Terrestrial water storage variation in Hebei plain area of China,based on ground surface gravimetry

Variation of terrestrial water storage in the Hebei plain area from March 2010 to June 2014 was studied using ground gravimetry combined with vertical displacement data from the Global Navigation Satellite System.Results show that observed gravity variation in this area increased continuously,basically reflecting a trend toward land subsidence.With the effect of this subsidence removed,a dominantnegative change in gravity variation was evident,reflecting an average rate of decrease in terrestrial water in this area of 0.10±0.053 m/y,and this is equivalent to a volume of 81.5±43.2×108 m^(3)and is consistent with the spatial distribution of groundwater change from measured hydrologic data.These results can be an essential reference and supplement for the study of terrestrial water variation in the Hebei plain area,and indicate that ground surface gravimetry can be used as an important mean for studying changes in terrestrial water.

Pollutant loads of surface runoff in Wuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.

Examining the Relationship Between Spatial Configurations of Urban Impervious Surfaces and Land Surface Temperature

The urban heat island(UHI) effect has significant effects on the quality of life and public health. Numerous studies have addressed the relationship between UHI and the increase in urban impervious surface area(ISA), but few of them have considered the impact of the spatial configuration of ISA on UHI. Land surface temperature(LST) may be affected not only by urban land cover, but also by neighboring land cover. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the abundance and spatial association of ISAs on LST. Taking Harbin City, China as an example, the impact of ISA spatial association on LST measurements was examined. The abundance of ISAs and the LST measurements were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) imagery of 2000 and 2010, and the spatial association patterns of ISAs were calculated using the local Moran’s I index. The impacts of ISA abundance and spatial association on LST were examined using correlation analysis. The results suggested that LST has significant positive associations with both ISA abundance and the Moran’s I index of ISAs, indicating that both the abundance and spatial clustering of ISAs contribute to elevated values of LST. It was also found that LST is positively associated with clustering of high-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,>50%) and negatively associated with clustering of low-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,<25%). The results suggest that, in addition to the abundance of ISAs,their spatial association has a significant effect on UHIs.

Using Impervious Surfaces to Detect Urban Expansion in Beijing of China in 2000s

The change of impervious surface area(ISA) can effectively reveal the gradual process of urbanization and act as a key index for monitoring urban expansion. Experiencing rapid growth of the built environment in the 2000 s, urban expansion of Beijing has not been fully characterized through ISA. In this study, Landsat TM images of Beijing in 2001 and 2009 were obtained, and the eight-year urban expansion process in Beijing was analyzed using the ISA extracted by means of the vegetation-imperious surface-soil(V-I-S) model. From the spatial variation in ISA, the ring structure of urban expansion in Beijing was significant during the study period, with decreasing urban density from the city center to the periphery. In the ring road analysis, the most dramatic changes of ISA were found between the fifth ring and the sixth ring. This area has experienced the most new residential development, and is currently the main source of urban expansion. The typical profile lines revealed the directional characteristics of urban expansion. The east-west profile was the most urbanized axes in Beijing, while ISA change in the east-north profile was more significant than in the other five profiles. Moreover, the transition matrix of ISA levels revealed an increase in urban density in the low density built areas; the Moran′s I index showed a clear expansion of the central urban area, which spread contiguously; and the standard deviational ellipse indicated the northeast was the dominant direction of urban expansion. These findings can provide important spatial control guidelines in the next round of national economic and social development planning, overall urban and rural planning, and land use planning.

