Effect of Zn, Cd and Cr on growth, water status and chlorophyll content of barley plants (<i>H. vulgare L.</i>)

To evaluate the potential of barley for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated by metals, we conducted a growth chamber experiment with plants exposed to various concentrations of Zn, Cd and Cr. Growth parameters, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at 15 and 29 days after treatment application, and the metal concentration in the aerial part of the plant, the root and the soil was also measured. In all cases, the amount of metal accumulated in the plant increased by increasing the concentration of the applied metal, and the roots accumulated more metal than did the aerial part of the plant. The amount of Cr found in the soil was significantly lower than that of Cd and Zn. The toxic effect of Zn and Cd on the plant was low, affecting growth only at the highest concentrations. For Zn and Cd at the concentrations used, the decrease in water content was 14% compared with the control and 26% for Cr. For plants treated with the highest metal concentrations, the most significant differences were found in chlorophyll content, which had the lowest values compared with the control (23% for Zn, and 42% for Cd and Cr), and in chlorophyll fluorescence (2% for Zn, 23% for Cd and 29% for Cr). These decreases occurred 29 days after applying the Zn and Cd treatments. In plants treated with Cr, the decrease occurred 15 days after treatment application. Under our experimental conditions, barley is more tolerant to Zn and Cd than to Cr.

Growth and ecophysiology of seedlings of Podocarpus falcatus in plantations of exotic species and in a natural montane forest in Ethiopia

The potential role of exotic tree plantations in facilitating successional processes on degraded areas was evaluated in southern Ethiopia by comparing seedling characteristics, transpiration and photosynthetic performance of Podocarpus falcatus seedlings in Eucalyptus plantation, Pinus plantation, adjacent natural forest and clear-felled plantation site. P. falcatus seedlings exhibited differences in architecture between Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations. They had higher leaf area, shorter internode length and greater number of lateral branches in Eucalyptus plantation. At similar vapor pressure deficit （VPD）, P. falcatus transpired much less than E. saligna, especially at higher VPDs. Analysis of fluorescence parameters in the leaves showed no significant differences in the level of dark-adapted and light-adapted fluorescence yield （Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm′, respectively）, electron transport rate （ETR） and nonphotochemical quenching （NPQ） among seedlings grown inside plantations and adjacent natural forest, indicating similar photosynthetic performance. Nevertheless, there was evidence of photoinhibition in P. falcatus in the clear-felled site which had low fluorescence yield but high values of NPQ as protection from photoamage. The light response curves of ETR, NPQ and ΔF/Fm′ showed similar light saturation behavior among the seedlings grown inside plantations and natural forest and suggested a sequence of light-adapted to shade-adapted behavior in Natural forest 〉 Eucalyptus plantation 〉 Pinus plantation. The results show the structural flexibility, better water-use and adaptability of P. falcatus in its use of the understory environment of plantation species.

Wheat growth, photosynthesis and physiological characteristics under different soil Zn levels

