Medical Diagnosis Based on Multi-Attribute Group Decision-Making Using Extension Fuzzy Sets,Aggregation Operators and Basic Uncertainty Information Granule

Accurate medical diagnosis,which involves identifying diseases based on patient symptoms,is often hindered by uncertainties in data interpretation and retrieval.Advanced fuzzy set theories have emerged as effective tools to address these challenges.In this paper,new mathematical approaches for handling uncertainty in medical diagnosis are introduced using q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets(q-ROFS)and interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets(IVq-ROFS).Three aggregation operators are proposed in our methodologies:the q-ROF weighted averaging(q-ROFWA),the q-ROF weighted geometric(q-ROFWG),and the q-ROF weighted neutrality averaging(qROFWNA),which enhance decision-making under uncertainty.These operators are paired with ranking methods such as the similarity measure,score function,and inverse score function to improve the accuracy of disease identification.Additionally,the impact of varying q-rung values is explored through a sensitivity analysis,extending the analysis beyond the typical maximum value of 3.The Basic Uncertain Information(BUI)method is employed to simulate expert opinions,and aggregation operators are used to combine these opinions in a group decisionmaking context.Our results provide a comprehensive comparison of methodologies,highlighting their strengths and limitations in diagnosing diseases based on uncertain patient data.

High mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system:regeneration hidden beneath inflammation

High-mobility group box 1 was first discovered in the calf thymus as a DNA-binding nuclear protein and has been widely studied in diverse fields,including neurology and neuroscience.High-mobility group box 1 in the extracellular space functions as a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern,which has been proven to play an important role in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic stroke,Alzheimer’s disease,frontotemporal dementia,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,epilepsy,and traumatic brain injury.Several drugs that inhibit high-mobility group box 1 as a damage-associated molecular pattern,such as glycyrrhizin,ethyl pyruvate,and neutralizing anti-high-mobility group box 1 antibodies,are commonly used to target high-mobility group box 1 activity in central nervous system disorders.Although it is commonly known for its detrimental inflammatory effect,high-mobility group box 1 has also been shown to have beneficial pro-regenerative roles in central nervous system disorders.In this narrative review,we provide a brief summary of the history of high-mobility group box 1 research and its characterization as a damage-associated molecular pattern,its downstream receptors,and intracellular signaling pathways,how high-mobility group box 1 exerts the repair-favoring roles in general and in the central nervous system,and clues on how to differentiate the pro-regenerative from the pro-inflammatory role.Research targeting high-mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system may benefit from differentiating between the two functions rather than overall suppression of high-mobility group box 1.

金融机构ESG投资的“漂绿”与“反漂绿”——基于DWSGroup的案例分析

深化绿色金融发展、助力经济绿色发展,是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径,特别是在ESG理念盛行的今天,金融机构的ESG投资行为因其深远影响而颇受投资者青睐,但层出不穷的“漂绿”现象也牢牢制约着绿色金融的发展,制约着ESG投资的发展。西方国家作为绿色金融发展先驱,从信息披露、制度监管、实践探索等方面对“漂绿”现象进行了研究和治理。本文在学习其先进经验的基础上,基于舞弊三角理论对DWSGroup案例进行分析,从压力、机会和自我合理化因素角度对金融机构ESG投资“漂绿”行为的动因进行分析,并据此提出我国“反漂绿”体系框架,以期为绿色金融的平稳发展和“双碳”目标的实现作出贡献。

Crustal and uppermost mantle structure of SE Tibetan plateau from Rayleigh-wave group-velocity measurements

