Application of ESPRIT in Broad Beam HF Ground Wave Radar Sea Surface Current Mapping

HF surface wave radar system OSMAR2000 is a broad-beam sea-state detecting radar. ESPRIT (Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique) algorithm is proposed to apply in DOA (direction of arrival) determination of sea echoes. The algorithm of ESPRIT is briefly introduced first. Then discussions are made on the technique for application in the OSMAR2000 framework. Numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of radial current mapping based on this method. The algorithm manifests significant performance and computational advantages compared with that of MUSIC. Data acquired by OSMAR2000 are processed to give radial current map and the synthesized vector currents are compared with the in-situ measurement with traditional means. The results show the validity of ESPRIT application in DOA determination for broad-beam radar. Key words HF ground wave radar - sea surface current - ESPRIT - MUSIC CLC number TN 911.72 - TN 958.95 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60201003) and the National High Technology Development 863 Program of China (863-818-01-02)Biography: Liu Dan-hong (1976-), female, Master candidate, research direction: radar signal processing.

Estimation of detection threshold in multiple ship target situations with HF ground wave radar

A credible method of calculating the detection threshold is presented for the multiple target situations, which appear frequently in the lower Doppler velocity region during the surveillance of sea with HF ground wave radar. This method defines a whole-peak-outlier elimination （WPOE） criterion, which is based on in-peak-samples correlation of each target echo spectra, to trim off the target signals and abnormal disturbances with great amplitude from the complex spectra. Therefore, cleaned background noise samples are obtained to improve the accuracy and reliability of noise level estimation. When the background noise is nonhomogeneous, the detection samples are limited and often occupied heavily with outliers. In this case, the problem that the detection threshold is overvalued can be solved. In applications on experimental data, it is verified that this method can reduce the miss alarm rate of signal detection effectively in multiple target situations as well as make the adaptability of the detector better.

Estimation of the Direction of Arrival Using Virtual Matrix Method for HF Ground Wave Radar

According to the characteristic of the echo of highfrequency ground wave radar（HF GWR）, which is one-dimensional narrow band signal, a virtual direction of arrival（DOA） matrix is constructed at first, then the DOA of target evaluation is achieved by the method of resolving equations for two-dimensional DOA matrix. And this method bases on the redundancy information of a linear two-row array of antennae. Both the simulation process and the treatment results of measured data （in the case of low SNR echoes and short data series） are given at the end of this paper. By comparing with GPS data of the targets, the validity and practical applicability of the method in this paper is verified.

The Study of Single Station Inverting the Sea Surface Current by HF Ground Wave Radar Based on Adjoint Assimilation Technology

This paper introduces the assimilation technology in an ocean dynamics model and discusses the feasibility of inverting the sea surface current in the detection zone by assimilating the sea current radial velocity detected by single station HF ground wave radar in ocean dynamics model. Based on the adjoint assimilation and POM model, the paper successfully inverts the sea surface current through single station HF ground wave radar in the Zhoushan sea area. The single station HF radar inversion results are also compared with the bistatic HF radar composite results and the fixed point measured results by Annderaa current meter. The error analysis shows that acquisition of flow velocity and flow direction data from the single station HF radar based on adjoint assimilation and POM model is viable and the data obtained have a high correlation and consistency with the flow field observed by HF radar.

Intensive Disturbance Suppression for HF Ground Wave Polarimetric Radar

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A System of Signal Detection and Estimation for Ground Wave Over-The-Horizon Radar

Ground wave over-the-horizon radar(GW-OTHR) can detect the OTH moving targets on sea or at low altitude. This paper discusses the background for detecting a target with GW-OTHR, introduces the theory and implementation of the signal detection and estimation system which has the parallel processing function, and gives some experimental results. The results of GW-OTHR experiments show that this system can successfully detect and estimate the above-mentioned targets.