In recent years,heavy metal hazards in the soil have seriously affected agricultural production.This study aims to examine the effects of different levels of heavy metal Zn on the growth,photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of wheat,and provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and control of heavy metal pollution in agricultural production.The field test method was used to explore the changes of wheat agronomic traits,photosynthetic capacity,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,spectral characteristic curve,active oxygen metabolism system,cell ultrastructure,and yield,under different Zn levels(0,250,500,750,and 1000 mg kg^(-1)).The results show that,low-level Zn treatments can effectively promote the synthesis of wheat chlorophyll,improve photosynthetic capacity,and increase yield.The yield of ZnL1(250 mg kg^(-1))was the highest in the two-year test,which increased by 20.4%in 2018 and 13.9%in 2019 compared with CK(0 mg kg^(-1)).However,a high Zn level had a significant stress effect on the photosystem of wheat.PIabs(reaction center performance index)and Fv/Fm(maximum photochemical efficiency)were significantly reduced,the active oxygen metabolism system was damaged,and the photosynthetic capacity was reduced,which in turn led to reduced yield.Among them,the yield of ZnL4(1000 mg kg^(-1))was the lowest in the two-year test,which was 28.1 and 16.4%lower than CK in 2018 and 2019,respectively.The green peak position of ZnL3 and ZnL4 had"red shift"to the long wave direction,while the red valley position of ZnL4 had"blue shift"to the short wave direction.Under ZnL4,some wheat leaf organelles began to decompose,vacuoles increased,cytoplasm decreased,cell walls thickened,chloroplast basal lamellae were disordered,and mitochondrial membranes disintegrated.Stepwise regression and Path analysis showed that Pn(net photosynthetic rate)played a leading role in the formation of yield.Redundancy(RDA)analysis showed that the optimal Zn level for wheat growth was about 250 mg kg^(-1),and wheat would be stressed when the soil Zn level exceeded 500 mg kg^(-1) in the test condition of this study.Findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of heavy metal(Zn)pollution in the soil.

Effects of lanthanum nitrate on growth and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Alternanthera philoxeroides under perchlorate stress

To investigate the effects of exogenous lanthanum （La） on Alternanthera philoxeroides （Mart.） Griseb under perchlorate stress, changes in the growth and physiological parameters were investigated in solution culture experiments under controlled condi- tions. Different concentrations of La （NO3）3 were used in our study. It was shown that 0. 1 and 0.5 mg/L La3＋ alleviated the inhibition effect of perchlorate on A. philoxeroides, including relative growth yield, dry weight of different organs, leaf area and root activity. And La3＋ prevented decline in the relative chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including Fv/Fm, Fv＇/Frn＇, φPSll and ETR induced by perchlorate stress. Moreover, 0.5 mg/L La3＋ showed an optimal mitigative effect, while excess La3＋ （5.0 mg/L） led to synergistic effect on stress. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between growth indexes and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, root activity and relative chlorophyll content （p〈0.05）. The results suggested that appropriate concentration of La3＋ could effectively alleviate growth inhibition and injury ofA. philoxeroides caused by perchlorate stress, and the mitigative effect of La3＋ might be achieved by improving root activity, maintaining chlorophyll content and promoting photochemical efficiency of photosystem II ofA. philoxeroides under perchlorate stress.

Light history modulates growth and photosynthetic responses of a diatom to ocean acidification and UV radiation

To examine the synergetic effects of ocean acidification(OA)and light intensity on the photosynthetic performance of marine diatoms,the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii was cultured under ambient low CO_(2)(LC,390μatm)and elevated high CO_(2)(HC,1000μatm)levels under low-light(LL,60μmol m^(-2)s^(-1))or high-light(HL,220μmol m^(-2)s^(-1))conditions for over 20 generations.HL stimulated the growth rate by 128 and 99%but decreased cell size by 9 and 7%under LC and HC conditions,respectively.However,HC did not change the growth rate under LL but decreased it by 9%under HL.LL combined with HC decreased both maximum quantum yield(FV/FM)and effective quantum yield(ΦPSII),measured under either low or high actinic light.When exposed to UV radiation(UVR),LL-grown cells were more prone to UVA exposure,with higher UVA and UVR inducing inhibition ofΦPSII compared with HL-grown cells.Light use efficiency(α)and maximum relative electron transport rate(rETRmax)were inhibited more in the HC-grown cells when UVR(UVA and UVB)was present,particularly under LL.Our results indicate that the growth light history influences the cell growth and photosynthetic responses to OA and UVR.