A shear-wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the SE Tibetan plateau was derived by inverting Rayleigh-wave group-velocity mea- surements of periods between 10 and 70 s. Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersions along more than 3,000 inter- station paths were measured based on analysis of telese- ismic wavelbrm data recorded by temporary seismic stations. These observations were then utilized to construct 2D group-velocity maps in the period range of 10-70 s. Tile new group-velocity maps have an enhanced resolution compared with previous global and regional group-velocity models in this region because of the denser and more uniform data coverage. The lateral resolution across the region is about 0.5° for the periods used in this study. Local dispersion curves were then inverted for a 3D shear-wave velocity model of the region by applying a linear inversion scheme. Our 3D shear-wave model confirms the presence of low-velocity zones （LVZs） in the crust beneath the northern part of this region. Our irnaging shows that the upper-middle crustal LVZ beneath the Tengchong region is isolated from these LVZs beneath the eastern and northern part of this region. The upper-middle crustal LVZ may be regarded as evidence of a rnagma chamber in the crust beneath the Tengchong Volcanoes. Our model also reveals a slow lithospheric structure beneath Tengchong and a fast shield-like mantle beneath the stable Yangtze block.

Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity

Based on the long period digital surface wave data recorded by 11 CDSN stations and 11 IRIS stations, the dispersion curves of the group velocities of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves along 647 paths, with the periods from 10 s to 92 s, were measured by multi-filter. Their distribution at 25 central periods within the region of 18~54N, 70~140E was inverted by Dimtar-Yanovskaya method. Within the period from 10 s to 15.9 s, the group velocity distribution is laterally inhomogeneous and is closely related to geotectonic units, with two low velocity zones located in the Tarim basin and the East China Sea and its north regions, respectively. From 21 s to 33 s, the framework of tectonic blocks is revealed. From 36.6 s to 40 s, the lithospheric subdivision of the Chinese mainland is obviously uncovered, with distinct boundaries among the South-North seismic belt, the Tibetan plateau, the North China, the South China and the Northeast China. Four cross-sections of group velocity distribution with period along 30N, 38N, 90E and 120E, are discussed, respectively, which display the basic features of the crust and upper mantle of the Chinese mainland and its neighboring regions. There are distinguished velocity differences among the different tectonic blocks. There are low-velocity-zones (LVZ) in the middle crust of the eastern Tibetan plateau, high velocity featured as stable platform in the Tarim basin and the Yangtze platform, shallow and thick low-velocity-zone in the upper mantle of the North China. The upper mantle LVZ in the East China Sea and the Japan Sea is related to the frictional heat from the subduction of the Philippine slab and the strong extension since the Himalayan orogenic period.

GROUP VELOCITY CONTROL SCHEME WITH LOW DISSIPATION

In order to prevent smearing the discontinuity, a modified term is added to the third order Upwind Compact Difference scheme to lower the dissipation error. Moreover, the dispersion error is controled to hold back the non physical oscillation by means of the group velocity control. The scheme is used to simulate the interactions of shock density stratified interface and the disturbed interface developing to vortex rollers. Numerical results are satisfactory.

Relationship between group velocity and symmetry of photonic crystals

Group velocity （GV） of eigenmode is a crucial parameter to explain the extraordinary phenomena about light propagation in photonic crystals （PhCs）. To study relationships between group velocity and symmetry of PhCs, a new general expression of CV in PhCs made up of non-dispersive material is introduced. Based on this, the CVs of eigenmodes of PhCs, especially those of degenerate eigenmodes at highly symmetric points in the first Brillouin zone, are discussed. Some interesting results are obtained. For example, the summation of degenerate eigenmodes＇ CVs is invariant under the operations of wave vector K-group MK. In addition, some numerical results are presented to verify them.

Superluminal and Negative Group Velocity in the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

In this paper, a penetrating analysis is first made of the superluminal and negative group velocities that occur in the EM wave propagation. Discussed then are the superluminal and negative group velocities which are in the state of evanescent waves in the waveguide below cutoff(WBCO).Through an experiment in the coaxial photonic crystal a group velocity of 1.5-2.4 times the speed of light are observed in the stop band.