中国城市植被物候变化及其对地表温度的响应

量化植被物候与城市化进程之间的关系对探索人类活动对城市生态系统的影响至关重要。以中国35个城市及周边区域为研究对象,基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)提供的归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI),采用Savitzky-Golay滤波和动态阈值法提取2000—2020年研究区植被返青期(Start of Growing Season,SOS)和枯黄期(End of Growing Season,EOS)。并分析不同城市规模、不同距离城市的植被物候变化对陆地地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)与不透水面(Impervious Surface Area,ISA)的响应差异。研究发现:(1)2000—2020年,中国城市城区植被SOS和EOS分别以0.17d/a和0.15d/a的速率推迟。根据城市规模的不同,大城市和中等城市物候期呈推迟趋势,而超大城市、特大城市和小城市呈提前趋势。51%的城市植被SOS提前,主要分布在中国华北、西北及南部地区,其他地区城市植被SOS推迟(49%),80%的城市植被EOS推迟。空间上看,东部和南部平原地区城市植被SOS比西北部地区早(早于第91天),而EOS则比较晚(晚于第314天),而西部和北部城市植被SOS(晚于第91天)和EOS(早于第314天)呈相反态势;(2)距离城区越近,63%的城市表现为植被SOS提前(0.6—4.3 d/km),60%的城市表现为植被EOS推迟(0.2—1.9 d/km);(3)所有城市春季LST均呈现增长趋势,春季ΔLST每增长1℃,SOS提前6.8 d。秋季ΔLST每增长1℃,EOS推迟1.5 d。城市植被SOS与ISA占比显著负相关,ISA占比增长1%,植被SOS提前0.253 d,植被EOS与ISA占比显著正相关,ISA占比每增长1%,植被EOS推迟0.106 d。此外,不同人口规模的城市植被物候对LST和ISA响应存在差异,大城市和超大城市植被物候对LST和ISA占比的响应比其他城市更为敏感,表明特大城市和大城市在城郊梯度上植被物候期对LST与ISA占比响应更为明显。

多源数据加权融合的城市建成区改进指数评估

针对多源数据提取建成区的研究大多集中在等权融合方向,缺乏考虑不同数据源包含的信息量差异的问题,通过多源数据加权融合方法对前人的城市建成区提取指数进行改进,以改善不同质量级数据直接融合导致建成区提取不准确的问题。首先,构建融合夜间灯光数据、NDVI数据、路网数据和POI数据的改进PREANI指数;其次,融入不透水面数据和温度数据构建无权指数UCI和有权指数WCI;最后,选择迭代法和动态阈值法提取建成区,并对3种指数分别进行评估。结果表明:改进PREANI的Kappa系数为0.80,UCI融入温度和不透水面数据将Kappa系数提高至0.83;WCI提取的建成区轮廓更准确,在增强城乡建成区细部对比、提升边缘地物区分能力方面表现良好,其Kappa系数、查全率、查准率和F1分数均在0.85以上。

龙南稀土矿区周边水体污染特征及风险评价

为研究龙南稀土矿区地表水和地下水污染物迁移规律及污染成因机制,开展了矿区周边地表水、地下水水质现状监测工作,对研究区周边地表水、地下水中pH、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮浓度进行分析测定,运用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对水体污染程度及不同年龄段人群健康风险进行评估。结果表明:地表水料坑处的综合污染指数最高,达到54.19,属于严重污染程度;关西翰岗桥处综合污染指数最低,仅为2.119,属于较清洁程度;料坑、黄沙河和临塘一处理站下游的综合污染指数均达到严重污染程度;地下水采样点综合污染指数均达标,水质清洁。健康风险评价结果表明:研究区地表水及地下水中的硝酸盐对人体造成的健康风险较大,亚硝酸盐与氨氮次之;经非致癌健康风险计算,饮用地下水和地表水对不同年龄人群的影响程度为幼儿>青年>成人,因此应对龙南稀土矿区周边0~6岁幼儿用水安全给予更多关注。

1974—2020年大兴安岭北部多年冻土区积雪变化及其与地面、空气温度的关系

基于大兴安岭北部多年冻土区5个气象站1974—2020年逐日气温、地面温度、积雪深度资料,利用气象统计方法分析了积雪气候特征及长期变化、积雪物候变化及积雪对温度的影响,结果表明:大兴安岭北部冻土区积雪深度年内变化呈单峰型,积雪深度最大出现在2月,平均17.9 cm,年积雪日数为161.5 d,积雪日数和积雪深度最大月份不重合。年均积雪深度为10.6 cm,最大积雪深度平均为22.6 cm,近47 a年均积雪深度呈弱的上升趋势。积雪初日显著推迟,终日显著提前,使得积雪持续日数明显缩短。研究区年均积雪深度和冷季地面−雪面温差呈较好的正相关,年最大积雪深度和冷季地面−雪面温差亦呈较好的正相关,积雪深度越大其对地面的隔热作用越大,年均积雪深度每增加1 cm,地面−雪面温差升高0.4211℃,年最大积雪深度每增加1 cm,地面−雪面温差升高0.2889℃,年均积雪深度对冷季地面−雪面温差的影响更大。

