Effects of site conditions on earthquake ground motion and their applications in seismic design in loess region

The Loess Plateau is an earthquake prone region of China, where the effects of loess deposit on ground motion were discovered during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8.0) and the 2013 Minxian-Zhangxian earthquake(Ms6.6). The field investigations, observations, and analyses indicated that large number of casualties and tremendous economic losses were caused not only by collapse and damage of houses with poor seismic performance, landslides, but also amplification effects of site conditions, topography and thickness of loess deposit, on ground motion. In this paper, we chose Dazhai Village and Majiagou Village as the typical loess site affected by the two earthquakes for intensity evaluation, borehole exploration, temporary strong motion array, micro tremor survey, and numerical analysis. The aim is to explore the relations between amplification factors and site conditions in terms of topography and thickness of loess deposit. We also developed site amplification factors of ground motion for engineering design consideration at loess sites. The results showed that the amplification effects are more predominant with increase in thickness of loess deposit and slope height. The amplification mayincrease seismic intensity by 1 degree, PGA and predominant period by 2 times, respectively.

Traveling wave effect on the seismic response of a steel arch bridge subjected to near fault ground motions

In the 1990s, several major earthquakes occurred throughout the world, with a common observation that near fault ground motion （NFGM） characteristics had a distinct impact on causing damage to civil engineering structures that could not be predicted by using far field ground motions. Since then, seismic responses of structures under NFGMs have been extensively examined, with most of the studies focusing on structures with relatively short fundamental periods, where the traveling wave effect does not need to be considered. However, for long span bridges, especially arch bridges, the traveling wave （only time delay considered） effect may be very distinct and is therefore important. In this paper, the results from a case study on the seismic response of a steel arch bridge under selected NFGMs is presented by considering the traveling wave effect with variable apparent velocities. The effects of fling step and long period pulses of NFGMs on the seismic responses of the arch bridge are also discussed.

Review on the study of topographic effect on seismic ground motion

Topographic effect study is a very important research topic in seismology, seismic engineering,earthquake engineering, engineering earthquake construction and engineering seismology. This paper focuses on its present development status. Post-earthquake investigation has found that the existence of topography caused more serious earthquake damage. The actual seismographs also recorded the topographic amplification effect of 6 to 7 times and even more than 10 times. Numerical simulation is an important technique to study topographic effect, which complements the lack of observed records. However researches on 3-D topographic effect are not enough and need to be studied deeper. To find the main influence factors and the quantitative relationship between topography and ground motion are required very urgently. Obviously the achievements not only can be applied in the earthquake resistant design, but also can provide the quantitative pre-earthquake disaster prediction and quantitative post-earthquake disaster evaluation.

Simulation of spatially correlated earthquake ground motions for engineering purposes

A new model to simulate spatially correlated earthquake ground motions is developed. In the model, the main factors that characterize three distinct effects of spatial variability, namely, the incoherency effect, the wave-passage effect and the site-response effect, are taken into account, and corresponding terms/parameters are incorporated into the well known model of uniform ground motions. Some of these terms/parameters can be determined by the root operation, and others can be calculated directly. The proposed model is first verified theoretically, and examples of ground motion simulations are provided as a further illustration. It is proven that the ensemble expected value and the ensemble auto-/cross-spectral density functions of the simulated ground motions are identical to the target spectral density functions. The proposed model can also be used to simulate other correlated stochastic processes, such as wave and wind loads.

Site dependence of far-source ground motions during the Wenchuan earthquake

This paper aimed to examine the site dependence and evaluate the methods for site analysis of far-source ground motions. This was achieved through the examination of frequency content estimated by different methods based on strong ground motions recorded at twelve far-source stations in Shandong province during the Wenchuan earthquake. The stations were located in sites with soil profiles ranging from code classes Ⅰ to Ⅲ. Approaches used included the Fourier amplitude spectrum （FAS）, the earthquake response spectrum （ERS）, the spectral ratio between the horizontal and the vertical components （H/V）, the spectral ratio between the spectra at the site and at a reference site （SRRS）, and coda wave analysis （CWA）. Results showed that major periods of these ground motions obtained by FAS, ERS and H/V ratio methods were all evidently larger than site dominant periods; the periods were also different from each other and mainly reflected the frequency content of long period components. Prominent periods obtained by the SRRS approach neither illuminated the long period aspect nor efficiently determined site features of the motions. The CWA resulted in a period close to site period for stations with good quality recordings. The results obtained in this study will be useful for the evaluation of far-source effect in constructing seismic design spectra and in selecting methods for ground motion site analysis.

Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on peak acceleration during the Jiji (Chi-Chi), Taiwan Province, earthquake

The M=7.6 Jiji (Chi-Chi) earthquake, Taiwan Province, on September 21, 1999 (local time) is a thrust fault style earthquake. The empirical attenuation relations of the horizontal and vertical peak ground accelerations (PGA) for the Jiji (Chi-Chi) earthquake are developed by regression method. By examining the residuals from the Jiji (Chi-Chi) earthquake-specific peak acceleration attenuation relations, it is found that there are systematic differences between PGA on the hanging-wall and footwall. The recorded peak accelerations are higher on the hanging-wall and lower on the footwall. The clear asymmetry of PGA distribution to the surface rupture trace can also be seen from the PGA contour map. These evidences indicate that the PGA attenuates faster on the hanging-wall than on the footwall. In the study of near-source strong motion, seismic hazard assessment, scenario earthquake and seismic disaster prediction, the style-of-faulting must be considered in order that the attenuation model can reflect the characteristic of ground motion in various seismic environmental regions.

基于运动学震源的察隅Mw8.6级地震动模拟

为获取1950年察隅Mw8.6级地震的地震动空间分布规律,探讨震源模型对模拟地震动影响以及地震对雅鲁藏布江下游区的影响,在前人研究基础上分别建立单断层和双断层运动学混合震源模型,综合考虑中国大陆岩石圈速度结构模型USTClitho1.0和全球地壳模型Crust1.0,分别构建单断层模型场地和双断层模型场地对应的地下一维速度结构,采用谱元法对察隅Mw8.6地震开展了目标区域地震动合成研究。通过对比分析目标区域4个观测点的模拟加速度时程、反应谱与前人研究结果的异同,验证了本文所构建模型的适用性。研究结果表明:(1)地表地震动强度大,断裂带投影区域,单、双断层模型最大PGA分别达1050和1145 cm/s^(2),最大PGV分别达472和291 cm/s,最大PGD分别达107和652 cm;(2)震源模型对模拟地震动影响大,单、双断层模型断裂带地表投影区最大PGA、PGV和PGD分别差95 cm/s^(2)、181 cm/s及545 cm;(3)单断层模型地震动随断层距的衰减拟合效果优于双断层模型地震动,除双断层模型EW分量PGD值随断层距增大而衰减的速度慢于其他两分量外,单、双断层模型的PGA、PGV及其余各分量的PGD随断层距增大的衰减速度相当;上盘地震动随断层距增加的衰减速率快于下盘;(4)察隅Mw8.6级地震在各拟建工程场点均产生了较强的地震动和明显的永久地表位移,为防止大震可能造成的严重地震灾害,建议各工程场点采取必要的措施减轻震害损失。

岩溶区土洞对自由场地震动放大效应的影响

岩溶区土洞的发育改变了自由场的地震工程地质条件,从而影响了地表地震动力响应结果。为探讨岩溶区土洞对地震动场地效应的影响,设计并构建典型岩溶区土洞自由场地,利用有限差分法开展了不同地震动输入条件下的含土洞场地的地震反应分析。通过与自由场地震反应分析结果对比可知:(1)土洞的存在阻碍了地震波的传播,从而使得地表中心点峰值加速度显著减小,随着输入地震动峰值增大,土洞的影响范围增大,土洞附近地表峰值加速度呈现出先增大后减小,最后逐渐趋向于自由场;(2)土洞的存在使场地的竖向位移增大,且随输入加速度峰值增大而增大、对水平向峰值位移影响较小;(3)加速度放大系数总体呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,随输入加速度峰值增大而减小;(4)土洞的存在使得反应谱的短周期幅值减小,这种减小幅度受输入地震动峰值的影响不明显。

