Context: Several studies were conducted on physiology of apnea in scuba diving. No survey has been reported in fighting sports. Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular variations misled by voluntary apnea during groundw...Context: Several studies were conducted on physiology of apnea in scuba diving. No survey has been reported in fighting sports. Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular variations misled by voluntary apnea during groundwork techniques of judo training. Methods: The temporal evolution of heart rate and modifications of the blood pressure have been investigated during cross sectional and experimental study. A total of 28 Congolese judoists took part in the study. The voluntary apnea was achieved by a judoist to try to carry out two kinds of groundwork (hon-gesagatame and kamishiho-gatame). According to the case, Student t test and analysis of variance were used for comparing data. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of “type of groundwork technique × category of weight”. Results: Between 0 and 3 seconds, tachycardia has been observed during the static groundwork techniques and then bradycardia occurred to 3 - 9 seconds for the dynamic groundwork techniques : +6.8% of the rest frequency versus -9.4% for hon-gesa;+4.9% versus -13.7% for kami-shiho. Thereafter, it followed a fluctuation of heart rate of 9 - 15 seconds. Beyond, a stagnation was noted for hongesa, whereas a minimal increase (<5%) for kami-shiho. In relation to the systolic arterial pressure, a meaningful rise was recovered: +46.5% (hon-gesa) versus +50.1% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+43.4% (hon-gesa) versus +43.3% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. The report was similar for the diastolic arterial pressure: +31.5% (hon-gesa) versus 30.0% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+20.3% (hon-gesa) versus +23.8% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. Conclusion: The apnea consecutive to the hindrance of an exit groundwork technique to judo drags bradycardia increased while exercise realized static posture, and a rise of the arterial pressure.展开更多
In this paper,I intend to reconstruct Kant's argument for freedom in the Groundwork in light of Ameriks's challenge.Ameriks worries that the freedom justified in the Groundwork is merely phenomenological(Ameri...In this paper,I intend to reconstruct Kant's argument for freedom in the Groundwork in light of Ameriks's challenge.Ameriks worries that the freedom justified in the Groundwork is merely phenomenological(Ameriks,2003:233).To defend Kant's argument against Ameriks's critique,I first specify phenomenological freedom into three kinds:(1)freedom is merely an illusion;(2)“free”actions are“internally”determined by sensible impulses;(3)freedom is necessitated by reason.I then argue that Kant successfully excludes the possibility of the second kind of phenomenological freedom and proves that the third kind does not undermine the concept of freedom.As for the first kind,I suggest that Kant cannot fully repudiate it.However,Kant offers enough reason to convince us of the opposite,viz.,reason has actual causal efficacy,can be rationally(coherently)presupposed.展开更多
文摘Context: Several studies were conducted on physiology of apnea in scuba diving. No survey has been reported in fighting sports. Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular variations misled by voluntary apnea during groundwork techniques of judo training. Methods: The temporal evolution of heart rate and modifications of the blood pressure have been investigated during cross sectional and experimental study. A total of 28 Congolese judoists took part in the study. The voluntary apnea was achieved by a judoist to try to carry out two kinds of groundwork (hon-gesagatame and kamishiho-gatame). According to the case, Student t test and analysis of variance were used for comparing data. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of “type of groundwork technique × category of weight”. Results: Between 0 and 3 seconds, tachycardia has been observed during the static groundwork techniques and then bradycardia occurred to 3 - 9 seconds for the dynamic groundwork techniques : +6.8% of the rest frequency versus -9.4% for hon-gesa;+4.9% versus -13.7% for kami-shiho. Thereafter, it followed a fluctuation of heart rate of 9 - 15 seconds. Beyond, a stagnation was noted for hongesa, whereas a minimal increase (<5%) for kami-shiho. In relation to the systolic arterial pressure, a meaningful rise was recovered: +46.5% (hon-gesa) versus +50.1% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+43.4% (hon-gesa) versus +43.3% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. The report was similar for the diastolic arterial pressure: +31.5% (hon-gesa) versus 30.0% (kami-shiho) in static exercise;+20.3% (hon-gesa) versus +23.8% (kami-shiho) in dynamic exercise. Conclusion: The apnea consecutive to the hindrance of an exit groundwork technique to judo drags bradycardia increased while exercise realized static posture, and a rise of the arterial pressure.
文摘In this paper,I intend to reconstruct Kant's argument for freedom in the Groundwork in light of Ameriks's challenge.Ameriks worries that the freedom justified in the Groundwork is merely phenomenological(Ameriks,2003:233).To defend Kant's argument against Ameriks's critique,I first specify phenomenological freedom into three kinds:(1)freedom is merely an illusion;(2)“free”actions are“internally”determined by sensible impulses;(3)freedom is necessitated by reason.I then argue that Kant successfully excludes the possibility of the second kind of phenomenological freedom and proves that the third kind does not undermine the concept of freedom.As for the first kind,I suggest that Kant cannot fully repudiate it.However,Kant offers enough reason to convince us of the opposite,viz.,reason has actual causal efficacy,can be rationally(coherently)presupposed.
