Ground-based/UAV-LiDAR data fusion for quantitative structure modeling and tree parameter retrieval in subtropical planted forest

Light detection and ranging(LiDAR)has contributed immensely to forest mapping and 3D tree modelling.From the perspective of data acquisition,the integration of LiDAR data from different platforms would enrich forest information at the tree and plot levels.This research develops a general framework to integrate ground-based and UAV-LiDAR(ULS)data to better estimate tree parameters based on quantitative structure modelling(QSM).This is accomplished in three sequential steps.First,the ground-based/ULS LiDAR data were co-registered based on the local density peaks of the clustered canopy.Next,redundancy and noise were removed for the ground-based/ULS LiDAR data fusion.Finally,tree modeling and biophysical parameter retrieval were based on QSM.Experiments were performed for Backpack/Handheld/UAV-based multi-platform mobile LiDAR data of a subtropical forest,including poplar and dawn redwood species.Generally,ground-based/ULS LiDAR data fusion outperforms ground-based LiDAR with respect to tree parameter estimation compared to field data.The fusion-derived tree height,tree volume,and crown volume significantly improved by up to 9.01%,5.28%,and 18.61%,respectively,in terms of rRMSE.By contrast,the diameter at breast height(DBH)is the parameter that has the least benefits from fusion,and rRMSE remains approximately the same,because stems are already well sampled from ground data.Additionally,particularly for dense forests,the fusion-derived tree parameters were improved compared to those derived from ground-based LiDAR.Ground-based LiDAR can potentially be used to estimate tree parameters in low-stand-density forests,whereby the improvement owing to fusion is not significant.

Catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions in Kazakhstan

The catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions of Kazakhstan used for modeling seismic effects in seismic hazard assessment and microzonation are presented.

Characteristics of Lightning Parameters around a TV Tower and Ground Potential Simulation:A Case Study of Lu an Radio and TV Tower

At present,the Lu an Radio and Television Tower is the tallest building in Anhui Province,and it is easily struck by lightning during the thunderstorm season.In order to clearly understand the lightning environment around the TV tower,based on the lightning positioning monitoring data provided by the Anhui Meteorological Bureau,the distribution characteristics of six lightning parameters within 5 km of the TV tower were studied firstly.Secondly,combined with the field survey data,a soil model was established,and the distribution of ground potential and other related parameters were simulated using CDEGS software,which can provide certain reference for the subsequent lightning protection design and construction.

Ground-state energy of beryllium atom with parameter perturbation method

We present a perturbation study of the ground-state energy of the beryllium atom by incorporating double parameters in the atom＇s Hamiltonian. The eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian is then solved with a double-fold perturbation scheme,where the spin-spin interaction of electrons from different shells of the atom is also considered. Calculations show that the obtained ground-state energy is in satisfactory agreement with experiment. It is found that the Coulomb repulsion of the inner-shell electrons enhances the effective nuclear charge seen by the outer-shell electrons, and the shielding effect of the outer-shell electrons to the nucleus is also notable compared with that of the inner-shell electrons.

An investigation on the ground motion parameters and seismic response of underground structures

Peak ground acceleration (PGA), frequency content and time duration are three fundamental parameters of seismic loading. This study focuses on the seismic load frequency and its effect on the underground structures. Eight accelerograms regarding different occurred earthquakes that are scaled to an identical PGA and variation of ground motion parameters with ratio of peak ground velocity (PGV) to PGA, as a parameter related to the load frequency, are considered. Then, concrete lining response of a circular tunnel under various seismic conditions is evaluated analytically. In the next, seismic response of underground structure is assessed numerically using two different time histories. Finally, effects of incident load frequency and frequency ratio on the dynamic damping of geotechnical materials are discussed. Result of analyses show that specific energy of seismic loading with identical PGA is related to the seismic load frequency. Furthermore, incident load frequency and natural frequency of a system have influence on the wave attenuation and dynamic damping of the system.