Geometric effects resulting from the asymmetry of dipping fault:Hanging wall/ footwall effects

Root-mean-square distance Drms with characteristic of weighted-average is introduced in this article firstly. Drms can be used to capture the general proximity of a site to a dipping fault plane comparing with the rupture distance Drup and the seismogenic distance Dseis. Then, using Drup, Dseis and Drms, the hanging wall/footwall effects on the peak ground acceleration (PGA) during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are evaluated by regression analysis. The logarithm residual shows that the PGA on hanging wall is much greater than that on footwall at the same Drup or Dseis when the Drup or Dseis is used as site-to-source distance measure. In contrast, there is no significant difference between the PGA on hanging wall and that on footwall at the same Drms when Drms is used. This result confirms that the hanging wall/footwall effect is mainly a geometric effect caused by the asymmetry of dipping fault. Therefore, the hanging wall/footwall effect on the near-fault ground motions can be ignored in the future attenuation analysis if the root-mean-square distance Drms is used as the site-to-source distance measure.

复杂地形地质条件下地震动放大系数研究进展

地震动放大系数是评估地震波在地表传播时放大效应的关键参数,复杂地形(如山脊、河谷、盆地、组合地形等)和复杂地质(如岩土特性、层理结构、发震断层、地下水位等)对地震动具有显著的放大作用,这对工程结构的稳定性和安全性构成了挑战。对当前复杂地形地质条件下地震动放大效应及放大系数取值的研究进展进行了综述,分析了地形、地质特征对地震动放大效应的影响,探讨了地震动放大系数的取值范围。在此基础上,探讨了现有研究及规范地震动放大系数取值的有关问题,为地震灾害的预防及应对提供了参考。

海底长周期地震动预测模型:以日本相模湾海域为例

地震动反应谱预测模型是地震危险性分析的基础,基于日本K-NET台网相模湾地区的892组海域地震动数据和4 033组陆域地震动数据,考虑震级、震源距、震源深度以及震源类型和场地,建立了PGA和0.05~15.0 s的海域地震动加速度反应谱预测模型。通过残差分析以及相关性分析检验了模型的合理性,并分析了震源类型以及震源深度对反应谱的影响,对比了海陆地震动预测模型的差异。结果表明:震源类型以及震源深度对模型预测结果影响显著,水平向海域模型以及长周期(T≥1.0 s)竖向海域模型所预测反应谱大于陆域模型所预测的反应谱值,且水平向和长周期竖向模型的场地放大系数均大于1。该模型可为长周期海域地震动模型的建立和概率地震危险性分析提供参考,为长周期海域工程的抗震设防提供依据。

空间效应下超长型钢混凝土结构地震响应研究

超长结构空间效应下的地震响应分析是当前抗震研究的热点之一,空间效应对尺寸较小的建筑影响不大,但对平面投影尺度很大的结构地震响应的影响不可忽略。在传统三角级数法合成人工一维地震的基础上采用了三维相干函数矩阵,通过选取合适的模型及相应参数合成考虑空间效应的人工三向地震动。采用了4条自然波及2条人工波对超长型钢混凝土结构进行抗震计算。结果表明:超长结构不适宜仅采用振型分解反应谱法进行地震计算,还需采用地震时程分析法补充计算;与一致激励相比,行波效应会促使构件内力响应两极分化,既能减小整体内力响应,又能增大部分峰值内力,其效果不仅与视波速有关还与激励方向有关,低视波速和长边激励时行波效应加强;与单向激励相比,双向激励下的行波效应影响更复杂,既能改变构件内力响应和主、次动力响应的变化趋势,也能改变不利构件的分布位置;相干效应与行波效应叠加时,会进一步改变构件动力和内力响应。高视波速下相干效应为主导,底层构件内力响应增大。低视波速下行波效应为主导,地震响应呈现两极分化;不利构件的分布不仅与建筑的开洞、设缝及楼层刚度变化等因素有关,还与地震激励方向有关,不利构件沿激励方向有规律地延伸分布。