基于不透水面的石家庄市市区扩张研究

以不透水面数据代替建设用地,计算扩张速率、扩张强度、转移矩阵以及转移图谱,探究石家庄市市区近30 a扩张变化.研究结果表明:1990—2020年石家庄市市区扩张呈现从中心向四周蔓延的趋势,平均速率为16.19 km^(2)/a,属于高速扩张阶段;扩张强度呈先减小后增大的趋势,总体扩张强度为12.37%,总体扩张强度大小排序为栾城区>裕华区>藁城区>鹿泉区>新华区>长安区>桥西区;其余土地覆被类型转入不透水面(建设用地)面积大小排序为耕地>草地>森林>裸地>水域>灌木;1990—2000年研究区不透水面(建设用地)扩张的面积最大.该研究可为石家庄市市区发展规划提供依据.

重庆某垃圾填埋场周边农村地区水体中EDCs赋存特征及风险评价

为探究重庆垃圾填埋场周边内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的赋存水平与生态风险,采用固相萃取与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对该区域地表水和地下水中11种目标污染物进行采样分析。分析结果表明,共有9种EDCs被检出,甲基泼尼松龙为地表水中主要检出物质,检出率为75%,平均质量浓度为65.73 ng/L;甲基泼尼松龙、泼尼松和泼尼松龙均为地下水中主要检出物质,检出率为5.88%~17.64%。来源解析表明,生活污水和养殖废水是主要污染源,其次为垃圾填埋场渗滤液。风险评估显示,泼尼松龙的RQs处于高风险状态,为高风险熵物质,应加强该污染物的管控和监管。

磨细粉煤灰对高温水泥混凝土性能的影响研究

高温水泥直接应用于混凝土生产会对混凝土性能造成不良影响。本文研究了不同掺量和比表面积磨细粉煤灰对高温水泥拌合的混凝土性能的影响规律,结果表明:在保证相同工作性能的情况下,混凝土外加剂用量随着粉煤灰比表面积的增大而降低,但受粉煤灰掺量影响;当比表面积≤710 m^(2)/kg时,磨细粉煤灰可以改善高温水泥混凝土的经时保坍能力,提高磨细粉煤灰掺量,混凝土凝结时间延长,混凝土含气量则因掺量和比表面积表现出不同的规律;当磨细粉煤灰掺量为40%,比表面积为621 m^(2)/kg时,其对高温水泥混凝土的温升抑制较为明显;当磨细粉煤灰掺量为20%时,混凝土的长期抗压强度随着比表面积的减小而增大,增加磨细粉煤灰的掺量,当比表面积为≤621 m^(2)/kg时,高温混凝土的早期和长期强度持续增长。

海口城市空间差异对外来入侵植物分布格局的影响

【目的】城市是外来入侵物种引入和二次传播的主要地区,城市环境中的入侵植物会对生物多样性和社会经济造成影响。阐明城市空间差异对入侵植物分布格局的影响,可为海口市生物入侵科学管理提供参考。【方法】以海口市主城区为研究区域,通过对461块随机样方的调查,记录外来入侵植物种类、盖度、平均株高和样方环境信息。从入侵植物的样方发生率、物种组成、丰富度和多度等方面,比较其在城市化梯度和土地利用类型上的发生差异和分布特征。【结果】(1)调查共记录外来入侵植物36种,隶属13科31属,其中菊科为优势科;以一年生和原产地为热带美洲的草本居多。(2)城市核心区和城市边缘区的入侵植物丰富度显著高于城市郊区,但城市郊区的多度显著高于城市核心区和城市边缘区。(3)在居住区、交通用地、空闲地、商业/单位/工矿用地中,入侵植物的发生概率与不透水面百分比呈负相关,而在林地、农业用地和城市公共绿地中,入侵植物更容易发生在不透水面百分比较高的区域。【结论】城市化梯度和土地利用类型均显著影响入侵植物的分布格局,不透水面的比例作为一个重要的解释因子,可以为入侵植物的发生提供预判参考。

