Group separation of coal components and new ideas of coal utilization as petroleum

Four different groups of components were separated from coal under mild conditions of extraction and stripping process. Within these groups, and with pre-separation, individual utilization of all coal components can be realized, similar to petroleum components and enhance the inherent value and utilization value of coal, as well as increase environmental benefits. The characteristics of each component were analyzed with measurements by FTIR, GC/MS, TEM and the establishment of caking properties. The results show that coal can be separated into residues, ultra-pure coal, asphaltene components and light components by adding solvents for stripping into the CS2/NMP mixed extraction solution. Those four groups of components present great differences in the presence of carbon and hydrogen elements, in the structure of functional groups, in their macroscopic structure and micro-morphology and caking properties. Every component possesses its own inherent values and approaches. A new idea of coal processes and utilization, similar to the use of petroleum is proposed.

Caking property and active components of coal based on group component separation

The content and the caking index of the heavy,the dense medium and the loose medium components of coal,obtained by extraction and stripping with CS_2/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone mixed solvent(1:1 by volume),were studied and correlated with the caking property of raw coals.Images of the three group components after heat treatment were analyzed.The results show that both caking index(G) and maximum thickness of plastic layer(Y) of coals have a good linear relationship with the content of the medium component;the dense medium and the loose medium components are the two key factors to determine the caking property of raw coals-they are the source materials of fluidity and swelling of coal,respectively;the heavy component without the swelling and fluidity was cohered by the other components;two new indexes,which can extend current understanding of the caking properties,were introduced.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of group independent components underpinning item responses to paranoid-depressive scale

BACKGROUND Our study expand upon a large body of evidence in the field of neuropsychiatric imaging with cognitive,affective and behavioral tasks,adapted for the functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(fMRI)experimental environment.There is sufficient evidence that common networks underpin activations in task-based fMRI across different mental disorders.AIM To investigate whether there exist specific neural circuits which underpin differ-ential item responses to depressive,paranoid and neutral items(DN)in patients respectively with schizophrenia(SCZ)and major depressive disorder(MDD).METHODS 60 patients were recruited with SCZ and MDD.All patients have been scanned on 3T magnetic resonance tomography platform with functional MRI paradigm,comprised of block design,including blocks with items from diagnostic paranoid(DP),depression specific(DS)and DN from general interest scale.We performed a two-sample t-test between the two groups-SCZ patients and depressive patients.Our purpose was to observe different brain networks which were activated during a specific condition of the task,respectively DS,DP,DN.RESULTS Several significant results are demonstrated in the comparison between SCZ and depressive groups while performing this task.We identified one component that is task-related and independent of condition(shared between all three conditions),composed by regions within the temporal(right superior and middle temporal gyri),frontal(left middle and inferior frontal gyri)and limbic/salience system(right anterior insula).Another com-ponent is related to both diagnostic specific conditions(DS and DP)e.g.It is shared between DEP and SCZ,and includes frontal motor/language and parietal areas.One specific component is modulated preferentially by to the DP condition,and is related mainly to prefrontal regions,whereas other two components are significantly modulated with the DS condition and include clusters within the default mode network such as posterior cingulate and precuneus,several occipital areas,including lingual and fusiform gyrus,as well as parahippocampal gyrus.Finally,component 12 appeared to be unique for the neutral condition.In addition,there have been determined circuits across components,which are either common,or distinct in the preferential processing of the sub-scales of the task.CONCLUSION This study has delivers further evidence in support of the model of trans-disciplinary cross-validation in psychiatry.

New advances in coal structure model

Although human beings have come to understand and utilize coal for a very long history, no theoretical breakthrough in the study of coal structure has been made, which still needs continuous efforts of coal chemical workers. Based on the viewpoint of ‘vague/clear', the species classification and accurate analysis on coal were conducted by using the natural clustering all-component separation method. A more systematic and detailed coal embedded structure model theory which is suitable for coal of all ranks was developed from the previous one and a more complete theoretical system about the component and structure of coal was constructed. The whole establishment process of the theory was summarized and some of the main support data and analysis test results, including TEM, AFM, FTIR, GC/MS, MALDI/TOF/MS, DART/MSD, fractal analysis and so on were provided. The coal embedded structure theory fully considers both the identity and the particularity of all-rank coal, reflects the coal component and structure in the full range of coal rank, solves the systematic cognitive problem of coal component and structure on macro and micro level, and provides a valuable and meaningful theoretical approach for the coal processing and conversion technology.

