Delineation of urban growth boundary based on FLUS model under the perspective of land use evaluation in hilly mountainous areas

With rapid economic development,the size of urban land in China is expanding dramatically.The Urban Growth Boundary(UGB)is an expandable spatial boundary for urban construction in a certain period in order to control the urban sprawl.Reasonable delineation of UGB can inhibit the disorderly spread of urban space and guide the normal development of the city.It is of practical significance for the construction of green urban space.The study utilizes GIS technology to establish a land construction suitability evaluation system for Nankang city,which is experiencing rapid urban expansion,and outlines the preliminary UGB under the future land use simulation(FLUS)model.At the same time,considering the coupled coordination of"Production-Living-Ecological Space",and based on the suitability evaluation,we revised the preliminary UGB by combining the advantages of the patch-generating land use simulation(PLUS)model and the convex hull model to delineate the final UGB.The results show that:1)the comprehensive score of the evaluation of the suitability of the construction of land from high to low shows the distribution of the center of the city to the surrounding circle type spread,the center of the city has the highest suitability score.The results of convex hull model show that the urban expansion type of Nankang is epitaxial.In the future,the urban expansion will mainly occur in the northern part of the city.The PLUS model predicts an increase of 3359.97 hm^(2)of construction land in Nankang by 2035,of which 2022.97 hm^(2)is urban construction land.2)The FLUS model has a prediction accuracy of 86.3%and delineates a preliminary UGB area of 9215.07 hm^(2).3)We used the results of the construction suitability evaluation,PLUS model simulation results,and convex hull model predictions to revise the originally delineated UGB.The final delineated UGB area is 8895.67 hm^(2)and it is capable of meeting the future development of the study area.The results of the delineation can promote sustainable urban development,and the delineation methodology can provide a reference basis for the preparation of territorial spatial planning.

Growth and inhibition of zinc anode dendrites in Zn-air batteries:Model and experiment

Zinc(Zn)-air batteries are widely used in secondary battery research owing to their high theoretical energy density,good electrochemical reversibility,stable discharge performance,and low cost of the anode active material Zn.However,the Zn anode also leads to many challenges,including dendrite growth,deformation,and hydrogen precipitation self-corrosion.In this context,Zn dendrite growth has a greater impact on the cycle lives.In this dissertation,a dendrite growth model for a Zn-air battery was established based on electrochemical phase field theory,and the effects of the charging time,anisotropy strength,and electrolyte temperature on the morphology and growth height of Zn dendrites were studied.A series of experiments was designed with different gradient influencing factors in subsequent experiments to verify the theoretical simulations,including elevated electrolyte temperatures,flowing electrolytes,and pulsed charging.The simulation results show that the growth of Zn dendrites is controlled mainly by diffusion and mass transfer processes,whereas the electrolyte temperature,flow rate,and interfacial energy anisotropy intensity are the main factors.The experimental results show that an optimal electrolyte temperature of 343.15 K,an optimal electrolyte flow rate of 40 ml·min^(-1),and an effective pulse charging mode.

Interpreting Larix principis-rupprechtii radial growth in northern China based on the Vaganov-Shashkin model

Changes in annual radial growth is an important indication of climate change. Dendroclimatology studies in northern China have focused on linear statistical analysis,but lacking studies based on the process of ring formation to clarify the radial growth of trees. Tree-ring width standard chronology(STD) was established using samples of Larix principis-rupprechtii collected at 2303 m altitude on Luya Mountain. Using the Vaganov-Shashkin(VS) model to simulate growth and development, the internal physiological mechanism of radial growth is identified. It was concluded that:(1) the growing season of L. principis-rupprechtii was May to September;(2) soil moisture was a significant factor in the early and late growing seasons, and temperature was the dominant factor in its main growth period;and(3) formation of narrow ring widths was closely related to drought stress, the development of wide ring widths will be restricted by increasing future temperatures. The VS model is applicable for radial growth simulation of subalpine coniferous forests and for guiding the cultivation of local tree species in the future.

Growth interface of CdMnTe crystal by traveling heater method

The growth interfaces of CdMnTe（CMT） crystals grown by traveling heater method（THM） were studied. Two types of polycrystalline CMT feed ingots synthesized in a traditional rocking furnace and vertical Bridgman（VB） furnace were adopted in THM growth, and the effects of the polycrystalline feed on the growth interface were revealed. The morphology of the growth interface of CMT crystal（CMT2） grown from the feed by vertical Bridgman was smoother with lower curvature compared with that of CMT crystal（CMT1） from the feed by rocking furnace. The radial Mn composition and Te inclusion distribution of the CMT wafers were analyzed and correlated to the growth interface. The Mn segregation along the radial direction and Te inclusion density of CMT2 were lower than those of CMT1. The VB method synthesized polycrystalline feed could improve the growth interface morphology, which is beneficial for decreasing the Te inclusions and Mn segregation in CMT wafers.