Surface Wave Group Velocity Tomography Imaging from Ambient Noise for Fujian Province and Its Adjacent Areas

Two-month continuous waveforms of 108 broadband seismic stations in Fujian Province and its adjacent areas are used to compute noise cross-correlation function(NCF). The signal quality of NCF is improved via the application of time-frequency phase weighted stacking. The Rayleigh and Love waves group velocities between 1 s-20 s are measured on the symmetrical component of the NCF with the multiple filter method. More than 5,000 Rayleigh wave dispersion curves and about 4,000 Love wave dispersion curves are obtained and used to invert for group velocity maps. This data set provides about 50 km resolution that is demonstrated with checkerboard tests. Considering the off great circle effect in inhomogeneous medium, the ray path is traced based on the travel time field computed with a finite difference method. The inverted group velocity maps show good correlation with the geological features in the upper and middle crust. The Fuzhou basin and Zhangzhou basin showed low velocity on the short period group velocity maps. On the long period group velocity maps, the low velocity anomaly in the high heat flow region near Zhangzhou and clear velocity contrast across the Zhenghe-Dapu faults, which suggests that the Zhenghe-Dapu fault might be a deep fault.

Controlling group velocity in a superconductive quantum circuit

We investigate the controllable group velocity of a microwave probe field in a superconductive quantum circuit（SQC） pumped by microwave fields,and the use of such a SQC function as an artificial Λ-type three-level atom.The exchange between the subluminal and the superluminal states of the probe field can be realized simply by sweeping the pumping intensity,and the superluminal state is usually realized with a lower absorption.This work is one of the efforts to extend the study of electromagnetically induced transparency and its related properties from the lightwave band to the microwave band.

Topological states switching and group velocity control in two-dimensional non-reciprocal Hermitian photonic lattice

We proposed a model with non reciprocal coupling coefficients, in which the imaginary parts γ indicate the phase delay or exceed term. The distributions of band structure and the group velocity are both characterized as a function of the coupling. we studied the system’s topological states and group velocity control. The results show that the movement and breaking of Dirac points exist in the energy band of the system. By changing the coupling coefficients, the conversion between any topological states corresponds to different Chern number. Topological edge states exist in topological nontrivial systems that correspond to the two different Chern numbers. Besides, it is also found that both the coupling coefficient and the wave vector can cause the oscillation of the pulse group velocity. At the same time, the topological state can suppress the amplitude of the group velocity profiles. Our findings enrich the theory of light wave manipulation in high-dimensional photonic lattices and provide a novel view for realizing linear localization and group velocity regulation of light waves,which has potential application in high-speed optical communication and quantum information fields.

Group Velocity of Anisotropic Waves-Part Ⅰ: Mathematical Expression

The group velocity used in meteorology in the last 30 years was derived in terms of conservation of wave energy or crests in wave propagation. The conservation principle is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for deriving the mathematical form of group velocity, because it cannot specify a unique direction in which wave energy or crests propagate. The derived mathematical expression is available only for isotropic waves. But for anisotropic waves, the traditional group velocity may have no a definite direction, because it varies with rotation of coordinates. For these reasons, it cannot be considered as a general expression of group velocity. A ray defined by using this group velocity may not be the trajectory of a reference point in an anisotropic wave train. The more general and precise expression of group velocity which is applicable for both isotropic and anisotropic waves and is independent of coordinates will be derived following the displacement of not only a wave envelope phase but also a wave reference point on the phase.

Group Settling Velocity of Non-Cohesive Sediment Mixtures

Settling velocity is a fundamental parameter in sediment transport dynamics. For uniform particles, there are abundant formulas for calculation of their settling velocities. But in natural fields, sediment consists of non-uniform particles. The interaction among particles is complex and should not be neglected. In this paper, based on the analysis of settling mechanism of non-cohesive and non-uniform particles, a theoretical model to describe settling mechanism is proposed. Besides suspension concentration and upward turbulent flow caused by other particles, collision among particles is another main factor influencing settling velocity. By introducing the collision theory, equations of fall velocity before collision, collision probability, and fall velocity after collision are established. Finally, a formula used to calculate the settling velocity of non-cohesive particles with wide grain gradation is presented, which agrees well with the experimental data.