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和丛枝菌根真菌对月季幼苗生长生理特性的影响

【目的】盐胁迫易导致月季生长发育不良、观赏品质下降,严重影响其在高盐环境或沿海地区室外绿化应用,探究施用外源褪黑素(MT)和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对其幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数以及激素代谢的调控作用,解析它们促进月季适应盐胁迫的生理生化机制,对于增强月季抗盐性,扩大月季应用范围具有重要意义。【方法】以月季品种‘月月红’幼苗为试验材料,采用室内盆栽试验,设置对照(CK)、100 mol/L NaCl胁迫、根际施用MT、根际接种AMF幼套近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum)及其组合等8个处理,考察各处理对月季幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数、激素代谢及抗氧化系统的影响。【结果】(1)施用MT可以促进AMF对月季幼苗根系的侵染,提高侵染率、丛枝着生率、泡囊数和侵入点数;(2)月季幼苗株高、茎粗以及生物量等在盐胁迫下显著下降,在MT或AMF处理下均不同程度增加,而AMF+MT处理下株高、茎粗无显著变化,地上部干重、地下部干重分别显著增加24.1%和37.0%;(3)月季幼苗叶绿素含量在盐胁迫下显著下降,叶绿素荧光参数也降低,MT或AMF处理能提高盐胁迫月季幼苗叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光参数,AMF+MT处理则使叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b分别增加46.2%和67.2%,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、潜在活性(F_(v)/F_(o))、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、有效光化学量子效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学淬灭系数(qP)分别增加4.9%、51.0%、175.0%、168.7%和92.5%,而NPQ下降42.7%;(4)在盐胁迫下,月季叶片中玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)含量下降,而脱落酸(ABA)含量增加,MT或AMF处理有利于盐胁迫下ZT、GA、IAA含量的提高以及ABA含量的下降,AMF+MT处理后ZT、GA、IAA分别增加146.9%、116.9%、35.7%,ABA下降21.1%;(5)在盐胁迫下,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性增强,超氧阴离子(O_(2)^(-·))产生速率和H_(2)O_(2)累积大量增加,MT或AMF处理有助于增加抗氧化酶活性并减少O_(2)^(-·)产生速率和H_(2)O_(2)含量,而AMF+MT处理能够进一步激活SOD、CAT活性,降低O_(2)^(-·)产生速率和H_(2)O_(2)累积。【结论】接种AMF、添加MT或者AMF+MT处理均可以提高盐胁迫下月季幼苗叶绿素含量,保护叶绿素荧光系统,维持植物内源激素的平衡,激活SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性以及降低脂质过氧化和H_(2)O_(2)累积,以减轻盐胁迫对月季幼苗的伤害,促进月季生长,并以AMF+MT处理增强月季幼苗抗盐性的效果更佳。

温室栽培对软枣猕猴桃叶片形态及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】深入研究温室栽培条件下软枣猕猴桃叶片的形态与叶绿素荧光特性,探明温室与露地栽培环境下叶片光形态建成的差异。【方法】以软枣猕猴桃品种‘佳绿’和‘魁绿’的5年生植株为试材,测定温室及露地栽培条件下不同叶龄叶片的叶绿素相对含量及叶绿素荧光参数,分析这些参数在温室与露地栽培条件下的差异。【结果】温室与露地栽培软枣猕猴桃的光形态建成均处于1~40 d叶龄间,不同栽培条件下的同一品种荧光特性趋于一致;花期后,不同栽培条件下的同一品种荧光特性差异较大。温室栽培的软枣猕猴桃叶片叶面积较大,叶绿素b含量较高,趋于阴生叶特性,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数等显著低于露地栽培,对光能的吸收捕获能力较强,但热耗散较高,用于电子传递的能量低于露地栽培,叶绿素荧光参数表现出对环境的适应性变化。【结论】软枣猕猴桃叶片的光形态建成时间为展叶后1~40 d,即在花期之前完成,不同栽培环境无明显差异;温室栽培软枣猕猴桃叶片的光形态建成与露地栽培具显著差异,叶面积明显增大;温室栽培在一定程度上改变了叶片的叶绿素荧光特性,降低了光合性能。

