On the grouping effect of the l_(1-2)models

This paper aims to study the mathematical properties of the l vmodels that employ measurement matrices with correlated columns.We first show that the l_(1-2)model satisfies the grouping effect which ensures that coefficients corresponding to highly correlated columns in a measurement matrix have small differences.Then we provide the stability analysis based on the sparse approximation property.When the entries of the vectors have different signs,we show that the grouping effect also holds for the constraint l_(1-2)minimization model which is implicated by the linearized Bregman iteration.

Can environmental sustainability be decoupled from economic growth? Empirical evidence from Eastern Europe using the common correlated effect mean group test

The European Union(EU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) aim to develop long-term policies for their respective member countries. Having observed increasing dangers to the environment posed by rising economic growth, they are seeking pathways to enable policy action on economic growth and environmental sustainability. Given the facts in theoretical and empirical studies, this study assessed the validity of the decoupling hypothesis by investigating asymmetricity in the relationship between environmental sustainability and economic growth in nine Eastern European countries from 1998 to 2017 using the cross-section augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF) unit root, panel corrected standard error(PCSE), common correlated effect mean group(CCEMG), and Dumitrescu Hurlin causality approaches. Both population growth and drinking water are used as controlled variables. The outcomes establish strong cointegration among all the variables of interest. According to the results of CCEMG test, economic growth exerts short-term environmental degradation but has long-term environmental benefits in Eastern Europe;and population growth and drinking water exert a positive effect on environmental sustainability in both the short-and long-run. The results of Dumitrescu Hurlin causality test indicate that environmental sustainability is unidirectionally affected by economic growth. Based on these outcomes, we suggest the following policies:(1) the EU and OECD should implement member-targeted policies on economic growth and fossil-fuel use towards regulating industrial pollution, water use, and population control;and(2) the EU and OECD member countries should invest in environmental technologies through green research and development(R&D) to transform their dirty industrial processes and ensure productive energy use.

Stabilizing Buried Interface via Synergistic Effect of Fluorine and Sulfonyl Functional Groups Toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The interfacial defects and energy barrier are main reasons for interfacial nonradiative recombination.In addition,poor perovskite crystallization and incomplete conversion of PbI_(2) to perovskite restrict further enhancement of the photovoltaic performance of the devices using sequential deposition.Herein,a buried interface stabilization strategy that relies on the synergy of fluorine(F)and sulfonyl(S=O)functional groups is proposed.A series of potassium salts containing halide and non-halogen anions are employed to modify SnO_(2)/perovskite buried interface.Multiple chemical bonds including hydrogen bond,coordination bond and ionic bond are realized,which strengthens interfacial contact and defect passivation effect.The chemical interaction between modification molecules and perovskite along with SnO_(2) heightens incessantly as the number of S=O and F augments.The chemical interaction strength between modifiers and perovskite as well as SnO_(2) gradually increases with the increase in the number of S=O and F.The defect passivation effect is positively correlated with the chemical interaction strength.The crystallization kinetics is regulated through the compromise between chemical interaction strength and wettability of substrates.Compared with Cl−,all non-halogen anions perform better in crystallization optimization,energy band regulation and defect passivation.The device with potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide achieves a tempting efficiency of 24.17%.

A Computational Investigation of the Group Effect of Pits on the Ultimate Strength of Steel Plates

In this work, we focus on assessing the group effect of localized corrosion on the ultimate strength of the marine structural plates and study the load-deformation behaviors of plates of various slenderness and uniaxial compression.Meanwhile, we investigate different corroded patterns from a single circular pit to 25 circular pits distributed over the plate and carry out hundreds of nonlinear finite element simulations by combining the number, depth, distribution of pits with imperfections and slenderness of plate. The distribution of multiple pits causes scattering of stress concentration on the plate, then the plastic section of plate changes with wider distribution of damage simultaneously. The ultimate strength arises when un-loading zone comprised of the yielding strips and holes extends across the plate. It can be concluded that the corroded condition defined as group effect of pits manipulates the deformation state and the loading capacity of plate at the ultimate strength mode that coincides with the proportion of effective loading area and section in the process of post-buckling. To validate the effect of pits group, we perform the numerical experiments of the post-buckling of steel plates containing pits in a row with different orientation.

