Application of Theoretical Growth Functions for Mongolian Oak(Qurcus Mongolica)

Four alternative functions are used for lilting tree height and diameter growth models for mongolian oak(Quercus mongolica Fisch et Turcz)The data set includes 1250 random trees and 755 dominant trees coming from 510lemporary plots The resultsshow that the Richads function is the best model for predicting height diameter at breast height(DBH) and dominant height from age The average growth curveof domnant height is used as a guide curve for the construction of a site index table which is partially validated using an independent data set The Mischerlic function is the bestmodel for estimating height and dominam height from DBH

α-times Integrated Cosine Operator Functions with Growth ω

For a continuous,increasing functionω:[0,∞)→C of finite exponential type,we establish a Hille-Yosida type theorem for strongly continuous α-times(α>0)integrated cosine operator functions with O(ω).It includes the corresponding results for n-times integrated cosine operator functions that are polynomially bounded and exponentially bounded.

Renin and angiotensinogen expression and functions in growth and apoptosis of human glioblastoma

The expression and function in growth and apoptosis of the renin-angiotensin system(RAS)was evaluated inhuman glioblastoma.Renin and angiotensinogen(AGT)mRNAs and proteins were found by in situ hybridisationand immunohistochemistry in glioblastoma cells.Angiotensinogen was present in glioblastoma cystic fluids.Thus,human glioblastoma cells produce renin and AGT and secrete AGT.Human glioblastoma and glioblastoma cellsexpressed renin,AGT,renin receptor,AT(2)and/or AT(1)mRNAs and proteins determined by RT-PCR and/

STRONGLY CONTINUOUS INTEGRATED COSINE OPERATOR FUNCTIONS WITH GROWTHω

For a continuous increasing function ω ： [0, ∞） → （0, ∞） of finite exponetial type, we establish a Hille-Yosida type theorem for strongly continuous integrated cosine operator functions with O（ω）. It includes the well-known polynomially bounded and exponentially bounded cases.

The43,000Growth - associated Protein Functions as a Negative Growth Regulator in Glioma.

Previous molecular analyses of human astrocytomas have identified many genetic changes associated with astrocy-toma formation and progression.In an effort to identify novel gene expression changes associated with astrocytomaformation,which might reveal new potential targets for glioma therapeutic drug design,we used the B8-RAS-transgenic mouse astrocytoma model.Using multiplex gene expression profiling,we found that

Age and Growth Characteristics of Crimson Sea Bream Paragyrops edita Tanaka in Beibu Gulf

Age and growth characteristics of crimson sea bream Paragyrops edita Tanaka in Beibu Gulf were studied through bottom trawling and gillnet fleets fishing from July 2006 to December 2007. A total number of 1155 individuals, ranging from 49 to 249mm in standard length was examined. The age of the fish was determined from sagittal otoliths. One year growth was made up of one translucent and one opaque zone. A maximum likelihood estimation procedure was used to fit the Von Bertalanffy, Logistic and Gompertz growth functions to the length-at-age data. ARSS indicated that there were no significant differences in growth between sexes in the three growth models （P〉0.05）, and the Von Bertalanffy growth function Lr=292.8{1 cxp[-0.167（t＋1.l16）]} was selected as the most appropriate growth model according to Akaike＇s information criterion （AIC）.

The Control of Population Growth Is the Function of the Central Government

Mr.Jiang Zcmin,Gencral-Seerctary of the Cen-tral Committee of the Chincse Communist Party and.Chairman of the People's Republic of China,in a rC-ccnt spcech cm phasized that the family planning pro-gramme should be strictly and effectively im plemented in 1994,a year of crucial importance for promoting re-form and opening and thc drive lowards.modernization.To makc continucd contributions to the sociocconomic development in the country,we must fulfil the plan for controlling population growth..The spcech was delivcred at the anua!National Fo-rum on Family Planning Work convened jointly by the Party's Central Committcc and the Statc Council.

