Multiple-image encryption by two-step phase-shifting interferometry and spatial multiplexing of smooth compressed signal

A multiple-image encryption method based on two-step phase-shifting interferometry （PSI） and spatial multiplexing of a smooth compressed signal is proposed. In the encoding and encryption process, with the help of four index matrices to store original pixel positions, all the pixels of four secret images are firstly reordered in an ascending order; then, the four reordered images are transformed by five-order Haar wavelet transform and performed sparseness operation. After Arnold transform and pixels sampling operation, one combined image can be grouped with the aid of compressive sensing （CS） and spatial multiplexing techniques. Finally, putting the combined image at the input plane of the PSI encryption scheme, only two interferograms ciphertexts can be obtained. During the decoding and decryption, utilizing all the secret key groups and index matrices keys, all the original secret images can be successfully decrypted by a wave-front retrieval algorithm of two-step PSI, spatial de-multiplexing, inverse Arnold transform, inverse discrete wavelet transform, and pixels reordering operation.

A new method for resolving phase ambiguity in radio interferometry using Earth rotation synthesis

As a key technique in deep space navigation, radio interferometry can be used to determine the accurate location of a spacecraft in the plane-of-sky by measuring its signal propagation time delay between two remote stations. To improve the measurement accuracy, differential phase delay without phase ambiguity is usually desired. Aiming at the difficulties of resolving phase ambiguity with few stations and narrowband downlink signals, a new method is proposed in this work by taking advantage of the Earth rotation. The high accurate differential phase delay between the spacecraft and a calibrator can be achieved not only in the in-beam observation mode but also in the out-of-beam observation mode. In this paper we firstly built the model of phase ambiguity resolution. Then, main measurement errors of the model are analyzed, which is followed by tests and validations of the model and method using the tracking data of the Cassini mission and Chang'E-3 mission. The results show that the phase ambiguities can be correctly resolved to generate a 10-picosecond level accuracy differential phase delay. Angular measurement accuracy of the Cassini reaches the milli-arc-second level, and the relative position accuracy between the Chang'E-3 rover and lander reaches the meter level.

Surface Deformation Measurement by Phase-Shift Holographic Interferometry

In this paper, the principle of phase-shift interferometry is first briefly introduced. Then it is used as an illustration to measure small surface deformation, and the measurement accuracy of 0.02μis obtained. This demonstrates that the technology has great significance for strain analysis in experimental mechanics.

Instantaneous phase-stepping interferometry based on a pixelated micro-polarizer array

In this paper, we propose an instantaneous phase-stepping method for determining phase distribution of interference fringes utilizing a camera that is equipped with a micro-polarizer array on the sensor plane. An optical setup of polarization interferometry using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two polarizers is constructed. Light emerging from the interferometer is recorded using a camera that has a micro-polarizer array. This micro-polarizer array has four different optical axes. That is, an image obtained by the camera contains four types of information corresponding to four different optical axes of the polarizer. The four images separated from the image recorded by the camera are reconstructed using gray level interpolation. Subsequently, the distributions of the Stokes parameters that represent the state of polarization are calculated from the four images. The phase distribution of the interference fringe pattern produced by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is then obtained from these Stokes parameters, The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring a static carrier pattern and time-variant fringe patterns. It is emphasized that this method is applicable to time-variant phenomena because multiple exposures are unnecessary for sufficient data acquisition in the completion of the phase analysis.

Information Encryption Based on Using Arbitrary Two-Step Phase-Shift Interferometry

A deterministic phase-encoded encryption system is proposed. A lenticular lens array (LLA) sheet with a particular LPI (lenticular per inch) number is chosen as a modulator (key) instead of the random phase molator. The suggested encryption scheme is based on arbitrary two-step phase-shift interferometry (PSI), using an unknown phase step. The encryption and decryption principle is based on an LLA in arbitrary unknown two-step PSI. Right key holograms can be used to theoretically show that the object wavefront is the only one left in the hologram plane and that all accompanying undesired terms are eliminated. The encrypted image can therefore be numerically and successfully decrypted with the right key in the image plane. The number of degrees of freedom of the encryption scheme increases with the distance from the object and the LLA to the CCD, and also with the unknown phase-step and the LLA LPI number. Computer simulations are performed to verify the encryption and decryption principles without a key, with the wrong key and with the right key. Optical experiments are also performed to validate them.