考虑SSI的层间隔震结构在三维长周期地震下的响应研究

为进一步研究考虑SSI效应的层间隔震结构在三维长周期地震下的响应规律以及与普通地震动作用下的区别,分别输入一维、二维、三维的普通地震动与长周期地震动。针对在长周期地震动三维输入工况下支座应力远超规范值的问题,在原支座的基础上,增加竖向隔震装置,不仅减小了支座应力,同时进一步验证了三维隔震结构在长周期地震作用下的可靠性。研究发现,长周期地震动作用下,考虑SSI效应的层间隔震结构地震响应大于普通地震动输入下的响应;三维长周期地震下结构地震响应大于一维和二维输入下的响应;三维隔震结构在长周期地震作用下仍然可以有效隔离竖向地震,支座应力有效减小,地基土体应力得到优化,具有良好的隔震效果。

竖向地震动对斜交连续梁桥的影响研究

为充分了解竖向地震动对斜交连续梁桥的影响,以某3×30m斜交连续梁桥为背景,利用OpenSees软件建立考虑碰撞效应的计算模型,采用时程分析法对比研究了在两种地震动(水平双向地震动和三向地震动)输入工况下对桥梁支座、碰撞效应,以及桥面位移、桥面转角的影响。分析结果显示:考虑竖向地震动后,全桥支座的纵、横向剪切力均有增长,各支座竖向力的变化幅度均很明显,尤其以桥台处支座最为显著;桥台处支座更容易出现剪切、挤压破坏或脱空;由于竖向地震动作用,支座的临界剪切力增大,使其约束作用增强,导致桥面纵、横向位移减小,主梁与桥台、挡块之间的碰撞效应明显减弱,桥面的旋转程度呈现较大降低。

Site effects on earthquake ground motion based on microtremor measurements for metropolitan Beijing

A campaign of microtremor measurements was conducted in summer 2007 for assessing local site effects of seismic strong ground motion in metropolitan Beijing. Using the measurements from over 600 sites with approximately 1―2 km spacing covering the entire area inside Beijing’s 5th Beltway, we present the analysis results in the form of contours of the predominant resonant frequency, the thick- ness of the uppermost soft sediments, and the ground motion amplification factor. The microtremor- derived soft sediment thickness is generally in agreement with previous results based on much sparser borehole data, with the revealing of more short-wavelength undulations, which coincide with major geomorphological and neotectonic expressions in metropolitan Beijing. This study provides additional valuable information to the earthquake-resistant design of civil infrastructures and seismic hazard response in metropolitan Beijing. It also provides a feasible geophysical approaching to explore the 3-D structure beneath metropolitan cities.

冷竹关沟高陡斜坡地震动响应特征

四川省泸定县冷竹关沟两岸属于高陡斜坡,距2022年5月20日汉源M_(S)4.8地震震中52 km。基于冷竹关沟监测剖面上安置的4台强震仪对汉源M_(S)4.8地震的监测数据,分析了高陡斜坡上的地震波响应规律,并与前人研究成果对比,结果显示:(1)斜坡对此次地震的地震波放大效应在水平南北向最为显著,右岸半岛状山梁处的放大作用强于左岸浑厚山体,且随着高程的增加场地的放大作用逐渐增大;(2)斜坡右岸的地震动卓越频率为2—6 Hz,左岸主要分布在7—13 Hz,冷竹关沟高陡斜坡的地震动卓越频率在半岛状山梁部位以特低频为主,在浑厚山体斜坡以中低频为主,在未来可能发生的地震中,斜坡更容易与卓越频率在此范围内的地震动记录发生共振作用,以致坡体地震动响应强烈;(3)冷竹关沟高陡斜坡存在地震波背坡效应,同时该处斜坡对地震波的放大效应还受到微地形的控制,地震波在右岸坡顶凸起地形处能量最为强烈,右岸斜坡坡顶在地震波经过时更容易发生崩塌等次生灾害。