不同铁环境对蓝莓生长及叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

铁(Fe)是植物必需的微量元素,参与光合作用。为探究Fe对蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)重要生命活动的影响,以蓝莓‘莱克西’为试验材料,设置正常铁(Na-Fe-EDTA)、只有难溶铁(Fe_(2)O_(3))及缺铁(不外加任何铁元素)共3种铁环境,分析其苗木生长发育及其叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数等的差异。结果表明,在难溶铁和缺铁2种胁迫环境下,蓝莓各生长指标、光合色素含量及SPAD值均显著低于正常铁环境(P<0.05),而难溶铁环境下蓝莓苗木的基生枝数量和生长量、地径、叶面积及叶片光合色素含量显著低于缺铁环境(P<0.05);正常铁环境中叶片PSⅡ实际光合效率高于难溶铁和缺铁环境,而光抑制程度显著低于这2种铁胁迫环境;难溶铁、缺铁环境中的蓝莓苗木叶片受损、叶片的光合能力减弱,其中难溶铁环境与缺铁环境相比,光系统中心转换效率更不稳定,叶片受光抑制程度最高;叶面积、单株生物量、基生枝生长量与各叶绿素荧光参数间具有显著相关性(P<0.01),且叶片光合色素含量与SPAD值间呈显著正相关(P<0.01),但各光合色素和SPAD值与各荧光参数间相关性不显著。综上所述,难溶铁环境、缺铁环境使蓝莓苗木生长发育受抑制与该环境下造成叶片叶绿素含量降低有关,胁迫环境下叶片PSⅡ反应中心光能的吸收和转换减弱,电子传递受阻,光合效率降低,为蓝莓铁素营养合理利用方式的深入挖掘提供参考依据。

铀对2种小球藻生长和光合作用的影响

【目的】探究铀对藻类生长及光合作用的影响,筛选新的基于光合作用的水体铀污染生态风险评价指标。【方法】采用不同浓度铀(0,0.5,1,5,10,20 mg/L U^(6+))分别处理普通小球藻(Cholorella vulgaris)和黄龙普通小球藻2种来自不同生境的微藻,在处理后的第3,5,7,10,14天进行相对生长速率、光合放氧速率、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光动力学参数等指标的测定。【结果】(1)0.5 mg/L低浓度铀处理显著促进2种小球藻的生长和光合作用效率,表现为2种微藻的相对生长速率、光合放氧速率、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))、实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、相对电子传递速率(rETR)等叶绿素荧光参数均显著高于对照,而5~20 mg/L高浓度铀处理则显著抑制2种小球藻的生长和光合作用;(2)黄龙普通小球藻比普通小球藻对铀处理更敏感,在1 mg/L处理浓度下生长与光合作用就受到显著抑制,可以作为水体铀污染生物监测的指示生物;(3)回归分析表明,不同浓度铀处理下,叶绿素荧光参数Y(Ⅱ)和rETR的响应速度快于相对生长速率、光合放氧速率、叶绿素含量和F_(v)/F_(m)等指标,可以作为水体铀污染生态风险评价的敏感指标。【结论】铀对小球藻的生长和光合作用表现出低促高抑的浓度效应,且黄龙小球藻对铀污染更敏感,可将黄龙小球藻和叶绿素荧光动力学参数Y(Ⅱ)和rETR结合起来应用于水体铀污染的生态风险评价。

