is applied to get numerical solutions for a fluid-lubricated herringbone grooved journal bearing with trapezoidal grooves by previous work of the authors. However, an inexpedience in which Fourier series of the film profile does not converge at jump points of groove start or groove end in the case of rectangle groove was still remained. In the paper, an inexpedience of numerical analysis under a special case at rectangle groove is challenged to solve. As a result, for compensation of which Fourier series does not converge at jump points in a special case of rectangle groove, Fourier coefficient of fluid film thickness is proposed as taking the limit of which in a case trapezoidal groove at trapezoidal angle approaches 0.

Strength of Thin-Walled Lipped Channel Section Columns with Shell-Shaped Curved Grooves

Thin-walled member is structurally superior to a construction member. However, by reason of complexity in structure the stress and the deformation to yield the cross section are complicated. Specially, in case thin-walled members, such as thin-walled channel section columns, which are subjected to compressive force, these members produce the local buckling, distortional buckling and overall buckling. A number of experimental and theoretical investigations subjected to axial compressive force are generated for thin-walled channel section columns with triangle-shaped folded groove by Hancock [1] and with complex edge stiffeners and web stiffeners by Wang [2]. In case thin-walled channel section column with folded groove which is subjected to axial compressive force, it is cleared that the buckling mode shapes are ordinarily generated for local buckling mode shape of plate-panel composing cross section of member in short member aspect ratio and overall buckling mode shape as column and distortional buckling mode shape interacting between local buckling and overall buckling similarly normal thin-walled member. It is cleared analytically and experimentally that buckling strength and critical strength of thin-walled channel section column with folded groove can increase sharply in comparison with that of normal thin-walled member composing only plate-panel. In this paper a new cross section of shell-shaped curved groove [3] was proposed instead of the thin-walled lipped channel section column with triangle- and rectangle-shaped folded grooves used ordinarily, and therefore the comparison and the examination of buckling strength and buckling behavior were generated in the case of preparing triangle-shaped folded and shell-shaped curved grooves to web and flange of thin-walled channel section column. And then in order to investigate the buckling behavior on the thin-walled channel section column with folded and curved grooves, exact buckling strength and the buckling mode shapes are generated by using the transfer matrix method. The analytical local distortional and overall elastic buckling loads of thin-walled channel section column with folded and curved grooves can be obtained simultaneously by use of the transfer matrix method. Furthermore, a technique to estimate the buckling mode shapes of these members is also shown.

Thermal Characteristics of Heat Pipe with Axially Swallow-tailed Microgrooves

A thermal model for a heat pipe with axially swallow-tailed microgrooves is developed and analyzed numerically to predict the heat transfer capacity and total thermal resistance.The effect of heat load on the axial distribution of capillary radius,and the effect of working temperature and wick structure on the maximum heat transfer capability,as well as the effect of the heat load and working temperature on the total thermal resistance are all investigated and discussed.It is indicated that the meniscus radius increases non-linearly and slowly at the evaporator and adiabatic section along the axial direction,while increasing drastically at the beginning of the condenser section.The pressure difference in the vapor phase along the axial direction is much smaller than that in the liquid phase.In addition,the heat transfer capacity is deeply affected by the working temperature and the size of the wick.A groove wick structure with a wider groove base width and higher groove depth can enhance the heat transfer capability.The effect of the working temperature on the total thermal resistance is insignificant;however,the total thermal resistance shows dependence upon the heat load.In addition,the accuracy of the model is also verified by the experiment in this paper.