保德煤矿冲沟地形下综放开采地表沉陷规律研究

针对保德煤矿综放开采易导致冲沟地形坡体裂缝异常发育甚至滑坡的现象,本文采用现场实测及数值模拟方法,研究了冲沟地形下高强度开采地表沉陷规律。研究结果表明:实测保德煤矿81306综放工作面采后的地表最大下沉量为3158 mm,下沉系数为0.53,采动影响范围190 m,计算得出基岩裂缝角为83°,移动角为78°,边界角为68°,其开采扰动影响程度及范围比传统条件有明显增大。模拟研究发现,当冲沟地形处于开采边界的正上方时,其引起的开采沉陷会异常增大,主要原因是井下采动导致上覆沟谷坡体出现一定的滑动现象。基于此,本文针对性地提出了塌陷裂缝的治理措施,研究结果为冲沟地形建筑物下开采边界的合理选择及类似条件下的沉陷控制提供借鉴。

Mapping global impervious surface area and green space within urban environments

The mapping of impervious surface area(ISA) and urban green space(UGS) is essential for improving the urban environmental quality toward ecological, livable, and sustainable goals. Currently, accurate ISA and UGS products are lacking in urban areas at the global scale. This study established regression models that estimated the fraction of ISA/UGS in global 30 cities for validation using MODIS NDVI and DMSP/OLS nighttime light imageries. A global dataset of ISA and UGS fraction with a spatial resolution of 250 m×250 m was developed using the regression model, with a mean relative error of 0.19 for its ISA. The results showed the global urban area of 76.29×10~4 km^2, which was primarily distributed in central Europe, eastern Asia,and central and eastern North America. The urban land area in North America, Europe, and Asia was 66.3×10~4 km^2, accounting for 86.91% of the world’s urban area;the urban land area of the top 50 countries accounted for 59.32% of the total urban land area in the world. The global ISA of 45.26×10~4 km^2 was mainly distributed in central and southern North America, eastern Asia, and Europe, as well as coastal regions around the world. The proportion of ISA situated in built-up areas on the continental scale followed the order of Africa(>70%)>South America>Oceania>Asia(>60%)>North America>Europe(>50%), and these areas were mostly in southeastern North America, southwestern Europe, and eastern and western Asia. North America, Europe, and Asia accounted for 89.44% of the world’s total UGS. The cities of developed countries in Europe and North America exposed a dramatic mosaic of ISA and UGS composites in urban construction. Therefore, the proportion of UGS is relatively high in those cities. However, in developing and underdeveloped countries, the proportion of UGS in built-up areas is relatively low, and urban environments need to be improved for livability.

Evaluating impervious surface growth and its impacts on water environment in Beijing- Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area

The impervious surface area （ISA） at the regional scale is one of the important environmental factors for examining the interaction and mechanism of Land Use/Cover Change （LUCC）-ecosystem processes-climate change under the interactions of urbanization and global environmental change. Timely and accurate extraction of ISA from remotely sensed data at the regional scale is challenging. This study explored the ISA extraction based on MODIS and DMSP-OLS data and the incorporation of China＇s land use/cover data. ISA datasets in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area （BTTMA） in 2000 and 2008 at a spatial resolution of 250 m were developed, their spatiotemporal changes were analyzed, and their impacts on water quality were then evaluated. The results indicated that ISA in BTTMA increased rapidly along urban fringe, transportation corridors and coastal belt both in intensity and extents from 2000 to 2008. Three cities （Tangshan, Langfang and Qinhuangdao） in Hebei Province had higher ISA growth rates than Beijing due to the pressure of population-resour- ces-environments in the city resulting in increasingly transferring industries to the nearby areas. The dense ISA distribution in BTTMA has serious impacts on water quality in the Haihe River watershed. Meanwhile, the proportion of ISA in sub-watersheds has significantly linear relationships with the densities of river COD and NH3-N.