不同光质对藏川杨生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】研究不同光质对藏川杨幼苗生长和光合特性的影响,进一步探究藏川杨对高原地区强光环境的响应,为高光效杨树的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】以当年生藏川杨扦插苗为试材,设置白、蓝、绿3种颜色薄膜,以白膜为对照,测定分析生长及生理指标、叶绿素荧光和光合参数。【结果】蓝膜和绿膜均显著提高藏川杨幼苗株高,分别提高28.1%和38.5%,而蓝膜显著减小幼苗叶宽,降低33.3%;蓝膜显著增加幼苗叶片光合色素(31.74%)、可溶性总糖(55.57%)和蔗糖含量(78.58%),而绿膜则显著减少幼苗叶片可溶性总糖和淀粉积累;蓝膜可提高光下PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(Φ_(PSⅡ)),降低非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),而绿膜显著降低电子传递速率(ETR)和Φ_(PSⅡ),提高NPQ;3种颜色薄膜处理下藏川杨叶片净光合速率(P_(n))的日变化曲线均呈“双峰型”,整体P_(n)数值大小顺序为蓝膜>白膜>绿膜,不同颜色薄膜处理下藏川杨叶片均在12:00时出现光合午休现象。气孔导度(G_(s))和蒸腾速率(T_(r))总体变化趋势与P_(n)类似,而胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))则呈“W型”曲线;蓝膜显著提高了藏川杨叶片最大净光合速率(P_(n max))、光补偿点(LCP)、CO_(2)饱和点(CCP),绿膜降低其最大净光合速率(P_(n max))、暗呼吸速率(R_(d))和光补偿点(LCP),显著提高光呼吸速率(R_(p))、CO_(2)补偿点(CCP)。【结论】生长环境中的光质能够影响藏川杨的光合效率及生长发育。通过覆盖蓝色薄膜改善光质能增强藏川杨幼苗叶片光合色素含量、提高弱光和CO_(2)利用率、提高光合效率、增强光合产物积累、促进植株生长。

不同施氮量对皂荚幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以长势一致的2年生皂荚嫁接苗为试验材料,研究不同施氮量对2年生皂荚幼苗生长、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以期找出适合2年生皂荚嫁接苗快速生长的最适施氮量。结果表明:(1)施氮肥显著提高了皂荚树幼苗株高、地径、刺长及刺茎的净增长量,并且均在N3(纯氮90 g/株)处理下达到最大值,试验结束后,与CK相比,株高和地径增长量分别提高了59.71%和50.10%;(2)N3处理下可以较大幅度的促进皂荚叶片叶绿素的合成,增大叶片净光合速率和气孔导度等,进而提高皂荚幼苗的光合能力。(3)随着施肥量的增加,皂荚叶片最大荧光(F_(m))和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))随施氮肥量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而初始荧光(F_(o))与二者变化趋势相反,并且均在N3处理下达到极值。(4)在PSⅡ反应中心活性方面,合理施氮肥可以使得单位反映中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、捕获的光能(TRo/RC)和用于传递电子的能量(ETo/RC)上升,降低用于热耗散的能量(DIo/RC)。综合各参数来看,适宜2年生皂荚嫁接苗生长的最适施氮量为60~90 g/株。

自然群体小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型变异分析

【目的】通过对我国小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的分析,多角度展示小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的多样性,为相关的光合遗传机制的探究奠定基础。【方法】针对我国小叶杨叶绿素荧光参数的表型数据,通过聚类分析、表型可塑性和变异系数计算、动态拟合等方法来探究其变化规律。【结果】(1)在静态光照强度下(同一光强)对小叶杨4类荧光表型进行k均值聚类,最优聚类数目受光照强度影响显著。不同类别下,所研究的经过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际的光量子产量(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)4个叶绿素荧光参数具有显著差异。(2)4个小叶杨荧光参数的表型可塑性指数和变异系数的计算结果显示:所选小叶杨群体在可变环境下具有丰富的表型可塑性,随光照强度的逐渐增强,ETR、Yield、qP的表型可塑性呈现出先减后增再减的整体变化趋势,而qN的表型可塑性整体呈下降趋势,这可能与各表型内部的遗传控制有关,也反映了不同表型对梯度光强的不同响应程度;ETR、Yield、qP的变异系数随光照强度的增加呈现出先下降后上升的趋势。qN的变异系数随光照强度的增加而逐渐减小,当光照强度达最大值时,所有类别样本的变异系数均小于0.1。(3)梯度光照强度下,小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型经聚类后可划分为2个大类,经生长方程拟合后可发现,不同类别样本的表型变异速率和最大(最小)值差别明显。【结论】小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型变异丰富,受光照强度的影响显著。通过聚类分析、表型可塑性及变异系数计算和生长方程拟合等方法可以有效地探究小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的变化规律,为小叶杨遗传分析、光合作用机制挖掘奠定了基础,对小叶杨的培育提供了科学指导。

