Single-phase-to-ground fault protection based on zero-sequence current ratio coefficient for low-resistance grounding distribution network

Definite-time zero-sequence over-current protection is presently used in systems whose neutral point is grounded by a low resistance(low-resistance grounding systems).These systems frequently malfunction owing to their high settings of the action value when a high-impedance grounding fault occurs.In this study,the relationship between the zero-sequence currents of each feeder and the neutral branch was analyzed.Then,a grounding protection method was proposed on the basis of the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient.It is defined as the ratio of the zero-sequence current of the feeder to that of the neutral branch.Nonetheless,both zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current are affected by the transition resistance,The influence of transition resistance can be eliminated by calculating this coefficient.Therefore,a method based on the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient was proposed considering the significant difference between the faulty feeder and healthy feeder.Furthermore,unbalanced current can be prevented by setting the starting current.PSCAD simulation results reveal that the proposed method shows high reliability and sensitivity when a high-resistance grounding fault occurs.

Fault Line Selection Method Considering Grounding Fault Angle for Distribution Network

In the distribution network system with its neutral point grounding via arc suppression coil, when single-phase grounding fault occurred near zero-crossing point of the phase voltage, the inaccuracy of the line selection always existed in existing methods. According to the characteristics that transient current was different between the fault feeder and other faultless feeders, wavelet transformation was performed on data of the transient current within a power frequency cycle after the fault occurred. Based on different fault angles, wavelet energy in corresponding frequency band was chosen to compare. The result was that wavelet energy in fault feeder was the largest of all, and it was larger than sum of those in other faultless feeders, when the bus broke down, the disparity between each wavelet energy was not significant. Fault line could be selected out by the criterion above. The results of MATLAB/simulink simulation experiment indicated that this method had anti-interference capacity and was feasible.

The Research on Grounding Protection for 110kV Resistance Grounding Distribution System

Using the neutral grounding method by the resistance in 110?kV system, it can limit the voltage sag and short circuit current when one-phase grounding fault occurred, but it will change the sequence of the network structure and parameters. This paper analyzes the size and distribution of zero sequence voltage and current when one-phase grounding fault occurred in the 110 kV resistance grounding system, and puts forward the grounding protection configuration setting principle of this system combining the power supplying characteristics of 110?kV distribution network. In a reforming substation as an example, the grounding protection of 110 kV lines and transformer have been set and calculated.

Application of Atomic Sparse Decomposition to Feature Extraction of the Fault Signal in Small Current Grounding System

Applying the atomic sparse decomposition in the distribution network with harmonics and small current grounding to decompose the transient zero sequence current that appears after the single phase to ground fault occurred. Based on dictionary of Gabor atoms and matching pursuit algorithm, the method extracts the atomic components iteratively from the feature signals and translated them to damped sinusoidal components. Then we can obtain the parametrical and analytical representation of atomic components. The termination condition of decomposing iteration is determined by the threshold of the initial residual energy with the purpose of extract the features more effectively. Accordingly, the proposed method can extract the starting and ending moment of disturbances precisely as well as their magnitudes, frequencies and other features. The numerical examples demonstrate its effectiveness.

Accident of Large-scale Wind Turbines Disconnecting from Power Grid and Its Protection

There were many accidents of large-scale wind turbines disconnecting from power grid in 2011.As singlephase-to-ground fault cannot be correctly detected,single-phase-to-ground fault evolved to phase-to-phase fault.Phase-to-phase fault was isolated slowly,thus leading to low voltage.And wind turbines without enough low voltage ride-through capacity had to be disconnected from the grid.After some wind turbines being disconnected from the grid,overvoltage caused by reactive power surplus made more wind turbines disconnect from the grid.Based on the accident analysis,this paper presents solutions to above problems,including travelling waves based single-phase-to-ground protection,adaptive low voltage protection,integrated protection and control,and high impedance fault detection.The solutions lay foundations in theory and technology to prevent large-scale wind turbines disconnecting from the operating power grid.

Special Problems in Pilot Protections of Transmission Lines Connecting Wind Farms

As the penetration of wind power into power grids increases,higher demands are made on the stability and protection of power systems.Unlike traditional synchronous generators,wind turbines are different on the short-circuit and impedance characteristics,thus some problems exist in pilot protections of transmission lines connecting wind farms.When a single-phase fault occurs on a transmission line,the phase selector based on current-difference sudden-change may mistake the single-phase fault for a phase-to-phase fault.This paper studies the impedance characteristics of an asynchronous wind generator,and analyzes the behavior of a fault phase selector under different conditions.Then,the paper explains that inequality between positive and negative branch coefficients is the cause for the mal-operation of the fault phase selector.Finally,some simulations are done in MATLAB to validate analysis results.