Experimental and Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Rectangular Channel with Discontinuous Crossed Ribs and Grooves

Experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to study turbulent flow of water and heat transfer characteristics in a rectangular channel with discontinuous crossed ribs and grooves.The tests investigated the overall heat transfer performance and friction factor in ribbed and ribbed-grooved channels with rib angle of 30°.The experimental results show that the overall thermo-hydraulic performance for ribbed-grooved channel is increased by 10%-13.6% when compared to ribbed channel.The investigation on the effects of different rib angles and rib pitches on heat transfer characteristics and friction factor in ribbed-grooved channel was carried out using Fluent with SST(shear-stress transport) k-ω turbulence model.The numerical results indicate that the case for rib angle of 45° shows the best overall thermo-hydraulic performance,about 18%-36% higher than the case for rib angle of 0°.In addition,the flow patterns and local heat transfer characteristics for ribbed and ribbed-grooved channels based on the numerical simulation were also analyzed to reveal the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement.

FEASIBILITY AND EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS OF FOUR-ROPES FRICTION HOIST WITHOUT ROPE GROOVES CUTTING

Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, when the difference between the ropes length is ensured, the radius difference between the rope grooves and the difference of the rope strain of a double rope friction hoist will decrease with the increasing of hoisting times. Then the rope grooves cutting are not needed. If the connection form of the ropes or the structure of the frictional wheel of a four ropes friction hoist are changed into as a double ropes hoists, the hoist rope grooves will not need to be cut as well, and the working time will be saved and the service life of the rope lining will be lengthened also.

Numerical investigation of grooves effects on the thermal performance of helically grooved shell and coil tube heat exchanger

Heat exchangers are integral parts of important industrial units such as petrochemicals,medicine and power plants.Due to the importance of systems energy consumption,different modifications have been applied on heat exchangers in terms of size and structure.In this study,a novel heat exchanger with helically grooved annulus shell and helically coiled tube was investigated by numerical simulation.Helically grooves with the same pitch of the helical coil tube and different depth are created on the inner and outer wall of annulus shell to improve the thermal performance of heat exchanger.In the first section,thermal performance of the shell and coil heat exchanger with the helical grooves on its outer shell wall was compared with same but without helical grooves.At the second section,helically grooves created on both outer and inner wall of the annulus shell with different groove depths.The results showed that the heat exchanger with grooves on both inner and outer shell wall has better thermal performance up to 20%compared to the heat exchanger with grooves on only outer shell wall.The highest thermal performance achieves at lower flow rates and higher groove depths whereas the pressure drop did not increase significantly.

A New Method to Calculate Water Film Stiffness and Damping for Water Lubricated Bearing with Multiple Axial Grooves

Water lubricated guide bearings for hydro turbines and pumps are conventionally designed with multiple axial grooves to provide effectively cooling and flushing away abrasives.Due to the variety of groove configuration in terms of number and size,a predication of their performance is difficult.This paper deals with an analytical procedure to investigate groove effect on load capacity,stiffness and damping for this type of bearing where it is considered as an assembly of many inclined slide bearings.The result can be applied to bearings made of hard materials combined with low bearing pressure.

Internet-Based Optimization and Choice of Insert Grooves for Face-Milling

Manufacture is facing more furiously competition in the new century. It tends to be globalized. Rapid response and technology innovation have become the key factor to the success of manufacture enterprise. At present, internet-based manufacturing develops rapidly. With the development of engineering material and machining techniques, better cutting properties of metal cutting tools are required. The world is paying more attention to the study of indexable carbide inserts with three-dimensional complex grooves which can affect cutting properties directly and chip-controlling. So the variety and specification of indexable insert develop quickly and the application of insert with three-dimensional complex chip-former becomes wider and wider. Because milling is an interrupted cutting, the process of milling is complicated and the failure of the milling inserts is severe. It is important to choose suitable milling inserts groove for particular machining conditions before actual machining, it will extend tool life and raise productivity. Optimization and choice of inserts with complex groove via internet may serve for manufacture enterprises all over the world. The milling inserts with three-dimensional complex grooves are optimized and chosen via Internet in this paper. The face-milling process is studied, with the mathematics models of cutting force for different shape of cutting edges established, the cutting forces predicted and stress-fields of different insert grooves analyzed by FEM, according to the predictable results and the most suitable insert groove for particular machining conditions are optimized and chosen. The complex groove optimization and choice are based on a client/server model, with the client and server being on different machines across the internet. Communication between the client and server uses the TCP/IP. The result of optimization and choice will be sent to the users via Internet. Manufacturers all over the world can get the desired insert groove without paying for expensive experiments. Thus, the cost and lead time of products are reduced.