Hormesis-like growth and photosynthetic physiology of marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin exposed to polystyrene microplastics

The effects of pristine polystyrene microplastics(pMPs)without any pretreatment at different concentrations(0,10,20,50,and 100 mg/L)on Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin at two initial algae densities(105 and 106 cells/mL)were assessed in this study.Hormesis-like effects were found when microalgae grew with pMPs.The results showed that pMPs inhibited microalgae growth under a high concentration of microplastics tolerated by individual algal cell(low initial algae density)(up to-80.189.71%)but promoted growth when the situation was opposite(up to 15.273.66%).The contents of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a,chlorophyll c and carotenoids showed resistance to pMPs stress under a low initial algae density and increased with time,but the opposite was true under a high initial algae density.Compared with the low initial algae density group,Qp received less inhibition,and NPQ(heat dissipation)also decreased under the high initial algae density.Under the low initial algae density,OJIP parameters such as Sm,N,Area,Pi Abs,ѱo,φEo,TRo/RC and ETo/RC were more perturbed initially and returned to the levels of the control group(without pMPs)over time,but they remained stable throughout the experiment at high initial algae density.These results show that microplastics in the marine environment may have different toxic effects on P.tricornutum at different growth stages,which is of great significance for understanding the impact of microplastics on marine microalgae and aquatic ecosystems.

Growth Inhibition Occurs Independently of Cell Mortality in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Exposed to High Cadmium Concentrations

In order to analyze the adaptation potential of tomato shoots to a sudden increase in Cd concentration, tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Ailsa Craig） were exposed under controlled environmental conditions to a high dose of this heavy metal （250 μm CdCl2） in nutrient solution for 7 and 14d. Both root and shoot growth was completely inhibited but all plants remained alive until the end of the treatment. Cell viability remained unaffected but the activity of the mitochondrial alternative pathway was stimulated by Cd stress at the expense of the cytochrome pathway. Cadmium concentration was higher in roots than in shoots and a decrease in the rate of net Cd translocation was noticed during the second week of stress. Cadmium decreased both leaf conductance （gl） and chlorophyll concentration. However, the effect on net CO2 assimilation remained limited and soluble sugars accumulated in leaves. Photochemical efficiency of PSII （FvlFm） was not affected despite a decrease in the number of reaction centers and an inhibition of electron transfer to acceptors of PSII. It is concluded that tomato shoot may sustain short term exposure to high doses of cadmium despite growth inhibition. This property implies several physiological strategies linked to both avoidance and tolerance mechanisms.

施用外源植物生长调节剂对山杏叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以内蒙古兴安盟地区种植的山杏为研究对象,通过叶面喷施脱落酸、6-BA、3-吲哚乙酸、对氨基苯甲酸4种植物生长调节剂,系统研究了喷施施用浓度、不同处理时期对山杏叶绿素荧光参数的影响,间接反映其抗寒能力高低。实验结果表明:叶片喷施生长调节剂比对照抗寒效果显著提高,6-BA对提高山杏叶片抗寒能力方面效果最为明显,喷施浓度以100 mg/L为佳,9月上旬处理效果最佳。

Soil nutrient patchiness affects nutrient use efficiency,though not photosynthesis and growth of parental Glechoma longituba ramets:both patch contrast and direction matter