A NEW ALGORITHM FOR ELIMINATING PHASE-SHIFT ERROR IN PHASE SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY

The effect of phaseshift error in phase shifting interferometry is investigated. A new algorithm with two sets of 4 samples for eliminating phase shift error is presented. The computer simulation and experiment result show that the phase shift offset should be π when the algorithm is used, and this algorithm has gotten better result than the original 4 sample algorithm.

基于主成分分析和VU分解法的两步随机相移算法

为了平衡相位计算的精度和速度,大量的两步随机相移算法发展起来。提出了一种基于主成分分析和VU分解法的快速、高精度两步随机相移算法。首先,采用两步主成分分析法对经过滤波的两幅相移干涉图进行计算求出迭代初始相位;然后,利用没有滤波的两幅相移干涉图进行VU分解、迭代求出最终相位。通过模拟和实验结果对比表明:与四种性能良好的两步随机相移算法相比,对于不同的条纹类型、噪声、相移值及条纹数量,提出的算法综合性能最好,其精度最高,有效相移范围和有效条纹数量范围最大,当干涉图像素数为401 pixel×401 pixel时,提出的算法仅比格兰-施密特正交化法和两步主成分分析法多花费0.035 s。在理想情况下,提出的算法可以得到完全正确的结果。如果需要得到较高精度,最好能够提前抑制噪声,同时设置相移值远离0和π,条纹数量大于2。主成分分析和VU分解法无需滤波,花费近似非迭代算法的时间获得迭代算法的精度,其打破了迭代算法花费时间较多的限制,适合高精度光学在线检测,有广泛的发展前景。

同步相移横向剪切干涉中偏振器件的误差建模

为了对同步相移横向剪切干涉系统中偏振器件的选型、装调以及误差补偿提供可靠的理论依据,本文根据琼斯矩阵原理,构建了系统中1/4波片和偏振片阵列误差对测量结果影响程度的误差模型,对四分之一波片的相位延迟误差、快轴方位角误差以及偏振片阵列透光轴方位角误差对测量结果的影响进行了定量分析。仿真结果表明:1/4波片的相位延迟误差在±1°以内时,波面测量误差为0.00002λ(PV)和0.000062λ(RMS);1/4波片的调整精度在±2°以内时,波面测量误差为0.0001λ(PV)和0.00006λ(RMS);偏振片阵列方位角误差在±1°以内时,测量误差为0.003λ(PV)和0.001λ(RMS)。根据仿真结果对测量系统中偏振元器件进行选型,同时选择两种不同精度的偏振元器件进行对比实验。实验结果的残差值与仿真结果的残差值的PV以及RMS值偏差均小于λ/20,可以在一定程度上验证模型的有效性。本文提出的数学模型可以为同步相移横向剪切干涉系统中偏振器件的选型提供可靠的理论依据。

双波长同步干涉检测中基于莫尔条纹加乘变换的合成波长载频交叠干涉术

双波长同步干涉测量(SDWI)能够以更高的效率扩展传统单波长干涉测量的测量范围。但是难以直接从双波长同步干涉测量中生成的加性莫尔条纹包络线中解耦提取所需波长较长的拍频合成波长(λs)信息。本文提出了一种从加性莫尔条纹图中提取相位分布信息的合成波长载频交叠干涉术。通过莫尔条纹加乘转换,在得到乘性莫尔条纹图中,合成波长的干涉信息以叠加形式独立于其他波长的干涉信息。随后,从4帧乘性莫尔条纹图的频谱滤波提取出相移为π/2的合成波长移相干涉图。最后,对提取的4帧合成波长移相干涉图进行重新排列合成单一时空条纹图(STF)。通过将时域相移转换为空域载频,利用频谱滤波和傅里叶逆变换提取出合成波长的测试相位。与传统的双波长空域傅里叶变换解调理论相比,本论文方法在不消除背景分量的情况下,所需空域线性载频仅为前者的0.127倍左右。仿真和实验结果验证了本文方法的可行性和适用性。