THE REMAINDER－EFFECT ANALYSIS OF FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEMES AND THE APPLICATIONS

In the present paper two contents are enclosed .First ,the Fourier analysis approach of the dispersion relation and group velocity effect of finite difference schemes is discussed.the defects of the approach is pointed out and the correction is made;Second,a new systematic analysis method -remaider -effect analysis (abbr.REAM)is proposed by means of the modified partial differential equations (abbr MPDE)of finite difference schemes.The analysis is based on the synthetical study of the rational dispersion-and dissipation relations of finite difference schemes.And the method clearly possesses constructivity

Bottom-up holistic carrier management strategy induced synergistically by multiple chemical bonds to minimize energy losses for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

The defects from electron transport layer,perovskite layer and their interface would result in carrier nonradiative recombination losses.Poor buried interfacial contact is detrimental to charge extraction and device stability.Here,we report a bottom-up holistic carrier management strategy induced synergistically by multiple chemical bonds to minimize bulk and interfacial energy losses for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.4-trifluoromethyl-benzamidine hydrochloride(TBHCl)containing–CF_(3),amidine cation and Cl^(-)is in advance incorporated into SnO_(2)colloid solution to realize bottom-up modification.The synergistic effect of multiple functional groups and multiple-bond-induced chemical interaction are revealed theoretically and experimentally.F and Cl^(-)can passivate oxygen vacancy and/or undercoordinated Sn^(4+)defects by coordinating with Sn^(4+).The F can suppress cation migration and modulate crystallization via hydrogen bond with FA^(+),and can passivate lead defects by coordinating with Pb^(2+).The–NH_(2)–C=NH^(+)_(2)and Cl^(-)can passivate cation and anion vacancy defects through ionic bonds with perovskites,respectively.Through TBHCl modification,the suppression of agglomeration of SnO_(2)nanoparticles,bulk and interfacial defect passivation,and release of tensile strains of perovskite films are demonstrated,which resulted in a PCE enhancement from 21.28%to 23.40%and improved stability.With post-treatment,the efficiency is further improved to 23.63%.

Cerebral vasorelaxant material basis of Xiaoxuming decoction study with rat basilar artery

OBJECTIVE To investigate the cerebralvasorelaxant material basis of Xiaoxuming decoction.METHODS According to the Xiaoxuming decoction herb sources,we retrieved the chemical structure from the literatures and the Chinese Natural Product Database(http://pharmdata.ncmi.cn).By using microvessel tension system,we checked the vasorelaxanteffects of Xiaoxuming decoction anti-cerebral ischemia effective components group(XXMDECG)and the available composition compounds on pre-contracted basilar artery ring.RESULTS963 compoundsin the decoction,including 81Fangfeng,77 Mahuang,130 Shengjiang,31 Guizhi,91 Huangqin,127 Renshen,73 Chuanxiong,44 Shaoyao,39 Xingren,42 Fangji,62 Fuzi and 166 Gancao were collected.The five largest number classes of compounds in the decoction are volatile oil(32%),flavone(32%),alkaloid(13%),saponin(7%),polyphenol and organic acid(5%).XXMDECG at concentration from 1 to 400μg·mL-1can dilate the KCl(60 mmol·L-1)and ET-1(0.01μmol·L-1)pre-contracted rat basilar artery rings in a dose-dependent manner.There are 6 compounds with vasorelaxant ratio more than 50%at the concentration of 10μmol·L-1.CONCLUSION Xiaoxuming decoction contains abundant chemical structure.It has the material basis of multiple ingredients and multiple targets.The XXMDECG are able to dilate the rat basilar artery rings in a dose-dependent manner.The network interactions between varies of chemical compounds in Xiaoxuming decoction and the vasoconstriction associated targets result in the comprehensive regulation mechanisms of vascular function.