远海岛礁与场地地震反应研究现状

本文从岛礁地质构造、岛礁地震反应数值模拟方法和岛礁场地效应等方面总结了海域岛礁地震反应的研究现状,对比并且分析了海域岛礁数值模拟方法中的流固耦合模拟方法、固体边界模拟方法和地震动输入方法;总结了现有海域岛礁地震反应的场地效应相关的研究成果。相关研究表明:海水对岛礁场地的放大系数有明显影响,岛礁表面砂层对水平向地震动加速度峰值放大显著,随着输入地震动峰值的增大,岛礁场地的PGA放大效应趋于减小;海域岛礁场地对中低频段的地震动反应较为显著,加速度峰值放大系数一般介于1.5到4.0之间。为满足岛礁工程的抗震设计,需要进一步解决岛礁工程合理地震动输入、岛礁场地地震反应规律与岛礁工程的设计地震动参数等关键科学问题。

日本海沟S-net台网水平向海域板缘地震动模型研究

地震动反应谱预测模型是概率地震危险性分析的基础,该文基于日本海沟大型海底台网S-net的海域俯冲带板缘地震动数据库,建立了俯冲带地区的水平向海域板缘地震动预测模型,分析了板缘地震的海陆地震动模型差异。在地震动模型中考虑了与场地信息有关的台站水深和沉积层厚度。由于海底台站的埋设方式不同,在模型中将台站按埋设和未埋设进行区分,通过回归分析和参数平滑建立了考虑震源类型、矩震级、震源深度、断层距、水深、沉积层厚度和埋设方式的水平向海域板缘地震动预测模型。通过对事件内残差进行分离,给出了研究区域的海底板缘模型单台标准差,可用于特定场点的概率地震危险性分析。该文的水平向海域板缘地震动模型可为考虑震源类型的海域区划和海域概率地震危险性分析提供参考。

地震作用下山体地形地震动偏振效应研究

基于汶川M_(S)8.0地震后在窦圌山坡顶和坡脚测点获得的9次余震记录,通过基线校正、滤波处理,得到各余震记录的傅里叶谱谱比及质点运动轨迹图,结果表明山体的自振频率具有多阶段性,其最大位移方位会出现在山体的横向或走向上,且山体存在偏振效应。将9次余震东西向和南北的水平向加速度时程以10°为单位进行分解得到324条新的时程曲线,基于分解合成后的时程记录,将坡顶与坡脚相同分解角度下的时程作比值,对其峰值加速度比和傅里叶谱谱比进行分析,结果表明二者最大值所在的方位均与山体最大位移所在的方位相同。结合9次余震坡脚测点的傅里叶谱分析可知,各输入地震动频率成分丰富的频段有所不同,低频段容易激发山体的低阶振型,导致山体在横向上发生偏振;高频段容易激发山体的高阶振型,导致山体在走向上发生偏振;当二者同时存在时,山体会同时产生低阶和高阶偏振效应。

近断层地震动组合斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝响应研究

西部地区水利工程多建于复杂地震断裂带附近,因此近场地震动的脉冲效应对水工建筑物所产生的影响不可忽略。近断层地震动往往由P波、SV波等共同组成,到达地表后明显带有一定角度,垂直入射假定不再适用,因此有必要开展近断层脉冲型地震动组合斜入射对沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应影响的研究。基于地表二维地震动反演确定P波、SV波斜入射时程,构建近断层地震动组合斜输入模型,选取脉冲型和非脉冲型各5条地震动记录,研究近断层地震动组合斜入射对沥青混凝土面板加速度、应力和坝体永久变形的影响规律。结果表明:与地震动垂直入射相比,面板水平向加速度随P波角度的增大而增大,随SV波角度的增大而减小,竖向加速度及坝体永久变形的规律则相反;面板拉应力随着P波、SV波角度的增大而增大;近断层地震动的脉冲特性对堆石坝的响应有显著放大作用,其中面板拉应力最大增加了116%。