Analysis of the inflection points of height-diameter models

The inflection point is an important feature of sigmoidal height-diameter(H-D)models.It is often cited as one of the properties favoring sigmoidal model forms.However,there are very few studies analyzing the inflection points of H-D models.The goals of this study were to theoretically and empirically examine the behaviors of inflection points of six common H-D models with a regional dataset.The six models were the Wykoff(WYK),Schumacher(SCH),Curtis(CUR),HossfeldⅣ(HOS),von Bertalanffy-Richards(VBR),and Gompertz(GPZ)models.The models were first fitted in their base forms with tree species as random effects and were then expanded to include functional traits and spatial distribution.The distributions of the estimated inflection points were similar between the two-parameter models WYK,SCH,and CUR,but were different between the threeparameter models HOS,VBR,and GPZ.GPZ produced some of the largest inflection points.HOS and VBR produced concave H-D curves without inflection points for 12.7%and 39.7%of the tree species.Evergreen species or decreasing shade tolerance resulted in larger inflection points.The trends in the estimated inflection points of HOS and VBR were entirely opposite across the landscape.Furthermore,HOS could produce concave H-D curves for portions of the landscape.Based on the studied behaviors,the choice between two-parameter models may not matter.We recommend comparing seve ral three-parameter model forms for consistency in estimated inflection points before deciding on one.Believing sigmoidal models to have inflection points does not necessarily mean that they will produce fitted curves with one.Our study highlights the need to integrate analysis of inflection points into modeling H-D relationships.

Corticoreticular tract lesion in children with developmental delay presenting with gait dysfunction and trunk instability

The corticoreticular tract （CRT） is known to be involved in walking and postural control. Using diffusion tensor tractography （DTT）, we investigated the relationship between the CRT and gait dysfunction, includ- ing trunk instability, in pediatric patients. Thirty patients with delayed development and 15 age-matched, typically-developed （TD） children were recruited. Fifteen patients with gait dysfunction （bilateral trunk instability） were included in the group A, and the other 15 patients with gait dysfunction （unilateral trunk instability） were included in the group B. The Growth Motor Function Classification System, Functional Ambulation Category scale, and Functional Ambulation Category scale were used for measurement of functional state. Fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient, fiber number, and tract integrity of the CRT and corticospinal tract were measured. Diffusion parameters or integrity of corticospinal tract were not significantly different in the three study groups. However, CRT results revealed that both CRTs were disrupted in the group A, whereas CRT disruption in the hemispheres contralateral to clinical mani- festations was observed in the group B. Fractional anisotropy values and fiber numbers in both CRTs were decreased in the group A than in the group TD. The extents of decreases of fractional anisotropy values and fiber numbers on the ipsilateral side relative to those on the contralateral side were greater in the group B than in the group TD. Functional evaluation data and clinical manifestations were found to show strong correlations with CRT status, rather than with corticospinal tract status. These findings suggest that CRT status appears to be clinically important for gait function and trunk stability in pediatric patients and DTT can help assess CRT status in pediatric patients with gait dysfunction.

The Relationships between Serum Concentration of IGF-I and Left Ventricular Function as well as Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Objective To investigate therelationships between serum concentration of insulin -like growth factor - I (IGF-I) and left ventricular function as well as coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) . Methods In 41 patients with CAD and 15 control subjects without CAD, the concentrations of serum IGF - I were measured using radioimmunoassay. The relationships between the concentration of serum IGF - I and Leaman coronary artery score, Rentrop grade of coronary collateral circulation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as well as left ventricular wall motion Cortina score were assessed. Results 1. There was no significant difference in the mean level of serum IGF -I between the CAD group and the control group (107. 92±44.74 ng/ml vs 113.05 ±33. 65 ng/ml, P> 0. 05), but the IGF - I concentrations in the subgroup with collateral circulation were significantly greater than that in the control group (147. 33 ±29. 92 ng/ml vs 113. 05±33. 65 ng/ml, P < 0. 01) or in the subgroup without collateral circulation (147. 33 ±29. 92 ng/ml vs 80. 01±29. 75 ng/ml , P < 0. 01). 2. The serum concentration of IGF -I had no significant correlation to the Leaman coronary artery score. 3. The serum level of IGF -I had significantly positive correlation to both LVEF ( r = 0. 45, P < 0. 001) and the Rentrop grade of coronary collateral circulation ( r = 0. 74, P < 0. 001), and was negatively related to the left ventricular wall motion Cortina score (r = -0. 53, P < 0. 001). 4. The Leaman coronary artery score had no significant correlation to the Rentrop grade of coronary collateral circulation. 5. The Leaman coronary artery score was related to neither the LVEF nor the Cortina score in the whole CAD group. In the subgroup without coronary collateral circulation, however, the Leaman score had significantly negative correlation to LVEF ( r = - 0. 46, P < 0. 05) and positive correlation to the Cortina score (r = 0. 47, P < 0. 05) . Conclusions The serum concentration of IGF -I was associated with both left ventricular function and coronary collateral circulation in patients with CAD. IGF -I may play a role in promoting coronary collateral circulation and in protecting left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease.