Aims Most plants are clonal in nature.Clonal ramets can share water,nutrients and photosynthate,especially when they experience patchy resources.Patch contrast(i.e.a difference in resources among patches)and patch direction(i.e.source–sink relations)are among the basic attributes of spatial patchiness.Here,I hypothesize that young established ramets in nutrient-rich patches support old ramets in nutrient-poor patches when ramets are subjected to different patch contrasts and patch directions.Methods In a greenhouse experiment,old and young ramets of Glechoma longituba were grown in four combinations consisting of patch contrast and patch direction.Minus patch direction refers to a patch combination in which parent ramets grow in nutrient-rich patches while connected daughter ramets grow in nutrient-poor ones and plus patch direction is the opposite direction.Imeasured photosynthesis and fluorescence traits,harvested all ramets,took morphological measures,weighed their dry mass and determined their nutrient uptake and use.Important Findings For parental ramets of G.longituba,patch contrast and patch direction and their interactions had no significant effects on net photosynthetic rate,maximal fluorescence yield,photochemical quenching(quenching refers to any process which decreases the fluorescence intensity of a given substance),non-photochemical quenching,nutrient uptake,biomass and stolon weight ratio.Patch direction alone significantly affected root weight ratio.Large patch contrast enhanced N use efficiency(NUE)and P use efficiency(PUE);plus patch direction decreased NUE,but increased PUE;the patch contrast by patch direction interaction affected PUE and K use efficiency(KUE).There were significant interactions between patch direction and patch contrast on PUE and KUE.It is concluded that soil nutrient patchiness may influence nutrient use strategies,but not nutrient uptake,photosynthesis and growth of parent ramets of G.longituba connected to daughter ramets,and that patch contrast and patch direction jointly affect PUE and KUE.

Effects of 60-day NO_2 fumigation on growth,oxidative stress and antioxidative response in Cinnamomum camphora seedlings

Objective:To study the oxidative stress and antioxidative response of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) fumigation.Methods:Measurements were made up of the growth,chlorophyll content,chlorophyll fluorescence,antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation of one-year-old C.camphora seedlings exposed to NO2 (0.1,0.5,and 4 μl/L) fumigation in open top chambers over a period of 60 d.Results:After the first 30 d,0.5 and 4.0 μl/L NO2 showed insignificant effects on the growth of C.camphora seedlings.However,exposure to 0.5 and 4.0 μl/L NO2 for 15 d significantly reduced their chlorophyll content (P<0.05),enhanced their malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P<0.05),and also significantly reduced the maximal quantum yield of PSII in the dark [the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm)] (P<0.05).In the latter 30 d,0.5 μl/L NO2 showed a positive effect on the vitality of the seedlings,which was reflected by a recovery in the ratio of Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content,and obviously enhanced growth,SOD activity,ascorbate (AsA) content and glutathione reductase (GR) activity (P<0.05);4.0 μl/L NO2 then showed a negative effect,indicated by significant reductions in chlorophyll content and the ratio of Fv/Fm,and inhibited growth (P<0.05).Conclusion:The results suggest adaptation of C.camphora seedlings to 60-d exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 μl/L NO2,but not to 60-d exposure to 4.0 μl/L NO2.C.camphora seedlings may protect themselves from injury by strengthening their antioxidant system in response to NO2-induced oxidative stress.

Effect of Dark Septate Endophytic Fungus Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus on Plant Growth, Photosynthesis and Pb Tolerance of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Dark septate endophytic(DSE) fungi are ubiquitous and cosmopolitan, and occur widely in association with plants in heavy metal stress environment. However, little is known about the effect of inoculation with DSE fungi on the host plant under heavy metal stress.In this study, Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus, which was isolated from Pb-Zn mine tailings in China and had been proven to have high Pb tolerance, was inoculated onto the roots of maize(Zea mays L.) seedlings to study the effect of DSE on plant growth, photosynthesis,and the translocation and accumulation of Pb in plant under stress of different Pb concentrations. The growth indicators(height, basal diameter, root length, and biomass) of maize were detected. Chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics(net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO_2 concentration), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaves of the inoculated and non-inoculated maize were also determined. Inoculation with G. cylindrosporus significantly increased height,basal diameter, root length, and biomass of maize seedlings under Pb stress. Colonization of G. cylindrosporus improved the efficiency of photosynthesis and altered the translocation and accumulation of Pb in the plants. Although inoculation with G. cylindrosporus increased Pb accumulation in host plants in comparison to non-inoculated plants, the translocation factor of Pb in plant body was significantly decreased. The results indicated that Pb was accumulated mainly in the root system of maize and the phytotoxicity of Pb to the aerial part of the plant was alleviated. The improvement of efficiency of photosynthesis and the decrease of translocation factor of Pb, caused by DSE fungal colonization, were efficient strategies to improve Pb tolerance of host plants.

