Single-phase-to-ground fault protection based on zero-sequence current ratio coefficient for low-resistance grounding distribution network

Definite-time zero-sequence over-current protection is presently used in systems whose neutral point is grounded by a low resistance(low-resistance grounding systems).These systems frequently malfunction owing to their high settings of the action value when a high-impedance grounding fault occurs.In this study,the relationship between the zero-sequence currents of each feeder and the neutral branch was analyzed.Then,a grounding protection method was proposed on the basis of the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient.It is defined as the ratio of the zero-sequence current of the feeder to that of the neutral branch.Nonetheless,both zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current are affected by the transition resistance,The influence of transition resistance can be eliminated by calculating this coefficient.Therefore,a method based on the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient was proposed considering the significant difference between the faulty feeder and healthy feeder.Furthermore,unbalanced current can be prevented by setting the starting current.PSCAD simulation results reveal that the proposed method shows high reliability and sensitivity when a high-resistance grounding fault occurs.

Construction Technology of Lightning Protection Devices in Building Electrical Installation Engineering

To better improve the electrical safety of buildings and fulfill the role of lightning protection and grounding,this article combines cases and discusses seven aspects of lightning protection devices’construction technology.These aspects include the lightning protection classification of buildings,air terminals,down conductors,grounding devices,division of lightning protection zones,and lightning electromagnetic pulse shielding.Through the introduction of this article,readers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the application and value of lightning protection grounding construction technology in building electrical installation projects.

The Research on Grounding Protection for 110kV Resistance Grounding Distribution System

Using the neutral grounding method by the resistance in 110?kV system, it can limit the voltage sag and short circuit current when one-phase grounding fault occurred, but it will change the sequence of the network structure and parameters. This paper analyzes the size and distribution of zero sequence voltage and current when one-phase grounding fault occurred in the 110 kV resistance grounding system, and puts forward the grounding protection configuration setting principle of this system combining the power supplying characteristics of 110?kV distribution network. In a reforming substation as an example, the grounding protection of 110 kV lines and transformer have been set and calculated.

Study on Lightning Protection Design of DCS in a Nuclear Power Plant

DCS （distributed control system） plays a decisive role in the overall operation of a nuclear power plant. If DCS fails, it will seriously affect the normal production of nuclear power plant, causing great losses. So it is very important to take perfect lightning protection measures on DCS of the nuclear power plant. In this paper, according to the actual situation of DCS in a nuclear power plant, by controlling lightning point, securely booting lightning into the ground network, improving low-resistance ground network, eliminating ground loops, determining the safety space, surge protection of power and signal, a set of complete lightning protection design scheme was systematically put forward. Some specific lightning protection measures were highlighted, such as the DCS grounding, equipotential bonds and shields, and some specific considerations were put forward. All of these could offer reference in the practical application.

Lightning Protection for the Computer Room of Electronic Information Systems

An electronic information system is composed of multiple groups of components. With the improvement of technology, its accuracy is getting higher and higher. The voltage during normal operation is only a few volts, and the information current is only microamp, so the withstand voltage to lightning electromagnetic pulse is extremely low. In this paper, the negative impact of lightning and static electricity on the computer room of an electronic information system was analyzed firstly, and then the design for the lightning protection of the computer room was discussed.

Research on Common Grounding Electrode Technique in HVDC

This paper discusses the characteristics of DC transmission common system ground electrode type and shared ground electrode, established the mathematical model of two circuit DC systems share ground electrode, analyze effects of the shared loop ground DC transmission system electrode on the operation of HVDC system size under different operation modes, and compare with the independent ground electrode, ground electrode impact on environment under different operation mode, and the paper finally puts forward some solving measures for the influence of the shared ground electrode on the environment and public ground electrode effects on DC system operation problems.

Natural Ionizing System of Electrical Protection and Energies against Atmospheric Discharges （Lightning）

This is the new highest technology, 100% Venezuelan and unique in the world, technological innovation, world patent for maximum protection, security and zero risk （0） to all electrical and power generation systems： hydroelectric and thermoelectric power plants, wind, nuclear and solar power plants, etc.; it is the only technology around the world that has the potential to disperse and propagate to land mass the enormous energies associated to the atmospheric discharges （lightning）, which are in the order： 200,000 to 500,000 Amperes; 1,000 million kilowatts and high-level transient voltage of 100 million volts. This new high technology is the solution to the paradigm of Benjamin Franklin and it is the mechanism to end ＂blackouts＂ that produces so many damages and losses of billions of dollars to both generators and users of electrical service, throughout the world.