The Application and Property of Elastic Net Procedure for Partially Linear Models

Variable selection plays an important role in high-dimensional data analysis.But the high-dimensional data often induces the strongly correlated variables problem,which should be properly handled.In this paper,we propose Elastic Net procedure for partially linear models and prove the group effect of its estimate.A simulation study shows that the Elastic Net procedure deals with the strongly correlated variables problem better than the Lasso,ALasso and the Ridge do.Based on the real world data study,we can get that the Elastic Net procedure is particularly useful when the number of predictors pffis much bigger than the sample size n.

Observation and Analysis of in vitro Expression of Mouse Heart Nuclear DNA Fragments by AFM

Using AFM,we observed linear chain-like complexes formed by some specific proteins and the multi-mRNAs during the in vitro expression of some active genes on the DNA fragments. The LDH mRNA in the multi-mRNA complex can in vitro translate LDH. Via AFM, we also discovered that nmRNA prepared from heart muscles, along with some specific proteins can form linear chain-like nmRNA complexes in which LDH mRNA can also translate LDH in vitro. Our work shows the prospective application of AFM in the research of the biological reaction of the active genes on the DNA fragments.

Occurrence of Conspecific in the Neighboring Space Influence on Flight Initiation Distance in Cape Hare <i>Lepus capensis</i>under Human Stimuli

Optimal escape theory predicts that animals would balance the costs and benefits of flight. One cost of not fleeing is the ongoing cost of vigilance for upcoming environmental threats. Our results show that FID increases for vigilant hares with predator starting distance, due to the costs acquired by continuing to scan for ecological dangers. The presence of conspecifics within proximity distance for social hare was reduced FID due to collective vigilance, while a solitary animal had greater FID, due to less cooperative defense for predator detection. In both seasons, detection and flight initiation distance of the focal hare increased in open habitat due to a higher probability of detection for upcoming danger, while dense cover provided concealment but reduced the probability of detecting an incoming threat, reducing FID. Moreover, proximity to roads and the nearest refuge significantly influenced anti-predator risk by compensation energy to cope with approaching stimuli. In a landscape with heavy human hunting in retaliation to plantations damage has modified the natural behavior of the hare in the Shigar valley. The findings are discussed in the context of hare FID by humans and the suggestions for management and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict are also considered.

Review on second-harmonic generation of ultrasonic guided waves in solid media(Ⅰ): Theoretical analyses

Considering the high sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic measurement technique and great advantages of the guided wave testing method, the use of nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves provides a promising means for evaluating and characterizing the hidden and/or inaccessible damage/degradation in solid media. Increasing attention on the development of the testing method based on nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves is largely attributed to the theoretical advances of nonlinear guided waves propagation in solid media. One of the typical acoustic nonlinear responses is the generation of second harmonics that can be used to effectively evaluate damage/degradation in materials/structures. In this paper, the theoretical progress of second-harmonic generation（SHG） of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in solid media is reviewed. The advances and developments of theoretical investigations on the effect of SHG of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in different structures are addressed. Some obscure understandings and the ideas in dispute are also discussed.

Antithrombotic effects of the effective components group of Xiaoshuantongluo formula in vivo and in vitro

The present study was designed to investigate the antithrombotic effects and underlying mechanisms of the effective components group(ECG) of Xiaoshuantongluo recipe(XECG) and to further verify the rationality and feasibility of ECG-guided methodology in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) research. The arterial thrombosis model induced by ferric chloride(FeC l3) oxidation and the venous thrombosis model induced by inferior vena cava ligation were established to evaluate the antithrombotic potential of XECG. Our results indicated that XECG significantly prolonged the time to occlusion, activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), and prothrombin time(PT), and markedly inhibited adenosine diphosphate(ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in the 20% Fe Cl3-induced arterial thrombosis model. The superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was significantly increased and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA) and nitric oxide(NO) were dramatically decreased in the plasma of arterial thrombosis rats after XECG treatment for 12 days. Furthermore, XECG markedly reduced the weight of thrombus formed by inferior vena cava ligation. Additionally, XECG exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and protective effect on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. In summary, XECG played an important role in the prevention of thrombosis through interacting with multiple targets, including inhibition of platelet aggregation and coagulation and repression of oxidative stress. The ECG-guided methodology was validated as a feasible tool in TCM research.