Analysis of roll-stamping process for rib grooves of ultra-high-strength beam parts

Roll-stamping technology,a new process with both roll-forming and stamping characteristics,is suitable for manufacturing ultra-high-strength beam parts,especially variable cross-section beam parts.The rib groove is a local shape often used in automotive parts for positioning,avoidance,and stiffness strengthening on longitudinal and stiffening beams.In this study,two typical rib grooves,the flat-and round-bottom rib grooves,were selected to investigate the characteristics of the roll-stamping process of rib grooves.Using the ABAQUS software platform,a simulation analysis model of rib-groove roll stamping was established and different size rib grooves produced by the roll-stamping process were compared and analyzed.The results show that when the fillet radius of the rib groove increases,the maximum Mises stress,the maximum strain,and the maximum thinning rate decrease.For roll stamping,the minimum safe fillet radii of the two types of rib grooves are 8 and 4 mm,respectively.

STUDY ON RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE GRATING SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE WITH COSINE-SHAPED GROOVES

This paper focuses on a new rectangular waveguide grating Slow-Wave Structure (SWS) with cosine-shaped grooves and studies the propagation characteristics of the wave in the SWS. By using the approximate field-matching conditions,the dispersion equation and the coupling impedance of this circuit are obtained. The dispersion curves and coupling impedances of the fundamental wave are calculated and the influences of the various geometrical dimensions are discussed. The results show that the bandwidth of the cosine-shaped groove SWS is much wider than that of rectangular-shaped groove one. And reducing the groove width can broaden the frequency-band and decrease the phase-velocity,while increment of the groove-depth can also decrease phase-velocity. For above cases,the coupling impedance is more than 16Ω. The present analysis will be helpful on further study and design of the RF systems used in millimeter wave Traveling Wave Tube (TWT).

Finite Element Analysis for Groove Wander Prediction of Passenger Car Tires with the Longitudinal Tread Grooves

A finite element modeling technique is employed in this paper to predict the groove wander of longitudinal tread grooved tires. In generally, groove wander is the lateral force acting on a vehicle’s wheel resulting from the combination of rain grooves. If the lateral force of tire is generated by groove wander, unexpected lateral motion of vehicle will happen and it makes drivers uncomfortable. This paper describes the effect of groove wander according to the shape condition of tire tread groove and highway groove using the finite element analysis based on a static loading or a steady-state rolling assumption. The road groove can be located anywhere relative to the longitudinal tread groove. Therefore, the lateral force of the tire is changing depending on the location of the groove road. The numerical results for groove wander prediction of the longitudinal tread grooved tires are compared with the subjective evaluation. It is found that the waveform for the tire with varying grooved road position has a peak-to-peak lateral force in order to estimate the rating of groove wander. The effect of the road groove width and the pitch length on the peak-to-peak lateral force of tire is discussed. It is found that the prediction of FEA-based groove wander model using finite element analysis will be useful for the reliability design of the tire tread pattern design.

Simulated Research of Enhanced Heat Transfer Characteristics of LNG in Rectangular Small Channels with Circumference Micro-Grooves

In view of the technical development bottleneck of 3D printing manufacturing compact heat exchanger for supercritical LNG,a new passive enhanced heat transfer technology is proposed by developing circumferential micro-grooves on the top and bottom walls of rectangular small channels.Numerical simulation of heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance characteristics of LNG in the enhanced channels with micro-grooves is performed.The geometrical dimensions such as the groove depth,the groove width and the center distance between two adjacent micro-grooves were optimized,and then the heat transfer enhancement and flow of LNG within the range of 120 K-250 K which across the critical temperature after the use of the strengthening technology were discussed.Then,further effects of working fluid temperature,mass flow(Reynolds number),and inlet pressure on heat transfer coefficient(Nusselt number),friction factor,and comprehensive coefficient were investigated.In addition,by the analysis of local flow characteristics near the micro-grooves,the heat transfer mechanism is discussed.