Ground motion parameters of Shillong plateau: One of the most seismically active zones of northeastern India

Strong ground motion parameters for Shillong plateau of northeastern India are examined. Empirical relations are obtained for main parameters of ground motions as a function of earthquake magnitude, fault type, source depth, velocity characterization of medium and distance. Correlation between ground motion parameters and characteristics of seismogenic zones are established. A new attenuation relation for peak ground acceleration is developed, which predicts higher expected PGA in the region. Parameters of strong motions, particularly the predominant periods and duration of vibrations, depend on the morphology of the studied area. The study measures low estimates of logarithmic width in Shillong plateau. The attenuation relation estimated for pulse width critically indicates increased pulse width dependence on the logarithmic distance which accounts for geometrical spreading and anelastic attenuation.

No Degeneracy of the Ground State for the Impact Parameter Model

A time dependent Hamiltonian associated to the impact parameter model for the scattering of a light particle and two heavy ones is considered. Existence and non degeneracy of the ground state is shown.

Testing Research about Characteristic Parameters of the Grounding Device at 750 kV Substation of Riyue Mountain,Qinghai

750 kV substation of Riyue Mountain, Qinghai is a substation that annual average thunderstorm days are the maximum at the same volt- age level and altitude in the wodd. We detailedly described testing methods and steps of 6 characteristic parameters for grounding device of 750 kV substation by using 8000S comprehensive test system, and scientifically judged overall performance of the grounding device. Moreover, we espe- cially emphasized key and difficult points in testing process, providing reference for the majority of grounding test workers.

Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters of Ground Water in Kibujjo Village, Namayumba Sub-County, Wakiso District, Uganda

Water is one of the essential life’s basic needs. However, the purity and quality of water from groundwater sources in developing countries are still in doubt due to contamination by different anthropogenic activities. This study assessed the temporal variations in physico-chemical parameters of water sources in Kibujjo Village, Wakiso District, Uganda. Water samples were collected from four water sources: two (2) wells and two (2) boreholes. The levels of both physical and chemical parameters were assessed using APHA standard analytical methods. The results indicated that most of the measured water quality variables did not exceed the UNBS and WHO standards for drinking water, and the majority of the water parameters positively correlated. Borehole waters had a better quality than well waters. The highest levels of most of the variables were recorded during the wet season. There was a significant statistical difference (p SO2-4 showed a significant difference in the dry season amongst the water sources but no significant difference during the wet season (p > 0.05). Therefore, water from wells is not recommended for drinking before treatment, most especially during the wet season.

Hybrid Slip Model for Near-Field Ground Motion Estimation Based on Uncertainty of Source Parameters

The hybrid slip model used to generate a finite fault model for near-field ground motion estimation and seismic hazard assessment was improved to express the uncertainty of the source form of a future earthquake.In this process, source parameters were treated as normal random variables, and the Fortran code of hybrid slip model was modified by adding a random number generator so that the code could generate many finite fault models with different dimensions and slip distributions for a given magnitude.Furth...

An Improved Parameters Extraction Method for Dumbbell-Shaped Defected Ground Structure

The paper presents an improved equivalent circuit parameters extraction method for the dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The new extraction parameters equations are obtained in closed-form expressions, which contain S11 and S21. The DGS unit with center frequency of 5 GHz is designed and fabricated on a TLX substrate with thickness of 1 mm and dielectric constant of 2.55. The circuit simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results. This parameters extraction method can be widely used for the design and analysis of DGS .

The Relationship Among Bedrock Seismic Ground Motion Parameters with Different Exceedance Probabilities in the Panxi Area

Based on the calculation of the bedrock effective peak acceleration (EPA) zoning map in the Panxi area, the ratios of EPA with exceedance probabilities of 63%, 5%, 3%, 2% and 1% over 50 years to that of 10% in 50 years are 0.302, 1.30, 1.55, 1.76 and 2.14, respectively. The seismic effect will be conservative and safe if taking this zoning map as the earthquake resistant fortification level and following the relevant rules of the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GBJ11 89) to calculate the seismic effect. Furthermore, the main factors that influence the A10/A63 ratios have been found to be the attenuation relationship of seismic ground motion, the division of seismic potential source regions and the seismicity parameters. These achievements are helpful to the spreading and applying of the zoning map.