Contrast validation test for retrieval method of high frequency ground wave radar

In this paper, on the basis of the working principles of high frequency ground wave radar for retrieval of ocean wave and sea wind elements were used to systematically study the data obtained from contrast validation test in Zhoushan sea area of Zhejiang Province on Oct. 2000, to validate the accuracy of OSMAR2000 for wave and wind parameters, and to analyze the possible error caused when using OSMAR2000 to retrieve ocean parameters.

Effect of seawater on incident plane P and SV waves at ocean bottom and engineering characteristics of offshore ground motion records off the coast of southern California, USA

The effect of seawater on vertical ground motions is studied via a theoretical method and then actual offshore ground motion records are analyzed using a statistical method. A theoretical analysis of the effect of seawater on incident plane P and SV waves at ocean bottom indicate that on one hand, the affected frequency range of vertical ground motions is prominent due to P wave resonance in the water layer if the impedance ratio between the seawater and the underlying medium is large, but it is greatly suppressed if the impedance ratio is small; on the other hand, for the ocean bottom interface model selected herein, vertical ground motions consisting of mostly P waves are more easily affected by seawater than those dominated by SV waves. The statistical analysis of engineering parameters of offshore ground motion records indicate that:(1) Under the infl uence of softer surface soil at the seafl oor, both horizontal and vertical spectral accelerations of offshore motions are exaggerated at long period components, which leads to the peak spectral values moving to a longer period.(2) The spectral ratios(V/H) of offshore ground motions are much smaller than onshore ground motions near the P wave resonant frequencies in the water layer; and as the period becomes larger, the effect of seawater becomes smaller, which leads to a similar V/H at intermediate periods(near 2 s). These results are consistent with the conclusions of Boore and Smith(1999), but the V/H of offshore motion may be smaller than the onshore ground motions at longer periods(more than 5 s).

GROUND STATE TRAVELLING WAVES IN INFINITE LATTICES

In this paper, we consider FPU lattices with particles of unit mass. The dynamics of the system is described by the infinite system of second order differential equations qn=U＇（qn＋1-qu）-U＇（qn-qn-1）,n∈Z,where qn denotes the displacement of the n-th lattice site and U is the potential of interaction between two adjacent particles. Inspired by previous work due to Szulkin and Weth （Ground state solutions for some indefinite variational problems, J. Funct. Anal., 257 （2009）, 3802- 3822）, we investigate the existence of solitary ground waves, i.e., nontrivial solutions with least possible energy.

Algorithm of sky-ground-wave signal separation in CDMA system

To solve the problem of the sky-wave interference in radio positioning system operating in CDMA mode, an algorithm of sky-ground-wave separation is provided. Based on the MLE （maximum likelihood estimate）, and by estimating the amplitude and the phase of the sky-wave signal, the provided algorithm for separating skyground-wave is implemented. The mathematics model used for signal processing is established, and the possible solutions are provided. The structure and signal processing flow implementing the presented algorithm in the receiver are presented. A multi-channels signal searching idea is adopted, some of which process the sky-wave signal, and some of which process the ground-wave signal. Numerical analysis and simulation show that the proposed algorithm has higher accuracy, more rapid processing speed, and simpler implementation for the estimation of the sky-wave signal parameter, and can separate the sky-wave signal and ground-wave signal from the arrival combination signal effectively.

Application of Fault Location Mode Based on Travelling Waves for Neutral Non-effective Grounding Systems

Fault location for distribution feeders short circuit especially single-phase grounding fault is an important task in distribution system with non-effectively grounded neutral.Fault location mode for distribution feeders using fault generated current and voltage transient traveling waves was investigated.The characteristics of transient traveling waves resulted from each short circuit fault and their transmission disciplinarian in distribution feeders are analyzed.This paper proposed that double end travelling waves theory which measures arriving time of fault initiated surge at both ends of the monitored line is fit for distribution feeders but single end traveling waves theory not.According to different distribution feeders,on the basis of analyzing original traveling waves reflection rule in line terminal, Current-voltage mode,voltage-voltage mode and current-current mode for fault location based on traveling waves are proposed and aerial mode component of original traveling waves is used to realize fault location.Experimental test verify the feasibility and correctness of the proposed method.