Antithrombotic effects of the effective components group of Xiaoshuantongluo formula in vivo and in vitro

The present study was designed to investigate the antithrombotic effects and underlying mechanisms of the effective components group(ECG) of Xiaoshuantongluo recipe(XECG) and to further verify the rationality and feasibility of ECG-guided methodology in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) research. The arterial thrombosis model induced by ferric chloride(FeC l3) oxidation and the venous thrombosis model induced by inferior vena cava ligation were established to evaluate the antithrombotic potential of XECG. Our results indicated that XECG significantly prolonged the time to occlusion, activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), and prothrombin time(PT), and markedly inhibited adenosine diphosphate(ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in the 20% Fe Cl3-induced arterial thrombosis model. The superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was significantly increased and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA) and nitric oxide(NO) were dramatically decreased in the plasma of arterial thrombosis rats after XECG treatment for 12 days. Furthermore, XECG markedly reduced the weight of thrombus formed by inferior vena cava ligation. Additionally, XECG exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and protective effect on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. In summary, XECG played an important role in the prevention of thrombosis through interacting with multiple targets, including inhibition of platelet aggregation and coagulation and repression of oxidative stress. The ECG-guided methodology was validated as a feasible tool in TCM research.

Study on Computational Properties of Several VerticalGrids with a Nonhydrostatic Model in Comparisonto Analytical Solutions

Starting from nonhydrostatic anelastic equations a comparative investigation is performed of inertial-gravitational wave hundreds, tens and a few of kilometers in horizontal wavelength, which are ex amined on vertical grids available at present from the perspectives of frequency, vertical component of group velocity and the inappropriate range for a positive vertical component emerging, with the findings compared to analytical solutions. Evidence suggests that grids C’P and LZ are suitable for the study of the wave at the mentioned horizontal scales and the counterparts L and LY (LTS and CPTS) are applicable on ly to the horizontal scales of more (less) than lens of kilometers.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Components in Shuxiong Tablet and Its Possible Formulary Rationality

Objective To determine whether the anti-inflammatory properties of Shuxiong Tablet (SXT) and the effective components group of SXT (ECGS) are equivalent and to assess the formulary rationality. Methods ECGS consisted of Panax notoginsen saponion (PNS), hydroxysafflor yellow A, and ferulic acid plus volatile oil of Ligusticum chuanxiong, which was based on the active ingredients and their ratios in SXT. We compared the anti-inflammatory actions of ECGS and SXT using the xylene-induced edema model and the carrageenan-induced edema model, as well as the analgesic activity of them using the acetic acid-induced writhing model. Moreover, cultured macrophages were incubated with media containing serum isolated from SXT-, ECGS-, or every component of ECGS-treated rats, to compare the depress effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Results ECGS and SXT had equivalent anti-inflammatory actions and analgesic effects at an equipotent dosage in a dose-dependent manner. The drug-containing media could inhibit the LPS-stimulated NO production and iNOS expression in cultured macrophages. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed that three effective components could produce synergistic effect on the inhibition of NO production, and PNS was the capital component. Conclusion ECGS and SXT display an equivalent anti-inflammatory effect, and the formula follows traditional Chinese medicine compatibility principle, which shows obvious formulary rationality.

Protection of Effective Component Group from Xiaoshuan Tongluo on Brain Injury after Chronic Hypoperfusion in Rats

Objective To investigate the protective effects of purified effective component group in extract from Xiaoshuan Tongluo(CGXT) formula on chronic brain ischemia in rats.Methods CGXT 75,150,and 300 mg/kg or vehicle were ig administered daily for four weeks to rats with bilateral common carotid arteries ligation(BCCAL) .From the day 24 to 28 after BCCAL,Morris water maze was performed to assess the learning and memory impairment of rats.Four weeks after BCCAL,brain gray and white matter damage were assessed.Results In Morris test,the mean escape latency of rats in the CGXT(150 and 300 mg/kg) groups was significantly shorter than that in the vehicle group.CGXT also attenuated the neuronal damage in hippocampus and cortex and reduced the pathological damage in the optic tract and corpus callosum.Conclusion CGXT could improve learning and memory impairment resulted from BCCAL in rats.These results provide the experimental basis for the clinical use of CGXT in stroke treatment and may help in investigation of multimodal therapy strategies in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases including stroke.