Numerical and experimental evaluation on methods for parameter identification of thermal response tests

Several parameter identification methods of thermal response test were evaluated through numerical and experimental study.A three-dimensional finite-volume numerical model was established under the assumption that the soil thermal conductivity had been known in the simulation of thermal response test.The thermal response curve was firstly obtained through numerical calculation.Then,the accuracy of the numerical model was verified with measured data obtained through a thermal response test.Based on the numerical and experimental thermal response curves,the thermal conductivity of the soil was calculated by different parameter identification methods.The calculated results were compared with the assumed value and then the accuracy of these methods was evaluated.Furthermore,the effects of test time,variable data quality,borehole radius,initial ground temperature,and heat injection rate were analyzed.The results show that the method based on cylinder-source model has a low precision and the identified thermal conductivity decreases with an increase in borehole radius.For parameter estimation,the measuring accuracy of the initial temperature of the deep ground soil has greater effect on identified thermal conductivity.

Regional Finite-Fault Source Model for Development of Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in Sichuan, China

The attenuation relationship of ground motion based on seismology has always been a front subject of engineering earthquake.Among them,the regional finite-fault source model is very important.In view of this point,the general characteristics of regional seism-tectonics,including the dip and depth of the fault plane,are emphasized.According to the statistics of regional seism-tectonics and focal mechanisms in Sichuan,China,and the sensitivity of estimated peak ground acceleration(PGA)attenuation is analyzed,and the dip angle is taken as an average of 70°.Based the statistics of the upper crustal structure and the focal depth of regional earthquakes,the bottom boundary of the sedimentary cover can be used as the upper limit for estimating the depth of upper-edge.The analysis shows that this value is sensitive to PGA.Based on the analysis of geometric relations,the corresponding calculation formula is used,and a set of concepts and steps for building the regional finite-fault source model is proposed.The estimation of source parameters takes into account the uncertainty,the geometric relationship among parameters and the total energy conservation.Meanwhile,a set of reasonable models is developed,which lay a foundation for the further study of regional ground motion attenuation based on seismology.

Soft ground tunnel lithology classification using clustering-guided light gradient boosting machine

During tunnel boring machine(TBM)excavation,lithology identification is an important issue to understand tunnelling performance and avoid time-consuming excavation.However,site investigation generally lacks ground samples and the information is subjective,heterogeneous,and imbalanced due to mixed ground conditions.In this study,an unsupervised(K-means)and synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)-guided light-gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)classifier is proposed to identify the soft ground tunnel classification and determine the imbalanced issue of tunnelling data.During the tunnel excavation,an earth pressure balance(EPB)TBM recorded 18 different operational parameters along with the three main tunnel lithologies.The proposed model is applied using Python low-code PyCaret library.Next,four decision tree-based classifiers were obtained in a short time period with automatic hyperparameter tuning to determine the best model for clustering-guided SMOTE application.In addition,the Shapley additive explanation(SHAP)was implemented to avoid the model black box problem.The proposed model was evaluated using different metrics such as accuracy,F1 score,precision,recall,and receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curve to obtain a reasonable outcome for the minority class.It shows that the proposed model can provide significant tunnel lithology identification based on the operational parameters of EPB-TBM.The proposed method can be applied to heterogeneous tunnel formations with several TBM operational parameters to describe the tunnel lithologies for efficient tunnelling.

基于地震学的天山地区地震动衰减关系研究

选取天山地区3171条矩震级为3.5~4.5级测震记录,通过计算S波段速度傅里叶幅值谱,采用微遗传算法,反演得到5个区域地壳介质参数,即应力降Δσ为18.206 MPa,品质因子参数Q 0为444.20,η值为0.35,几何衰减参数R 1和R 2分别为74.30 km和106.59 km。根据地壳介质参数计算加速度傅氏谱,再配合随机相位谱,得到某一震级、震中距下地震动时程,提取其PGA,建立区域地震动峰值加速度衰减关系。研究结果显示,矩震级为5级和6级中远场地震动衰减关系与强震动记录符合较好,尤其是5级结果,在选取的5条经验值衰减关系中,其均值和标准差均为最小,结果最优;矩震级为7级的地震动衰减关系,远场结果高于大多数强震动记录。