基于有源消弧暂态衰减信息的配电网接地故障跟踪检测方法

现有配电网单相接地故障检测技术缺乏消弧过程的故障程度跟踪与选线能力。该文充分利用消弧过程中的暂态信息,建立考虑线路参数不对称的集总参数等效模型,论证消弧过程零序电压衰减直流特征的物理意义,提出考虑快速消弧的配电网故障检测新方法,对于低、高阻接地故障均有较高的检测灵敏度。实际应用中,仅需观测消弧全补偿电流投切过程中零序电压及零序电流波形,即可实现过渡电阻测量、故障程度跟踪与故障选线,具有瞬时性故障实时跟踪、故障检测与故障消弧同步进行的优势,操作简单、易于实现。仿真实验证实了方法的有效性,为配电网故障检测提供了新的理论依据。

风电场集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧与动态保护新原理

为解决风电场集电系统长期存在的线路单相接地故障处理难题,提出风电场中性点柔性接地方式,理论推导获得柔性接地风电场三序等效电路,与集电线路单相接地故障复合序网模型,建立风电场零序电压柔性调控理论,提出集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧方法,可主动将故障点电压及故障残流迅速抑制到零,实现单相接地故障电弧的可靠消除。进一步提出基于零序电流动态增量的高阻故障辨识与保护方法,通过柔性调控零序补偿电流,逐渐放大故障残流,实现永久性单相接地故障的灵敏感知与保护。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建含双馈异步风电机(doubly-fedinduction generator,DFIG)的规模化风电场模型,模拟多种运行与故障条件对所提方法进行验证,仿真结果表明,该方法能够在考虑系统不平衡电压的情况下精准调控集电线路故障点电压,实现瞬时性单相接地故障快速可靠消弧,动态感知并持续抑制永久性单相接地故障残流,实现集电线路高阻接地故障的灵敏保护。该技术有望提升风电场运行灵活性与故障防御能力,有力保障新能源电能外送的持续性、可靠性。

基于单端分支系数的四端柔直环网线路保护方案

为提升直流线路保护在柔性直流环网中的速动性与可靠性,提出一种基于单端分支系数的保护方案。分析了不同故障位置下各换流阀提供的故障电流分量,并根据单端换流阀极线电流突变量构造分支系数,结果表明线路保护区内故障下的单端分支系数小于区外故障,利用该特征构造区内、外故障识别元件。在线路高阻接地致使主保护失效时,根据桥臂最大允许电流决定线路纵联后备保护的开放时限,以优化现有主、后备保护方案之间的时序配合方案,保障各种直流线路故障工况下,换流阀不间断运行。保护方案不依赖线路边界元件,算法简单,大量仿真结果表明,该方案有良好的耐受过渡电阻能力,能在换流阀闭锁前实现故障区域可靠识别。

融合稳态和暂态特征量的接地故障选线方法研究

单相接地故障是配电网运行时发生概率最高的故障,但接地时存在电气故障特征弱、外界干扰大的情况,使得配电网存在接地选线困难的问题。对此,提出基于稳态和暂态故障特征量相融合的配电网接地选线方法,分析单相接地时接地故障线路与非故障线路对地电容电流突变量五次谐波分量在幅值和相位上的差异性,利用经验小波变换提取故障零序电流的低频分量综合相关系数和高频分量相对权重系数,并利用模糊神经网络实现融合特征量与故障的非线性映射诊断。建立配电网接地故障仿真模型,通过多重干扰下的选线对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性和优越性。

不均衡小样本下多特征优化选择的生命体触电故障识别方法

针对现有的剩余电流保护装置无法有效识别触电事故的问题,该文提出了一种不均衡小样本下多特征优化选择的生命体触电故障识别方法。首先通过变分自编码器(VAE)对实验收集到的生命体触电小样本数据进行增殖以实现正负样本均衡;然后在时域上提取能够反映波形动态变化特性的23个特征量,并利用高斯核Fisher判别分析(GKFDA)与最大信息系数(MIC)法从中选择最优表达特征组;最后,提出基于遗忘因子的在线顺序极限学习机(FOS-ELM)算法实现生命体触电行为的鉴别。实验结果表明,所提方法利用不均衡小样本触电数据集就可以训练出一个优秀的分类模型,诊断准确率可达98.75%,诊断时间仅为1.33 ms。其优良的性能结合在线增量式学习分类器设计,使得模型具备新知识学习能力,具有极好的工程应用前景。

基于变压器故障量的分布式小电流接地选线方法

提出并分析了一种基于变压器工频故障量的分布式选线方法和一种基于变压器暂态故障量的分布式选线方法。分析表明,工频故障量选线方法可用于中性点经消弧线圈接地系统欠补偿状态的一部分场景;暂态故障量选线方法比较的是变压器负荷侧暂态故障参考量与被保护线路暂态故障量,这两个暂态故障量具有近距离串行的电流关系,两者的幅值与波形变化都很小,因此具有受干扰小和可靠性高的优点。

并阻尼谐振接地系统对地参数测量与高阻故障选线新方法

针对谐振接地系统对地参数测量不准确以及高阻接地故障选线困难的问题,提出了并阻尼谐振接地系统对地参数测量与高阻故障选线新方法。基于消弧线圈并联阻尼电阻的投切特性,利用投切阻尼电阻前后零序电压幅值与相位的变化关系,测量系统对地电导与电容参数。在系统正常运行时,通过调整并联阻尼电阻值大小,测量各馈线零序导纳值。在发生接地故障后退出阻尼电阻,测量故障后各馈线零序导纳值,可消除系统参数不对称、互感器采样不同步的影响,主动构造故障前后各馈线的零序导纳相角差,实现故障线路的准确判别。在PSCAD仿真环境下对所提方法进行验证,结果表明:所提方法能够精确测量对地电导与电容参数,测量相对误差不高于0.6%;在不同馈线、不同过渡电阻下发生接地故障时,能准确判别故障线路,耐过渡电阻能力达10 kΩ。