遮荫对江南油杉幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探究有利于江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var.cyclolepis)幼苗生长发育的最适光照条件,该研究以1.5年生江南油杉幼苗为研究对象,对其进行为期2年不同光照强度(即全光照和遮荫率40%、60%、80%)处理,分析其形态生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、生物量积累及分配等对不同光环境的适应机制。结果表明:(1)随遮荫程度的增强,江南油杉幼苗的地径生长量、叶片厚度逐渐减小,株高生长量、叶面积和比叶面积逐渐增大,叶片干质量呈先升后降的趋势;(2)遮荫造成叶片的叶绿素含量、初始荧光(F_(o))、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_(v)/F_(o))、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、电子传递速率(ETR)均呈现显著增加的趋势;(3)遮荫处理下幼苗的叶、茎、根生物量和总生物量总体表现出随着光照强度的降低而减小的变化趋势,幼苗根生物量比和根冠比均减小,而叶生物量比、茎生物量比以及光合组织与非光合组织生物量比均增大。研究发现,全光照下江南油杉幼苗生长发育受到了抑制,遮荫显著影响江南油杉苗期生长及叶绿素荧光特性,适度遮荫能提高幼苗叶片的光捕获能力、光能利用效率,增强幼苗光合能力,促进生长;江南油杉幼苗在遮荫率为60%的环境下受光胁迫较小,其生长、叶片表观特征、光合能力以及生物量积累与分配等表现最优。

开花期与块茎膨大期干旱胁迫及旱后复水对马铃薯影响的差异

2021年4-7月在沈阳农业大学大型水分控制试验场进行马铃薯的控水实验,选取马铃薯开花期和块茎膨大期,设置轻度干旱(开花期土壤相对湿度50%、块茎膨大期土壤相对湿度60%)、中度干旱(开花期土壤相对湿度40%、块茎膨大期土壤相对湿度50%)和重度干旱(开花期土壤相对湿度30%、块茎膨大期土壤相对湿度40%)以及对照(开花期土壤相对湿度70%、块茎膨大期土壤相对湿度80%)处理,在每一个生育阶段各级干旱处理5d后进行复水,复水水平控制到对照处理水平,研究干旱胁迫及旱后复水对马铃薯光合特性、叶绿素荧光、生长及产量的影响。结果表明:开花期与块茎膨大期遭遇干旱胁迫会使叶片气孔导度、净光合速率均显著低于对照处理,叶片光系统II的光化学淬灭系数、光能转换率显著降低,非光化学淬灭系数显著升高。开花期轻度干旱持续5d后复水,叶片净光合速率比干旱处理提高20%,但块茎膨大期中、重度干旱恢复的程度很小。各级干旱处理下叶面积指数较对照下降17.6%~50.3%,干物质重降低23.4%~51.4%;开花期各级干旱处理下的马铃薯产量,分别较对照处理减少1.0%~19.6%,而块茎膨大期各级干旱处理下的马铃薯产量,分别较对照减产8.6%~30.5%,说明块茎膨大期干旱造成的减产大于开花期。由此可见,干旱胁迫会导致马铃薯叶片生长过程产生抑制,光合产物降低,最终导致产量下降,及时复水可缓解干旱胁迫对马铃薯的影响,实现作物的稳产高产。