The Effect of a Novel Cytokine,High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein,on the Development of Traumatic Sepsis

Sepsis and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) are frequent complications after severe traumata or burns involving a large area,and these remain as the two most common causes of morbidity and mortality in critical illnesses.Despite the recent rapid advances in intensive

The group size effect and synchronization of vigilance in the Tibetan wild ass

Vigilance behavior is considered as an effective strategy for prey species to detect predators.An individual benefits from living in a group by reducing the time spent being vigilant without affecting the probability of detecting a predator.However,the mechanism producing a decrease in vigilance with increasing group size is unclear.Many models of vigilance assume that group members scan independently of one another.Yet in recent studies,the other 2 patterns of vigilance,coordination and synchronization,were reported in some species.In 2 summers(2018 and 2019),we studied the group-size effect on vigilance and foraging of Tibetan wild ass in Chang Tang Nature Reserve of Tibet.We also tested whether individuals scan the environment independently,tend to coordinate their scans,or tend to synchronize their vigilance.The results showed that individuals decreased the time spent on vigilance with increasing group size,while increased the time spent foraging.Group members scanned the environment at the same time more frequently and there was a positive correlation between group members'behaviors,indicating that Tibetan wild asses tend to synchronize their vigilance.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Components in Shuxiong Tablet and Its Possible Formulary Rationality

Objective To determine whether the anti-inflammatory properties of Shuxiong Tablet (SXT) and the effective components group of SXT (ECGS) are equivalent and to assess the formulary rationality. Methods ECGS consisted of Panax notoginsen saponion (PNS), hydroxysafflor yellow A, and ferulic acid plus volatile oil of Ligusticum chuanxiong, which was based on the active ingredients and their ratios in SXT. We compared the anti-inflammatory actions of ECGS and SXT using the xylene-induced edema model and the carrageenan-induced edema model, as well as the analgesic activity of them using the acetic acid-induced writhing model. Moreover, cultured macrophages were incubated with media containing serum isolated from SXT-, ECGS-, or every component of ECGS-treated rats, to compare the depress effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Results ECGS and SXT had equivalent anti-inflammatory actions and analgesic effects at an equipotent dosage in a dose-dependent manner. The drug-containing media could inhibit the LPS-stimulated NO production and iNOS expression in cultured macrophages. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed that three effective components could produce synergistic effect on the inhibition of NO production, and PNS was the capital component. Conclusion ECGS and SXT display an equivalent anti-inflammatory effect, and the formula follows traditional Chinese medicine compatibility principle, which shows obvious formulary rationality.

Protection of Effective Component Group from Xiaoshuan Tongluo on Brain Injury after Chronic Hypoperfusion in Rats

Objective To investigate the protective effects of purified effective component group in extract from Xiaoshuan Tongluo(CGXT) formula on chronic brain ischemia in rats.Methods CGXT 75,150,and 300 mg/kg or vehicle were ig administered daily for four weeks to rats with bilateral common carotid arteries ligation(BCCAL) .From the day 24 to 28 after BCCAL,Morris water maze was performed to assess the learning and memory impairment of rats.Four weeks after BCCAL,brain gray and white matter damage were assessed.Results In Morris test,the mean escape latency of rats in the CGXT(150 and 300 mg/kg) groups was significantly shorter than that in the vehicle group.CGXT also attenuated the neuronal damage in hippocampus and cortex and reduced the pathological damage in the optic tract and corpus callosum.Conclusion CGXT could improve learning and memory impairment resulted from BCCAL in rats.These results provide the experimental basis for the clinical use of CGXT in stroke treatment and may help in investigation of multimodal therapy strategies in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases including stroke.