Fine motor skill training enhances functional plasticity of the corticospinal tract after spinal cord injury

Following central nervous system injury, axonal sprouts form distal to the injury site and extend into the denervated area, reconstructing neural circuits through neural plasticity. How to facilitate this plasticity has become the key to the success of central nervous system repair. It remains controversial whether fine motor skill training contributes to the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury. Therefore, we established a rat model of unilateral corticospinal tract injury using a pyramidal tract cutting method. Horizontal ladder crawling and food ball grasping training procedures were conducted 2 weeks before injury and 3 days after injury. The neurological function of rat forelimbs was assessed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks after injury. Axon growth was observed with biotinylated dextran amine anterograde tracing in the healthy corticospinal tract of the denervated area at different time periods. Our results demonstrate that compared with untrained rats, functional recovery was better in the forelimbs and forepaws of trained rats. The number of axons and the expression of growth associated protein 43 were increased at the injury site 3 weeks after corticospinal tract injury. These findings confirm that fine motor skill training promotes central nervous system plasticity in spinal cord injury rats.

Axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract after stroke： how does rehabilitative training modulate it？

Stroke causes long-term disability, and rehabilitative training is commonly used to improve the consecutive functional recovery. Following brain damage, surviving neurons undergo morphological alterations to reconstruct the remaining neural network. In the motor system, such neural network remodeling is observed as a motor map reorganization. Because of its significant correlation with functional recovery, motor map reorganization has been regarded as a key phenomenon for functional recovery after stroke. Although the mechanism underlying motor map reorganization remains unclear, increasing evidence has shown a critical role for axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract. In this study, we review previous studies investigating axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract after stroke and discuss which mechanisms may underlie the stimulatory effect of rehabilitative training. Axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract can be classified into three types based on the location and the original targets of corticospinal neurons, and it seems that all the surviving corticospinal neurons in both ipsilesional and contralesional hemisphere can participate in axonal remodeling and motor map reorganization. Through axonal remodeling, corticospinal neurons alter their output selectivity from a single to multiple areas to compensate for the lost function. The remodeling of the corticospinal axon is influenced by the extent of tissue destruction and promoted by various therapeutic interventions, including rehabilitative training. Although the precise molecular mechanism underlying rehabilitation-promoted axonal remodeling remains elusive, previous data suggest that rehabilitative training promotes axonal remodeling by upregulating growth-promoting and downregulating growth-inhibiting signals.

Limiting stand density and basal area projection models for even-aged Tecomella undulata plantations in a hot arid region of India

This paper presents equations for estimating limiting stand density for Z undulata plantations grown in hot desert areas of Raj asthan State in India. Five different stand level basal area projection models, belonging to the path invariant algebraic difference form of a non-linear growth function, were also tested and compared. These models can be used to predict future basal area as a function of stand variables like dominant height and stem number per hectare and are necessary for reviewing different silvicultural treatment options. Data from 22 sample plots were used for modelling. An all possible growth intervals data structure was used. Both, qualitative and quantitative criteria were used to compare alternative models. The Akaike＇s information criteria differ- ence statistic was used to analyze the predictive ability of the models. Results show that the model proposed by Hui and Gadow performed best and hence this model is recommended for use in predicting basal area development in 12 undulata plantations in the study area. The data used were not from thinned stands, and hence the models may be less accurate when used for predictions when natural mortality is very significant.

EFFECTS OF EPCs OR b-FGF INTRAMYOCARDIAL INFUSION ON CARDIAC FUNCTION AND NEOVASCULARIZATION FOR DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY RATS

Objective To compare the different effects of endothelia progenitor cells （ EPCs ） or basic fibroblast growth factor （b-FGF） intromyocardial infusion on cardiac function and neovascularization for dilated cardiomyopathy（ DCM） rats. Methods Fifty adult female rats received inguinal subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol （ISO, 250 mg/kg） for induction of DCM. Four weeks later, the model rats were randomly divided into EPCs group, b-FGF group and control group. The 2×106 EPCs （ resolved in 100 μL PBS） , 100 μL b-FGF （ lO0 μg/mL ） and 100 μL PBS were evenly transplanted into the myocardium of EPCs group, b-FGF group and control group, respectively. Three months later, echocardiographic examination and regional myocardial blood flow （RMBF） measurement were performed. EPCs were traced by fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH）. The protein and mRNA expression of b-FGF in each group was measured by ELISA assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （ RT-PCR ） . Results Three months after transplantation, sry positive cells were detected only in EPCs group. The cardiac function as well as RMBF was significantly improved in EPCs group compared with b-FGF group or control group. There was higher capillary density in EPCs group. The protein and mRNA expression of b-FGF was stronger than b-FGF group and control group. Conclusion Transplantation of EPCs can improve cardiac function, induce neovascularization and increase RMBF for DCM rats. The treatment with EPCs has better effect than administration of b-FGF alone.