Tuning the Corrosion Resistance,Antibacterial Activity,and Cytocompatibility by Constructing Grooves on the Surface of Ti6Al4V3Cu Alloy

Ti6Al4V3Cu alloy is a promising biomaterial for combating implant-related infection.However,the antibacterial property of Ti6Al4V3Cu is expected to be enhanced due to the low content of Cu element in titanium.To address this issue,the antibacterial property of Ti6Al4V3Cu was tailored by the grooves with different groove widths(30μm,60μm,and 90μm)that were constructed on the surface of the Ti6Al4V3Cu by selective laser melting.The effect of grooves on corrosion resistance,antibacterial property,and cytocompatibility was investigated.The electrochemical tests showed that the corrosion resistance decreased with increasing groove width.The antibacterial tests indicated that the groove with a width of 30μm and 90μm groups showed better antibacterial activity against S.aureus(>90%)compared with the groove with a width of 60μm.The in vitro study suggested that all samples with different grooves were found to exhibit good cytocompatibility with osteoblast cells.It is considered that creating grooves on Ti6Al4V3Cu by selective laser melting is a promising strategy to enhance the antibacterial activity without sacrificing cytocompatibility.

A modal theory and recursion RTCM algorithm for gratings of deep grooves and arbitrary profile

A modal theory for gratings of deep grooves and arbitrary shape is developed. The theory is implemented with an algorithm of recursion reflection-transmission coefficient matrix (RTCM). Several cases of plane wave with arbitrary polarization and arbitrary angle of incidence diffracted from gratings of deep grooves and arbitrary profile are calculated. It is found that this method is more accurate, more stable and faster than others.

An analysis of the Circumferential Grooves Casing Treatment for transonic compressor flow

The stall mechanism of the NASA Rotor 37 is investigated through the analysis of the critical flow structures near the stall under the transonic condition. The performance of the rotor with Circumferential Grooves Casing Treatment (CGCT) is also studied based on the Reynolds-Averaging Navier-Stokes approach. The study finds that stall margin improvement can be achieved without significant penalty on the efficiency for the two CGCT configurations applied. The effects of circumferential grooves on the critical flow structures are studied through the analysis of the tip leakage mass and momentum transport that further re-veal the CGCT mechanism.

Methodology for expressing the flow coefficients of coupled throttling grooves in a proportional–directional valve

Calculating the flow coefficient of a spool-valve is complicated due to the coupling–throttling effect in the throttling grooves of a proportional–directional valve.In this paper,a methodology for expressing the flow coefficient of coupled throttling grooves is proposed to resolve that difficulty.With this purpose,an approach of a 3 D numerical simulation and an experimental bench were introduced based on the prototype of a commercial proportional valve.The results show consistency between the numerical simulation and the bench test.Based on that,the concept of‘saturation limit’is introduced to describe the value gap between the current and saturated flows,so that the flow-coefficient saturation limit of the prototype in the process can be deducted.Accordingly,an approximate flow coefficient suitable for coupled throttling grooves within finite variable space,which is based on three typical throttling structures(i.e.O-shape,U-shape,and C-shape)of the coupled throttling grooves,is obtained based on an orthogonal test.The model results are consistent with the numerical and experimental results,with maximum errors of less than 5.29%and 5.34%,respectively.This suggests that the proposed method is effective in approximating the flow coefficient.

Liver surface depressions in the presence of diaphragmatic muscular bands on trans-illumination

Traditional descriptions of liver anatomy refer to a smooth,convex surface contacting the diaphragm.Surface depressions are recognized anatomic variants.There are many theories to explain the cause of the depressions.We discuss the theory that these are caused by hypertrophic muscular bands in the diaphragm.