Research on Lightning Protection of Overhead Power Distribution Lines

There are two major protective methods against lightning outages on overhead distribution lines.One is a surge arrester,and the other is an overhead ground wire.The surge arresters have rather constant effect regardless of the cause of the lightning outage.On the other hand,the effect of an overhead ground wire is quite different in two major causes,the direct lightning hit and the induced overvoltage.It is sufficient to provide surge arresters with an interval of 300 m for protection against the induced overvoltage caused by the nearby lightning stroke.Use of an overhead ground wire together with surge arresters is effective for lightning protection against the direct lightning hit to a distribution line.Puncture of surge arresters is the popular outage when the outage caused by the insulation break decreases sufficiently.Also,the existence of nearby trees leads to the line break due to the side flash from a tree.Advanced lightning protection equipment with ZnO arrester components is popular in Japan.Modeling of a pole transformer and application of an electromagnetic analysis method,such as FDTD method,to surge phenomena is considerably advanced.

励磁系统交流侧接地对转子接地保护的影响

励磁系统交流侧接地将引起注入式转子接地保护、乒乓切换式转子接地保护误动作。本文介绍了一起相关案例,并对引起误动的基本原理进行了深入分析和定量计算,总结了励磁系统交流侧接地引起采样数据变化的典型特征,提出了关于缩小转子接地保护定位范围的思考。当转子一点接地保护动作后,应首先根据采样数据的变化,对故障点位于励磁系统交流侧还是直流侧做出初步判断,缩小故障定位范围,为快速查找故障提供决策依据。

“光储直柔”建筑配电系统应用研究

以某项目为例分析“光储直柔”在建筑物中的应用,并对“光储直柔”系统的应用场景、建筑直流配电系统的关注点及“光储直柔”系统关键设备进行阐述。

永磁直驱型风机海上风电送出系统不对称接地及甩负荷电磁暂态研究

为明确海上风电交流送出系统过电压的特征与水平,需考虑风电机组的故障穿越特性。该文结合永磁直驱风机变流器的控制原理,提出海上风电送出系统不对称接地过电压的解析计算方法。基于PSCAD对风电机组进行精确电磁暂态建模与故障电压穿越测试,以国内某500 kV大规模海上风电工程为背景,仿真计算送出系统不对称接地及甩负荷过电压。结果表明:系统不对称接地过电压大小与风机正负序控制策略有关;海缆电网侧甩负荷将产生持续百ms的1.3 pu以上的暂态过电压,风机过电压保护动作延时越长,暂态过电压越严重。实际海上风电工程计算需紧密联系风机控制保护策略及其参数,并综合关键设备耐压水平进行评估,通过风机控制策略优化可以降低系统过电压水平。

“工业上楼”建筑电气设计要点浅析

随着经济的发展,城市产业发展往往面临产业转型升级加速和土地资源紧张的双重压力,“工业上楼”举措成为了当今城市产业发展的趋势和研究方向。“工业上楼”面向的产业类型较多,不同产业类型对电气设计的需求也不同,因此“工业上楼”建筑电气设计也相对复杂,对电气设计也带来一定挑战。本文将针对“工业上楼”建筑电气设计关键要点进行探索,以供参考。

风电场集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧与动态保护新原理

为解决风电场集电系统长期存在的线路单相接地故障处理难题,提出风电场中性点柔性接地方式,理论推导获得柔性接地风电场三序等效电路,与集电线路单相接地故障复合序网模型,建立风电场零序电压柔性调控理论,提出集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧方法,可主动将故障点电压及故障残流迅速抑制到零,实现单相接地故障电弧的可靠消除。进一步提出基于零序电流动态增量的高阻故障辨识与保护方法,通过柔性调控零序补偿电流,逐渐放大故障残流,实现永久性单相接地故障的灵敏感知与保护。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建含双馈异步风电机(doubly-fedinduction generator,DFIG)的规模化风电场模型,模拟多种运行与故障条件对所提方法进行验证,仿真结果表明,该方法能够在考虑系统不平衡电压的情况下精准调控集电线路故障点电压,实现瞬时性单相接地故障快速可靠消弧,动态感知并持续抑制永久性单相接地故障残流,实现集电线路高阻接地故障的灵敏保护。该技术有望提升风电场运行灵活性与故障防御能力,有力保障新能源电能外送的持续性、可靠性。