Free dendritic growth model incorporating interfacial nonisosolutal nature due to normal velocity variation

Considering both the effects of the interfacial normal velocity dependence of solute segregation and the local nonequilibrium solute diffusion,an extended free dendritic growth model was analyzed.Compared with the predictions from the dendritic model with isosolutal interface assumption,the transition from solutal dendrite to thermal dendrite moves to higher undercoolings,i.e.,the region of undercoolings with solute controlled growth is extended.At high undercoolings,the transition from the mainly thermal-controlled growth to the purely thermal-controlled growth is not sharp as predicted by the isosolute model,but occurs in a range of undercooling,due to both the effects of the interfacial normal velocity dependence of solute segregation and the local nonequilibrium solute diffusion.Model test indicates that the present model can give a satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data for the Ni-0.7% B（mole fraction） alloy.

Ecosystem service multifunctionality of mixed conifer-broad-leaved forests under climate change and forest management based on matrix growth modelling

Climate change and forest management are recognized as pivotal factors influencing forest ecosystem services and thus multifunctionality.However,the magnitude and the relative importance of climate change and forest management effects on the multifunctionality remain unclear,especially for natural mixed forests.In this study,our objective is to address this gap by utilizing simulations of climate-sensitive transition matrix growth models based on national forest inventory plot data.We evaluated the effects of seven management scenarios(combinations of various cutting methods and intensities)on the future provision of ecosystem services and multifunctionality in mixed conifer-broad-leaved forests in northeastern China,under four climate scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP5-8.5,and constant climate).Provisioning,regulating,cultural,and supporting services were described by timber production,carbon storage,carbon sequestration,tree species diversity,deadwood volume,and the number of large living trees.Our findings indicated that timber production was significantly influenced by management scenarios,while tree species diversity,deadwood volume,and large living trees were impacted by both climate and management separately.Carbon storage and sequestration were notably influenced by both management and the interaction of climate and management.These findings emphasized the profound impact of forest management on ecosystem services,outweighing that of climate scenarios alone.We found no single management scenario maximized all six ecosystem service indicators.The upper story thinning by 5%intensity with 5-year interval(UST5)management strategy emerged with the highest multifunctionality,surpassing the lowest values by more than 20%across all climate scenarios.In conclusion,our results underlined the potential of climate-sensitive transition matrix growth models as a decision support tool and provided recommendations for long-term strategies for multifunctional forest management under future climate change context.Ecosystem services and multifunctionality of forests could be enhanced by implementing appropriate management measures amidst a changing climate.

Microbial Growth and Decay: A Commented Review of the Model

The paper reviews previous publications and reports some comments about a semi empirical model of the growth and decay process of a planktonic microbial culture. After summarizing and reshaping some fundamental mathematical expressions, the paper highlights the reasons for the choice of a suitable time origin that makes the parameters of the model self-consistent. Besides the potential applications to predictive microbiology studies and to effects of bactericidal drugs, the model allows a suitable proxy of the fitness of the microbial culture, which can be of interest for the studies on the evolution across some thousand generations of a Long Term Evolution Experiment.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on Financial Regulatory Costs: An Empirical Analysis Based on the Solow Growth Model

As a novel economic form,the digital economy is reshaping the financial regulatory landscape and significantly impacting regulatory costs.This paper incorporates the digital economy and financial regulatory costs into the classic Solow growth model,uncovering an inverted U-shaped relationship between them.A subsequent mechanism analysis explains the rationale behind this relationship.To empirically examine this relationship in China,the paper utilizes inter-provincial panel data from 2013 to 2021 and employs methodologies such as the two-way fixed effects and moderating effects models.These analyses have important implications for the sound and sustainable development of China’s financial industry.The findings indicate:(a)As China’s digital economy develops,its impact on financial regulatory costs follows an inverted U-shaped pattern,initially increasing and then declining.This conclusion remains valid after robustness tests.(b)The influence of the digital economy on regulatory costs depends on favorable external conditions.Specifically,the impact is more pronounced in regions and periods with better digital infrastructure and more abundant human capital.(c)Additionally,redundant resources moderate this impact,which can weaken the inverted U-shaped relationship.Our findings not only provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the impact of the digital economy on financial regulatory costs but also offer valuable policy insights for optimizing financial regulation in China.