基于零序特征参量差异的谐振接地系统熄弧时刻判别方法

在谐振接地系统中,熄弧时刻的准确判别对于接地故障的选线、消弧效果评估以及熄弧后暂态信息提取和利用具有指导意义。该文针对谐振接地系统单相接地故障,分析了故障点工频电流熄弧前后的故障电气特征,并利用母线零序电压和消弧线圈电流,通过求取其信号的一阶导数及其平方信号的二阶导数,构造两种特征参量。研究发现该特征参量在熄弧前为常数,熄弧后发生明显变化,据此可形成相应的熄弧时刻判别的基本判据。考虑到系统实际运行中各种因素的影响,在此基础上形成熄弧时刻判别的附加判据,从而最终提出基于零序特征参量差异的谐振接地系统熄弧时刻判别方法。通过Mat Lab/Simulink仿真和现场实测,验证了该熄弧时刻判别方法的有效性和准确性。

考虑下部结构单层球面网壳的地震动参数与易损性分析

目前大跨空间球面网壳结构的地震动参数研究与易损性分析多关注于上部结构,忽视了下部支承体系对整体结构的影响。为选取适于评估带下部结构肋环斜杆型单层球面网壳响应的地震动参数,以6个不同矢跨比、不同下部结构的单层球面网壳为模型,研究下部支承体系对球面网壳动力特性的影响,选取多条三维地震动作为输入对模型进行增量动力分析,从相关性、有效性和充分性三个方面对18个地震动参数进行分析评估。并基于大量算例失效时刻的特征响应,建立了考虑下部结构的单层球面网壳的地震损伤模型。结果表明:有无下部支承对结构基频影响较大,随着下部结构高度的增加,结构基频不断减小,无支承柱结构与带10 m支承柱结构的基频相差高达24%;加速度谱强度、峰值加速度与结构地震响应的相关性、有效性及充分性均优于其它地震动参数,可作为考虑下部结构肋环斜杆型单层球面网壳易损性分析的地震动参数。与此同时,在下部支承结构相同时,矢跨比小的网壳结构抗震性能更好,所致结构倒塌的临界荷载更大;支承高度对网壳抗震性能的影响并非呈线性关系,因此,在结构设计时应合理选取下部支承结构高度。

跨走滑断层多跨简支梁桥地震反应特征与参数分析

为揭示跨走滑断层多跨简支梁桥的地震响应规律,以1座4跨简支梁桥为研究对象,基于OpenSees建立了3维动力弹塑性分析模型;采用“分解-叠加”法合成40组跨断层地震动,以多点激励的方式输入到建立的动力分析模型,进行非线性动力时程分析,研究了跨走滑断层多跨简支梁桥在地震动作用下的地震反应特征,分析了断层的穿越角度和穿越位置对跨走滑断层多跨简支梁桥地震响应的影响。结果表明:地震动作用下跨走滑断层桥梁结构会发生剧烈的位移反应;断层穿越角度和穿越位置对桥梁地震反应有显著的影响;地震动作用下跨断层简支梁桥的扭转效应不可忽视。

参数扰动对一种先前的车辆制动控制和防护方法的影响

探究了作者早先提出的一种车辆制动控制防护方法在参数扰动下的防护效果。用MADYMO虚拟仿真软件,对4种形状的典型车头开展了仿真,分析了以下参数:人体头部与车体首次接触时间、制动系统协调时间、路面附着因数:扰动时,对该制动控制防护方法的影响。结果显示:在人体头部与车体首次接触时间时为80~100 ms时,对加权伤害费用(WIC)降幅的影响最显著,但不同车型下的参数敏感性排序存在差异。在路面附着因数扰动为0.45~0.80时,人车碰撞损伤未增加;但地面所致WIC降幅均大于零,可有效降低人地碰撞损伤。在制动系统协调时间参数扰动区间为80~350 ms时,该车辆制动控制防护方法仍然保持有效。