Studies on the effect of opposite terminal groups in phenylpolyenic conjugative systems

Seven homologous series p-A=B-C_6H_4(CH=CH)_nX=Y (A=B: NO_2, X=Y: CHO, COMe, CN, NO_2; A=B: CN, X=Y: CHO, CN; A=B: H, X=Y: NO_2) were synthesized, the effect of opposite terminal groups in phenylpolyenic conjugative systems has been studied by means of UV, XPS, ^(13) C NMR and quantum chemical calculation. The results show that: 1. There exists the effect of opposite terminal groups exists in phenylpolyenic and other aromatic conjugative systems. 2. When A=B and X=Y are the same, the group (-X=Y) connected at polyenic chain is a terminal group, while the other is an opposite terminal group. When the two groups are different, the one with weaker conjugative power plays the role of the opposite terminal group. 3. The effect of opposite terminal groups increases successively in the order of CN, COMe, CHO, NO_2 and can be quantita- tively described with substitute equivalent △N_s. Theλ_(max) of compound containing an opposite terminal group can be calculated by the homologous equation 10^(-4) =a+b/(1/2)^(2/N＇^(-S)_a), most of the calculated values are in agreement with experiment results.

Analysis of energy pile groups subjected to non-uniform thermal loadings

Sequentially coupled thermal-stress finite element analyses were performed to investigate the mechanical behaviors of an energy pile group subjected to non-uniform thermal loadings.The group effect was highlighted by comparing the thermo-mechanical responses with those of the single pile case.Due to the thermal interactions between piles,the group piles’temperatures were higher than that of the isolated single pile.If only part of the piles served as heat exchangers,i.e.,the pile group was thermal loaded unevenly,there were dif-ferential deformations between the heated and the non-heated piles.Due to the pile-raft-pile interaction,the axial forces of the piles chan-ged significantly.The location of the heated pile had an important influence on the thermally induced axial force,while the effect of the soil’s coefficient of thermal expansion was not significant.Inspired by the numerical result,a simplified method was proposed to capture the main characteristics of energy pile groups and to facilitate the design.The proposed method was developed in the framework of the traditional load transfer approach,and the pile-raft-pile interaction was included.By applying different temperature increments to dif-ferent piles,the non-uniform thermal loading was modeled.The proposed method was verified by comparing with the finite element anal-ysis results and the data collected from the literature.

Biomarker Identification of Rat Liver Regeneration via Adaptive Logistic Regression

This paper is devoted to identifying the biomarkers of rat liver regeneration via the adaptive logistic regression. By combining the adaptive elastic net penalty with the logistic regression loss, the adaptive logistic regression is proposed to adaptively identify the important genes in groups. Furthermore, by improving the pathwise coordinate descent algorithm, a fast solving algorithm is developed for computing the regularized paths of the adaptive logistic regression. The results from the experiments performed on the microarray data of rat liver regeneration are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and verify the biological rationality of the selected biomarkers.

Aggregation behavior of Harmonia axyridis under non-wintering conditions

The invasive multicolored Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis （Pallas） （Coleoptera： Coceinellidae）, aggregates inside dwellings during winter to avoid cold weather. This adaptive behavior disturbs homeowners, because of the large numbers of individuals that aggregate, which induces allergic reactions. The migratory flight patterns of this species have been well documented, with individuals preferentially moving toward prominent and high color contrast elements. However, the factors involved in the selection of aggregation sites by this species have yet to be elucidated. Here, we evaluated the influ- ence of （i） the density of individuals and （ii） the type of available shelters on decisions by H. axyridis to settle and aggregate under shelters. A dual choice bioassay conducted in the laboratory demonstrated the presence of mutual attraction to conspecifics. We also found that individuals preferentially settled under red covered shelters compared to transparent shelters, and that the type of shelter outweighed the effect of social interactions among conspecifics. Moreover, this experiment was performed under non-wintering conditions, providing the first evidence that aggregative behavior in this species can also occur under those specific conditions.