Methods to extract impervious surface areas from satellite images

Impervious surface area(ISA)is an important parameter for many environmental or socioeconomic relevant studies.The unique characteristics of remote sensing data made it the primary data source for ISA mapping at various scales.This paper summarizes general ISA mapping procedure and major techniques and discusses impacts of scale issues on selection of remote sensing data and corresponding algorithms.Previous studies have indicated that ISA mapping remains a challenge,especially in urban–rural frontiers and in covering a large area.Effectively employing rich spatial information in high spatial resolution imagery through texture and objectbased methods is valuable.Data fusion of multi-resolution images and spectral mixture analysis are common approaches to reduce the mixed pixel problem in medium spatial resolution images such as Landsat.Coarse spatial resolution images such as MODIS and DMSP-OLS are valuable for national and global ISA mapping but more research is needed to effectively integrate multisource/scale data for improving mapping performance.Development of an optimal procedure corresponding to specific study areas and purposes is required to generate accurate ISA mapping results.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of impervious surface areas across China during the early 21st century

China has experienced an unprecedented urbanization and industrialization in the past decades. In this research, we examined the dynamics of construction lands and impervious surface areas (ISA) based on land use/cover change and ISA datasets between 2000 and 2008, which were provided by the national resources and environmental remote sensing information platform. The results indicated that the construction areas and ISA increased by 3468.30 and 2212.24 km 2 /a in this period primarily due to the implementation of national macro-development strategies and fast-growing economy. In 2008, ISA accounted for 0.86% of the total land area in China. Urban land areas increased by 43.46% between 2000 and 2008. The annual growth rate of 1788.22 km 2 /a in this period was 2.18 times that in the 1990s. In particular, urban ISA increased by 53.30% between 2000 and 2008 with an annual growth rate of 1348.85 km 2 /a. During the 8 years, the ISA in China increased rapidly, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Region, Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and the western China region. The increasing ISA may influence potentially water environmental quality in the major basins. In particular, the number of subbasins having ISA of greater than 10% increased considerably, which were primarily distributed in the Haihe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins. In 2008, 14.42% of the basin areas were affected by the increased ISA.

沿海吹填区市政道路基础设施位移控制关键技术浅析

吹填造陆是利用海积软土或淤泥作为填土资源的一种变废为利的地基处理方式,既可清理海港码头淤泥和疏浚航道,又可缓解沿海地区用地需求急剧增加的矛盾。但吹填造陆需对吹填土进行加固处理,提高其土体抗剪强度和地基承载力,控制市政道路基础设施的位移以满足后续工程建设的要求。以温州市瓯江口新区一期市政工程为背景,浅析吹填区道路位移控制关键技术。

An investigation of the influence of ground surface properties and shading on outdoor thermal comfort in a high-altitude residential area

Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading properties affect the outdoor thermal environment in a high-altitude plateau climate where few studies have been conducted.The measurements were conducted during summer and winter in a residential area in Lhasa,Tibet.Without natural shading such as trees,there is a positive correlation between Sky-view factor(SVF)and Physiological equivalent temperature(PET)during winter and a negative correlation during summer.When SVF exceeds 0.65 in summer,it may cause human discomfort.Compared to artificial shading such as a tensioned membrane,deciduous trees are superior at improving human comfort,as they can increase PET by 10.56℃ in winter and decrease it by 9.73℃ in summer.During summer,high-reflection water-permeable bricks can reduce the PET by 1.08℃,and lawns can reduce the mean rachation temperature(Tmrt)by 1.650C;however,the lawns may produce a microclimate with a high air temperature.The results from this paper can be used as a reference for landscape planning and design in residential areas in high-altitude cold-climate regions.

不同物探测试技术在工程采空区的应用与验证

工程施工过程中,有效探明已有采空区对工程安全施工有重要意义。首先阐述高密度电法、面波测试、探地雷达3种不同物探测试技术方法,为验证这3种测试方法在查找采煤巷道或采空区的有效性,以新疆某工程采空区为例,在已知有采煤巷道或采空区的桩号段布置高密度电法、面波和探地雷达验证剖面,进行测试分析工作。结果表明,经试验工作验证,3种测试方法均在测试剖面桩号显示异常部位与采煤巷道位置吻合,能有效反映不同深度范围内的空洞异常,满足物探工作测试目的。在实际应用过程中,针对不同测试深度选取适宜的测试方法。研究成果可为类似采空区物探测试工作提供参考。