基于空洞空间卷积网络的点衍射干涉图像相位解包技术

为满足点衍射干涉测量对解包算法高精度、高效以及抗干扰的检测需求。提出一种基于空洞空间卷积的相移点衍射干涉图像的相位解包方法,通过将自编码器结构和空洞空间卷积结合获得更高的相位解包精度,实现对包裹相位图像可控的多尺度特征提取。根据点衍射图像特点制作的大量多样化数据集对其进行训练和优化,从而实现准确识别包裹相位所在阶次,最终可以快速处理包裹图像得到高精度的解包结果。利用所提方法对实际点衍射干涉图像进行处理,并与ESDI专业干涉图像处理软件以及其他解包算法处理结果进行比对,结果表明:本文解包结果与软件枝切法解包处理结果均方根误差值为0.0222 rad,面形拟合结果与软件面形拟合结果峰谷差值仅为0.0121λ、均方根差值仅为0.0042λ;时间效率上,完成一幅图像的处理平均仅需0.035 s,而传统方法均大于1 s。与其他方法相比,所提方法在处理包裹相位方面具有快速、高精度的特性,为点衍射干涉图像处理的高精度相位解包提供了新的可行方案。

数字全息显微中相位像差校正技术综述

数字全息显微技术是数字全息技术与显微技术的结合,兼备两种技术的优点,为微纳领域的定量三维测量提供了一种无损、无标记、准确和近实时的测量手段。然而,由于元件缺陷和失调以及环境扰动等原因,会在数字全息显微测量结果中额外引入相位像差。为了获得准确的定量相位测量结果,必须对像差成因和主要成分进行分析,然后补偿和校正像差。这篇综述介绍了数字全息显微成像测量中主要的像差来源和影响,基于实现的方式对现有的像差校正方法进行了综述,并展望了未来像差校正领域的发展方向,为从事数字全息检测研究的研究者提供参考。

Tsallis相对熵引导的包裹相位修补

齿轮齿面形貌激光干涉测量中,由于容易受到多种噪声干扰,采集到的包裹相位图中会存在相位质量差的区域,解包路径经过这些区域会造成解包裹错误,降低测量精度。针对这一问题,根据干涉条纹图像的概率分布特点,本文提出一种基于Tsallis相对熵质量评价的包裹相位修补方法。该方法先利用高斯分布拟合阈值处理后的图像,再由Tsallis相对熵评价相位质量,最后修补质量较差的区域以提高相位解包裹质量。设计对比实验验证本方法的有效性,实验结果表明,该方法可以减少40%的相位残差点,并且有效提高了相位质量。该方法使用简单,准确率高,同样适用于其他移相光学领域。

基于横向剪切干涉系统的液膜厚度分布检测

测量液体薄膜的厚度在众多科学和工程领域中都具有重要的应用价值。本文基于横向剪切干涉技术,通过条纹追踪算法对相机拍摄得到的液膜干涉图像进行处理,研究了三角形与矩形竖直自由平面液膜的厚度分布及时间演变。实验结果表明,三角形液膜厚度范围为0.98~9.37μm,矩形液膜厚度范围为0.1~13μm。受重力影响,液膜厚度从顶部到底部逐渐增大,而在水平方向上液膜厚度分布均匀。随着时间的推移,重力排液导致液膜整体厚度逐步减小,顶部最薄弱处厚度率先到达最小值0.08μm后液膜整体破裂。进一步对矩形液膜进行分析,整个排液过程中液膜最大体积为2.66mm^(3),最大体积流量为0.28mm^(3)/s。此外,通过干涉条纹的分布变化可实现液膜表面流场可视化,为液膜微观表面流场研究提供了新的研究方法。

A novel phase-sensitive scanning near-field optical microscope

Phase is one of the most important parameters of electromagnetic waves. It is the phase distribution that determines the propagation, reflection, refraction, focusing, divergence, and coupling features of light, and further affects the intensity distribution. In recent years, the designs of surface plasmon polariton （SPP） devices have mostly been based on the phase modulation and manipulation. Here we demonstrate a phase sensitive multi-parameter heterodyne scanning near-field opti- cal microscope （SNOM） with an aperture probe in the visible range, with which the near field optical phase and amplitude distributions can be simultaneously obtained. A novel architecture combining a spatial optical path and a fiber optical path is employed for stability and flexibility. Two kinds of typical nano-photonic devices are tested with the system. With the phase-sensitive SNOM, the phase and amplitude distributions of any nano-optical field and localized field generated with any SPP nano-structures and irregular phase modulation surfaces can be investigated. The phase distribution and the interference pattern will help us to gain a better understanding of how light interacts with SPP structures and how SPP waves generate, localize, convert, and propagate on an SPP surface. This will be a significant guidance on SPP nano-structure design and optimization.