空地一体遥感技术在轨道交通安全保护区巡查中的应用

随着城市轨道交通建设的不断发展,轨道交通沿线安全保护区巡查工作的范围越来越大,内容越来越多,区域内的情况越来越复杂。针对存在的问题,本文构建了一套空地一体的遥感综合监测体系,在巡查工作中引入航空摄影测量、低空无人机监测、车载全景扫描、定点实时监控等多种遥感监测技术及DSM差分计算、深度学习智能识别等多种数据处理技术,并以上海为例开展应用实践。结果表明,本文方法具有可行性,对建立全覆盖、高频次、智能化的巡查模式有参考借鉴价值。

耕地保护田长制的政策工具谱系模型与政策启示——基于扎根理论的政策文本实证分析

研究目的:分析各省市相继出台的耕地保护田长制实施(工作)方案,描绘其政策工具全貌及其使用特征,为政策完善与优化提供参考。研究方法:扎根理论,内容分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护田长制的政策工具谱系模型为“四维驱动式凌锥模型”,该模型由目标导向型政策工具、系统变革型政策工具、过程控制型政策工具、能力建设型政策工具耦合而成;(2)“注意力分配—职权责明晰—有序化运作—积极性调动”是耕地保护田长制的政策工具使用逻辑,立足此逻辑有助于畅通耕地保护“最后一公里”;(3)当前耕地保护田长制在政策工具使用上存在组合结构不合理、可操作性不强、创新性不足、实质效力不高等问题。研究结论:未来应协调政策工具使用比例,优化组合结构的适配性;细化政策工具操作流程,增强内容要素的精准性;注重政策工具创新变革,培育内生动力的发展性;提升政策工具效力层级,夯实功能发挥的有效性。

灵活接地配电网单相接地故障全过程特征分析

为进一步明确灵活接地方式下的单相接地故障特征,给新型接地保护原理的研究提供理论依据,通过建立涵盖灵活接地配电网接地故障全过程的等值电路,分析系统内各检测点处典型故障电气量的幅值、相位特征及其在不同阶段内的变化规律。相比于中性点接地电阻投入之前,在不同故障情况下,故障点电流始终增大,系统零序电压及健全线路零序电流始终减小,而故障线路零序电流随故障点接地电阻的增大而先增大后减小。这与灵活接地方式推行的初衷并不完全相符,解释了目前现场常用的传统小电阻零序过电流保护效果不如理想预期的原因。数字仿真与现场人工试验均验证了本文所得结论的正确性。

矿山地质环境保护与恢复治理对策研究:以秦岭南麓某金矿为例

针对秦岭南麓某金矿存在的矿山地质环境问题,通过资料收集和矿山地质环境现场调查,在对矿山地质环境进行现状评估和预测评估的基础上,分析总结了矿山地质环境问题,梳理了地质灾害类型、规模、分布、危害情况和发育趋势。结合矿山实际情况,提出泥石流隐患、地面塌陷、滑坡及尾矿库废水的防治对策,通过开展地质灾害隐患治理,修复被破坏的地形地貌、植被复绿,逐步恢复矿区水土保持功能,可最大限度地削弱或降低矿山地质环境问题造成的影响。该研究可为类似矿山恢复治理工作提供参考和借鉴。

西北电网330 kV尖樊线人工短路试验中接地距离保护适应性分析

以风电为代表的新能源场站的故障特征对传统距离保护的附加阻抗产生了新的影响,导致保护性能降低。而现有距离保护适应性研究缺乏对单相接地故障场景的分析。为此,结合西北电网于尖樊线进行的2次人工短路试验数据,基于多种控制策略下的风电场故障特征,分析单相接地故障下接地距离保护附加阻抗系数,进而判断保护适应性。研究发现网侧保护附加阻抗系数较小,两侧电源故障电流对保护影响较小;而风电场侧保护附加阻抗系数较大,两侧电源故障电流对保护影响较大,导致保护拒动。

Accident of Large-scale Wind Turbines Disconnecting from Power Grid and Its Protection

There were many accidents of large-scale wind turbines disconnecting from power grid in 2011.As singlephase-to-ground fault cannot be correctly detected,single-phase-to-ground fault evolved to phase-to-phase fault.Phase-to-phase fault was isolated slowly,thus leading to low voltage.And wind turbines without enough low voltage ride-through capacity had to be disconnected from the grid.After some wind turbines being disconnected from the grid,overvoltage caused by reactive power surplus made more wind turbines disconnect from the grid.Based on the accident analysis,this paper presents solutions to above problems,including travelling waves based single-phase-to-ground protection,adaptive low voltage protection,integrated protection and control,and high impedance fault detection.The solutions lay foundations in theory and technology to prevent large-scale wind turbines disconnecting from the operating power grid.