On energy transport and group velocity of water waves

The major difference between the two concepts, 'transport' and 'propagation', of wave energy is expounded in both mathematical expression and basic idea, and the mechanism of energy transport and the meaning of group velocity for water waves are discussed in this paper. A number of important conclusions are given from the present discussion, which are favourable to clarifying some confusion or obscurity as such concepts as energy transport, propagation and group velocity are used in the study of water wave theory and its applications.

Study on the Superluminal Group Velocity in a Coaxial Photonic Crystal

In this paper, the superluminal group velocity in a coaxial photonic crystal is studied. The simulation of the effective refraction index in coaxial photonic crystal is performed. The group velocity is calculated based on the transmission line equations and compared with experimental results.

Extracting the Group Velocity of Rayleigh Waves from the Cross Correlation of the Ambient Seismic Noise Between Two Seismic Stations

This paper uses the 8 broad-band stations' microseism data recorded by the Seismic Monitoring Network of Fujian Province to calculate the vertical correlation coefficient between two stations at intervals of 5 minutes. According to the time intervals technique we obtain the different coefficients and then add the correlative coefficients. Depending on this, we extract the group velocity of Rayleigh waves from the cross correlation of the ambient seismic noise between two seismic stations and figure out the group velocity' spatial distribution. The results show that the signal noise ratio (SNR) increases proportionally to the superposition times, but the results from different days are similar to one another. Synchronously, the arrival-time is also stable and there is no obvious change when coming across typhoons. It is found the velocity of the surface wave is 2.9～3.1km/s in Fujian Province, which is close to the observationally attained value.

用Velocity Verlet积分器改进HMC抽样方法

Hamilton Monte Carlo (HMC)方法是一种常用的快速抽样方法.在对哈密顿方程进行抽样时,HMC方法使用Leapfrog积分器,这可能造成方程的位置及动量的迭代值在时间上不同步,其产生的误差会降低抽样效率及抽样结果的稳定性.为此,本文提出了IHMC(Improved HMC)方法,该方法用Velocity Verlet积分器替代Leapfrog积分器,每次迭代时都计算两变量在同一时刻的值.为验证方法的效果,本文进行了两个实验,一个是将该方法应用于非对称随机波动率模型(RASV模型)的参数估计,另一个是将方法应用于方差伽马分布的抽样,结果显示:IHMC方法比HMC方法的效率更高、结果更稳定.

Zero group velocity longitudinal modes in an isotropic cylinder

Zero group velocity （ZGV） modes are studied in an isotropic cylinder. The L （0, 2） mode behaves anomalously for the materials with a value of the bulk velocity ratio, to, in the range √2 〈 κ 〈 2.64 and normally otherwise. All higher modes, except the first few, have no ZGV point for all isotropic materials. This is explained analytically by finding the slope of phase velocity dispersion curves of modes first when the phase velocity equals κ and then at their initial state.

Group Velocity of the Density Waves in Galactic Disks

This letter is emphasized on the discussion of the group velocity of disturbed galactic density waves(GDW),which is one of the two most insurmountable problems in the density waves theory.In our calculation,we find that the galactic thickness has an important effect on the GDW.The dynamic time scale of GDW in our three-dimensional model can be prominently prolonged,from 36%to 60%contrasting to that of two-dimensional galactic model.However,it is still less than the lifetime of our Galaxy,which means that it is necessary to seek some other physical mechanisms to excite and sustain the GDW.

Effects of Group-Velocity Dispersion on the Self-Trapped Optical Pulses in a Planar Waveguide

We give the exact bright solitary wave solutions of(2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation and analyze the effects of group-velocity dispersion(GVD)on the self-trapped pulses in a planar waveguide.The results show that the self-trapped pulses are unstable and collapse at higher peak power in a planar waveguide with the anomalous GVD,but the collapse does not occur in a planar waveguide with the normal GVD;the peak power required for self-trapping of the pulse in a planar waveguide with the normal GVD is less than the critical peak power for collapse of the pulses in a planar waveguide with the anomalous GVD.