Advances in Phase Detection Technique of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing is an optical method based on evanescent wave.SPR biosensor can detect interaction of label-free biomolecules in real-time.With further development,it can become a research instrument in proteomics.SPR biosensor can be divided intensity measurement and phase measurement,and the latter possesses higher sensitivity than the former one.This paper attempts to summarize the SPR phase detection theory,discuss the major developments,compare the merits and deficiencies of various methods,and look forward to future prospects.

Review of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry(ESPI) for Three Dimensional Displacement Measurement

Three dimensional（3D） displacements, which can be translated further into 3D strain, are key parameters tor design, manufacturing and quality control. Using different optical setups, phase-shift methods, and algorithms, several different 3D electronic speckle pattern interferometry（ESPl） systems for displacement and strain measurements have been achieved and commercialized. This paper provides a review of the recent developments in ESPI systems for 3D displacement and strain measurement. After an overview of the fundamentals of ESP! theory, temporal phase-shift, and spatial phase-shift techniques, 3D deformation measurements by the temporal phase-shift ESPI system, which is suited well for static measurement, and by the spatial phase-shift ESPI system, which is particularly useful for dynamic measurement, are discussed. For each method, the basic theory, a brief derivation and different optical layouts are presented. The state of art application, potential and limitation of the ESPI systems are shown and demonstrated.

Nano-meter Displacement Measurement byPhase Analysis of Fringe Patterns Obtained by Optical Methods

Optical methods such as Twyman-Green interferometry, moiré interferometry, holographic interferometry and speckle interferometry are useful to measure displacement and strain in the full-field of structures. Recently phase analysis method of fringe patterns obtained by these optical methods becomes popular, and it provides accurate quantitative results in the full-field. In this paper, in order to measure displacement and strain, real-time or high-speed nano-meter displacement measurement methods developed by the authors are introduced. That is, (1) out-of-plane displacement analysis by Twyman-Green interferometry using integrated phase-shifting method using Fourier transform phase-shifting method, (2) simultaneous two-dimensional in-plane displacement analysis by moiré interferometry and (3) out-of-plane displacement analysis by phase-shifting digital holographic interferometry. The theories and applications are shown.

Phase-shifting digital holography in image reconstruction

A phase-shifting digital holography scheme developed to investigate internal defects in artworks is described. Phase-shifting is utilized to obtain a clear reconstructed object wave from a rough surface texture. A reverse-transform algorithm is employed to reconstruct the object wave on its original position of unknown distance or the imaging position from the object wave information on the holographic plane. To get the clearest reconstruction the exact registration of the unknown distance is determined by applying the intensity sum as the auto-focusing function, The spatial resolution of the reconstruction image is also investigated for a variety of affecting factors. Laboratory results of reconstruction images under deformation are presented.

THE ROLES OF REACTION INHOMOGENEITY IN PHASE SEPARATION KINETICS AND MORPHOLOGY OF REACTIVE POLYMER BLENDS

The roles of reaction inhomogeneity in phase separation of polymer mixtures were described and summarized via two examples:photocross-link of polymer mixtures in the bulk state and photopolymerization of monomer in the liquid state. The reaction kinetics,the reaction-induced elastic strain and the phase separation kinetics were monitored respectively by UV-Vis spectroscopy,Mach-Zehnder interferometry and laser-scanning confocal microscopy.It was found that phase separation in the bulk state was strongly inf...

Simple phase extraction in x-ray differential phase contrast imaging

A fast and simple method to extract phase-contrast images from interferograms is proposed, and its effectiveness is demonstrated through simulation and experiment. For x-ray differential phase contrast imaging, a strong attenuation signal acts as an overwhelming background intensity that obscures the weak phase signal so that no obvious phase-gradient information is detectable in the raw image. By subtracting one interferogram from another, chosen at particular intervals,the phase signal can be isolated and magnified.