Traveling wave effect on the seismic response of a steel arch bridge subjected to near fault ground motions

In the 1990s, several major earthquakes occurred throughout the world, with a common observation that near fault ground motion （NFGM） characteristics had a distinct impact on causing damage to civil engineering structures that could not be predicted by using far field ground motions. Since then, seismic responses of structures under NFGMs have been extensively examined, with most of the studies focusing on structures with relatively short fundamental periods, where the traveling wave effect does not need to be considered. However, for long span bridges, especially arch bridges, the traveling wave （only time delay considered） effect may be very distinct and is therefore important. In this paper, the results from a case study on the seismic response of a steel arch bridge under selected NFGMs is presented by considering the traveling wave effect with variable apparent velocities. The effects of fling step and long period pulses of NFGMs on the seismic responses of the arch bridge are also discussed.

Modelling Propagation of Stress Waves through Soil Medium for Ground Response Analysis

buildings located at rock sites. Modelling wave propagation through soil medium helps to derive the primary and secondary wave velocities. Most of the time soil mediums are heterogeneous, layered and undergoes nonlinear strains even under weak excitation. The equivalent linear approximation with one dimensional wave propagation is widely adopted for modeling earthquake excitation for layered soil. In this paper, importance of local soil effects, the process of wave propagation through three dimensional elastic medium, layered medium situated on rigid rock, attenuation of stress waves due to material damping, equivalent linear approximation, the concept of one dimensional wave propagation, and a case study of one dimensional wave propagation as a part of site-specific ground response analyses for Delhi region are included. The case study brings out the importance of carrying out site-specific ground response analyses of buildings considering the scenario earthquakes and actual soil conditions for Delhi region.

A New Method of Estimating Wave Energy from Ground Vibrations

Performance of explosive energy is rated in a number of ways, obtained either from theoretical calculations or from experimental tests. However, it is difficult to determine the amount of the explosive energy transferred to the rock and converted into efficient work in the application of rock blasting. Although measurement of some of the effects of explosive energy in rock mass is ground vibration, noise, etc., which are usually conducted for blast control/analysis purpose, the results are rarely used on energy content. Energy transferred to the rock in the form of seismic waves is called seismic energy. In conventional analysis of blast results, generally, the ground vibrations generated due to blasting operations are monitored at a known distance from blast site with a geophone/ground vibration monitor, in three mutually orthogonal directions. Using such wave forms, an energy component is estimated from all the wave forms in three directions, using a sophisticated signal processing software, which is termed as “wave energy”. The wave energy is compared with the estimated seismic energy. An investigating program was taken up involving 31 blasts conducted at a hard rock excavation site to assess the influence of depth of excavation and scaled distance on the seismic energy wasted in the form of ground vibrations.

道路地下空洞探地雷达波场和时频特性

根据城市道路地下介质的分布特征和电性参数设计模型,采用时域有限差分法和广义S变换,对道路地下存在的充气空洞、充水空洞、回填不密实、埋藏金属物状态进行探地雷达正演模拟和时频特征提取。结果表明,地下空洞顶界面的反射波同相轴均呈弧形反射形态,但充气空洞的反射波能量强于充水空洞;地下空洞发育区域的中心频率集中在某个低频区间,其余频率成分分布较均匀;埋藏金属物区域出现两簇高幅值能量团,频率分布较分散;回填不密实区域频率未能显示出较明显的规律。最后,通过工程实测验证了数值模拟的可靠性。

A New Approach to the Ground State of Superfluid Fermi Gas near the Feshbach Resonance of d-Wave

The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. Mr. Mohammadali Ghorbani (corresponding author and also the last author) cheated the author’s name: Alireza Heidari. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and we treat all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.2, 151-154, 2012, has been removed from this site.