Exponential Growth Solutions of Elliptic Equations

We show that for a class of second order divergence form elliptic equations on an infinite strip with the Dirichlet boundary condition,the space of fixed order exponential growth solutions is of finite dimension.An optimal estimation of the dimension is given.Examples also show that the finiteness property may not be true if one drops some of the conditions we make in our result.

SOME OSCILLATION THEOREMS OF HIGHER ORDER NON－HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH TRANSCENDENTAL MEROMORPIC COEFFICIENTS

In this paper, we investigate the complex oscillation of the higher order differential equation where B0, ...,Bk-1,,F 0 are transcendental meromorpic functions having only finitely many poles. We obtain some precise estimates of the exponent of convergence of the zero sequence of meromorphic solutions for the above equation.

Musielak–Orlicz BMO-type Spaces Associated with Generalized Approximations to the Identity

Let X be a space of homogenous type and ψ： X × [0,∞） → [0,∞） be a growth function such that ψ（·,t） is a Muckenhoupt weight uniformly in t and ψ（x,·） an Orlicz function of uniformly upper type 1 and lower type p ∈（0,1].In this article,the authors introduce a new Musielak–Orlicz BMO-type space BMOψA（X） associated with the generalized approximation to the identity,give out its basic properties and establish its two equivalent characterizations,respectively,in terms of the spaces BMOψA,max（X） and BMOψA（X）.Moreover,two variants of the John–Nirenberg inequality on BMOψA（X） are obtained.As an application,the authors further prove that the space BMOψΔ1/2（Rn）,associated with the Poisson semigroup of the Laplace operator Δ on Rn,coincides with the space BMOψ（Rn） introduced by Ky.

Maximal function characterizations of Musielak-Orlicz-Hardy spaces associated with magnetic Schriidinger operators

Let φ be a growth function, and let A ：= -（V- ia）. （V- ia）＋ V be a magnetic SchrSdinger operator on L2（Rn）, n≥ 2, where a ：= （a1, a2... an） ∈ r L1 loc（Rn） We establish the equivalent characteriza- L2 1oc（Rn, Rn） and 0 ≤ V ∈Lloc（Rn） tions of the Musielak-Orlicz-Hardy space HA,^（IRn）, defined by the Lusin area function associated with {e-t2A}t〉0, in terms of the Lusin area function associated with {e-t√A}t〉0, the radial maximal functions and the non- tangential maximal functions associated with {e-t2A}t〉o and {e-t√A}t〉0, respectively. The boundedness of the Riesz transforms LkA-U1/2, k ∈ {1, 2... n}, from HA,φ（Rn） to Lφ（Rn） is also presented, where Lk is the closure of δ/δxk iak in L2（Rn）. These results are new even when φ（x,t） ：= w（x）tp for all x ∈Rn and t∈ （0, ＋∞） with p ∈ （0, 1] and ω∈ A∞（Rn） （the class of Muckenhoupt weights on Rn）.

Functional mechanism of Pingchuanning Decoction on adjustment of clara cell secretory protein in airway remodeling of asthmatic rats

OBJECTIVE:To study the functional mechanism of Pingchuanning Decoction in treatment of airway remodeling in asthmatic rats.METHODS:Eighty healthy Wistar male rats were randomized into eight groups(n=10 rats each):Normal group,Asthma model group,Dexamethasone group,Guilong Kechuanning group,Xiaoqinglong Decoction group,and Pingchuanning Decoction low-,middle-,and high-dose groups.The rats of all but the Normal group were made into asthma models through intraperitoneal injection and aerosol inhalation of ovalbumin.All treatments were administered at the first stimulation of asthma onset(third week of modeling),and the rats were killed after stimulating asthma attacks for 4 weeks.The general conditions of rats and pathomorphological changes of the lung tissues were observed.The expression of nerve growth factor(NGF) of the lung tissues was measured with immunohistochemical methods,and the content of Clara cell secretory protein(CCSP) mRNA was determined with RT-PCR.RESULTS:Compared with the Normal group,the contents of NGF and CCSP mRNA in the lung tissues of the Model group were significantly changed(P<0.01).Compared with the Model group,the indices of Pingchuanning Decoction and other treatment groups were improved to some extent(P<0.05 or P<0.01).CONCLUSIONS:Pathological changes of airway inflammation and remodeling were present in these rat asthma models.Pingchuanning Decoction had an intervention effect on these experimental models.Its functional mechanism may be related to multiple factors,including alleviation of airway inflammation,relief of bronchial smooth muscle spasm,and inhibition of airway remodeling.