基于拐点密集区凹凸波动特性的直流配网故障检测方法

基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的柔性直流配电网具有不存在换相失败等优点。但换流器存在低惯性、弱阻尼等特性,导致故障电流上升速度快且峰值高,对系统危害极大。针对直流配电网发生单极接地故障难以准确选择故障馈线的问题,提出了一种基于拐点密集区凹凸波动特性的直流配网故障检测方法。首先,利用变分模态分解算法对各馈线零模电流进行分解,选取特征分量。然后,计算特征分量的二阶导数,选择拐点密集区并进行归一化处理,得到各馈线的凹凸波动性。最后,判定凹凸波动性与其他馈线相异的线路为故障线路。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够快速识别故障馈线,且受过渡电阻、采样频率、数据窗和噪声等因素影响小。

灵活接地配电网单相接地故障全过程特征分析

为进一步明确灵活接地方式下的单相接地故障特征,给新型接地保护原理的研究提供理论依据,通过建立涵盖灵活接地配电网接地故障全过程的等值电路,分析系统内各检测点处典型故障电气量的幅值、相位特征及其在不同阶段内的变化规律。相比于中性点接地电阻投入之前,在不同故障情况下,故障点电流始终增大,系统零序电压及健全线路零序电流始终减小,而故障线路零序电流随故障点接地电阻的增大而先增大后减小。这与灵活接地方式推行的初衷并不完全相符,解释了目前现场常用的传统小电阻零序过电流保护效果不如理想预期的原因。数字仿真与现场人工试验均验证了本文所得结论的正确性。

超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流后备保护的整定建议

针对国家电网“六统一”线路保护装置,提出了超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流保护的整定原则。反时限零序过流保护在保证灵敏性方面并无困难,整定原则的核心问题是解决选择性和速动性的矛盾。根据该保护的原理和逻辑提出了转折电流的概念以及接地距离保护与反时限零序过流保护的配合原则;充分考虑配合时间定值和最小时间定值对保护动作特性的影响,综合超、特高压电网实际短路电流水平和接地距离保护的过渡电阻耐受能力,将反时限零序过流保护低电流区的选择性与接地距离保护高电流区的选择性进行结合,提升了对接地故障全域电流范围的选择性切除能力;提出了方向元件投退原则。通过对某省级电网进行算例分析,验证了整定原则的有效性,该整定原则已经在实际电网中进行了应用。

基于改进Hough变换的消弧线圈接地配电网故障选线新方法

针对配电网在电压过零点和高阻故障时刻选线不准确的问题,提出一种适用于谐振接地系统单相接地故障的选线新方法,利用优化后的变分模态分解对各馈线零序功率进行处理,遴选出与原始零序功率相关强度最高的本征模态函数IMF(k),将IMF(k)转换为JPG格式的二维图像,再利用Hough变换检测技术,得到故障起始阶段IMF(k)的拟合直线及夹角;对各支路模态量拟合直线夹角进行比对处理,将最小综合相关系数值对应的馈线确定为故障馈线;仿真结果表明:该方法不受接地电阻、故障相角、噪声干扰、数据缺失等因素的影响,验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于柔性调控零序电压的不平衡配电网故障检测方法

在柔性消弧过程中实现故障选线、过渡电阻测量与故障性质判定对现有配电网单相接地故障检测具有重要意义。针对配电网三相对地参数不对称的柔性接地系统,首先分析不平衡零序电压对消弧效果的影响,提出柔性消弧全补偿电流的计算方法。然后分析正常运行状态下和单相接地故障状态下注入电流和母线零序电压之间的约束关系。结果表明:无论系统处于何种状态,均可通过改变注入电流来柔性调控母线零序电压,进而调控各线路零序电流。并根据柔性调控零序电压前后各线路零序电流的变化规律,提出一种可实现故障选线、过渡电阻测量和故障性质判定的故障检测方法。Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。

基于VMD和改进聚类算法的配电网故障选线方法

为提高小电流接地系统单相接地故障的选线准确率,设计了一种基于调幅调频函数的变分模态分解VMD(variational mode decomposition)与K-means++聚类算法相结合的故障选线方案。对故障发生后各条线路零序电流信号进行VMD分解,得到多个自适应频带特征的本征模态函数;构造以低频分量的波形相关系数为横坐标和以高频分量初始极性为纵坐标的二维平面,在该二维平面绘制代表各出线的散点分布图;最后通过K-means++聚类算法对所构造的散点点集进行聚类分析,利用代表故障线路的散点属于离群点的特点,筛选出故障线路。通过Pscad软件进行仿真验证,结果表明,该故障选线方法不受条件改变的影响,能够实现对故障线路的准确识别,具有较好的抗噪能力。