基于自适应KF的船载地波雷达目标跟踪方法

针对使用传统的卡尔曼滤波器进行多目标跟踪易发生状态估计不准确、航迹断裂的问题,提出了一种转换量测卡尔曼滤波增益自适应调整方法。结合船只目标的运动特性和历史船只航迹数据,采用线性最小二乘拟合提取出航迹参数的变化趋势。使用似然函数分别计算目标预测状态和量测状态与航迹的隶属度。利用预测状态和量测状态的隶属度值对滤波方式进行选择。利用仿真及实测船载地波雷达数据开展了目标跟踪实验,结果表明,使用该文方法能够得到平滑、持续的航迹输出,目标的跟踪距离远、跟踪精度高,优于现有的自适应滤波方法。

高聚物注浆修复的面板堤坝探地雷达波场特征分析

针对高聚物注浆修复堤坝面板脱空病害的修复效果问题,依据实际堤坝面板层间结构和材料介电参数,基于时域有限差分法和完全匹配层边界条件建立了高聚物注浆修复面板脱空堤坝的探地雷达电磁波计算模型,分析了雷达中心频率、面板脱空修复程度及脱空区域大小、面板厚度及配筋等因素对高聚物注浆修复面板脱空堤坝探地雷达波场特征的影响。结果表明:随着激励源中心频率增大,探地雷达剖面图分辨率逐渐增加;随着脱空区域长度增加,探地雷达剖面图中产生的水平状界面反射波增长;随着脱空区域深度增加,探地雷达剖面图水平状反射线之间时间间隔逐渐增大;随着堤坝面板厚度增加,在面板脱空修复区域绕射波和衍射波幅值减小;探地雷达发射的电磁波遇到钢筋时将产生能量较强的绕射波,强绕射波将脱空区域上下分界面的反射波分割开,难以判断反射波的水平长度。根据高聚物注浆修复面板脱空堤坝的探地雷达波场特征,能有效判断堤坝面板脱空区域的高聚物注浆修复效果,有助于解释实际堤坝面板高聚物注浆修复效果的探地雷达图像。

基于多模型神经网络的湿度廓线反演研究

为提升微波辐射计对大气廓线探测的精度,利用ARM大气观测站提供的地基微波辐射计、毫米波测云雷达以及探空数据,构建了两种添加不同云信息的反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPNN)模型(添加入云和出云高度的C-BPNN模型与添加雷达反射率因子的Z-BPNN模型)与一种未添加云信息的BPNN模型(记为BPNN0),并对反演结果进行了对比,结果表明:C-BPNN模型和Z-BPNN模型在任何天气下(有云或无云),得到的反演误差都小于BPNN0模型;C-BPNN相较于另外两种模型反演结果具有更高的稳定性。对3种模型各自反演结果最好的个例分析发现,C-BPNN与Z-BPNN模型主要的误差存在于高空无云但是相对湿度却出现跃变的情况,说明神经网络模型对初始权值与阈值较为敏感,因此通过遗传算法(genetic algorithms,GA)对BPNN模型进行优化。经GA优化后的反演结果表明:BPNN0模型与C-BPNN模型具有明显优化效果,而Z-BPNN模型优化效果则不明显。

地铁曲线波磨地段振动特性影响因素分析

为研究地铁曲线波磨地段振动特性影响因素,建立车辆-轨道及轨道-隧道-大地模型,分析不同波磨波深、隧道埋深、轨道减振措施下隧道壁及地面的振动响应。结果表明:减小钢轨波磨波深或增加隧道埋深,隧道壁和地面的垂向最大加速度和加速度分频最大振级均有减小趋势;采取不同轨道减振措施时,浮置板的减振效果最佳;隧道埋深和轨道减振措施的改变,不会改变隧道壁和地面加速度峰值的频段区间及加速度分频最大振级的中心频率;振动在隧道壁传递到地面的过程中高频衰减较快。