Growth and aggregation micromorphology of natural gas hydrate particles near gas-liquid interface under stirring condition

To investigate the morphological evolution of the whole growth and aggregation processes of hydrate crystals near the gas–liquid interface,we used a high-pressure visual reactor with high-speed camera to capture the micromorphology of hydrate particles in a natural gas+pure water system with pressure from 2.6 to 3.6 MPa and sub-cooling from 4.7 to 6.23C.The results showed that under low sub-cooling conditions,the amount and size of particles increased first and then decreased in the range of 0–330 lm,and the small particles always dominated.These particles can be roughly classified into two categories:planar flake particles and polyhedral solid particles.Then,the concept of maximum growth dominant particle size was proposed to distinguish the morphological boundary of growth and aggregation.In addition,the micro model was established to better reflect the effects of particle formation process and evolution mechanism near the gas–liquid interface under stirring condition.The results of this study can provide a guidance for flow assurance in multiphase pipeline.

Investigation on hydrate growth at the oil–water interface:In the presence of asphaltene

Natural gas hydrates can readily form in deep-water oil production processes and pose a great threat to the oil industry.Moreover,the coexistence of hydrate and asphaltene can result in more severe challenges to subsea flow assurance.In order to study the effects of asphaltene on hydrate growth at the oil-water interface,a series of micro-experiments were conducted in a self-made reactor,where hydrates nucleated and grew on the surface of a water droplet immersed in asphaltene-containing oil.Based on the micro-observations,the shape and growth rate of the hydrate shell formed at the oil-water interface were mainly investigated and the effects of asphaltene on hydrate growth were analyzed.According to the experimental results,the shape of the water droplet and the interfacial area changed significantly after the formation of the hydrate shell when the asphaltene concentration was higher than a certain value.A mechanism related to the reduction of the interfacial tension caused by the absorption of asphaltenes on the interface was proposed for illustration.Moreover,the growth rate of the hydrate shell decreased significantly with the increasing asphaltene concentration under experimental conditions.The conclusions of this paper could provide preliminary insight how asphaltene affect hydrate growth at the oil-water interface.

INTERFACE MORPHOLOGIES AND MICROSTRUCTURES DURING DENDRITE-TO-CELL TRANSITION AT HIGH GROWTH RATE

The interface morphologies and microstruetures of the directionally solidified Ni-5wt-% Cu alloy during dendrite-to-cell transition at high growth rates have been investigated with a newly developed apparatus for unidirectional solidification with the temperature gradient at the solid/liquid interface higher than 1000 K/cm.The results show that in the vicinity of dendrite-to-cell transition point,the well developed sidebranches become shrivelled with the increase of growth rate and disappear at the dendrite-to-cell transition,and the primary spacing decreases simultaneously.Moreover,the length of mushy zone decreases greatly dur- ing the dendrite-to-cell transition.Cells obtained at high growth rates have very similar morphologies to those at low growth rates,but with much smaller cell spacings and unsmoothed cell walls which may be attributed to the different stability conditions of the cell walls at low and high growth rates respectively.

ELASTIC-PLASTIC CRACK GROWTH ON PLANE STRAIN BIMATERIAL INTERFACE

Finite element computations are carried out to simulate plane strain crack growth on a bimaterial interface under the assumption of small scale yielding.The modified Guron constitutive equation and the element vanish technique introduced by Tvergaard et al.are used to model the final formation of an open crack.It is found from the calculation that the critical fracture toughness for crack growth is much low- er in bimaterials than that in homogeneous material.The critical fracture toughness is strongly dependent on material properties of the bimaterial pair and the mixed mode of remote loads.The interface crack grows in the more compliant(lower hardening)material or in the weaker(lower yield strength)material.In Mode-Ⅰ loading,the crack grows zigzag along the interface.

Numerical simulation of TBCs residual stresses by the growth of TGO on typical interface morphology

The effect of TGO （ thermally grown oxide ） growth based on typical interface morphology on residual stresses distribution in thermal barrier coatings was analyzed by ABAQUS software. TGO oxidation kinetics, the relationship between TGO thickness and thermal cycles number, and typical morphology including sinusoid , cone and groove were considered in the calculation process. 13 FEM （finite element method） models with different TGO thickness based on uniform interface morphology were established for analysis. The calculation results show that TCC （ top ceramic coating ） /TGO and TGO/BC （bond coating） interface residual stresses are affected significantly by inter）hce morphology and TGO thickness, both of which increase significantly with TGO growth ; the stress level in TCC/TGO interface is greater than that of TGO/BC interface ; each morphology peak exhibits tensile stress while each valley exhibits compressive stress in TCC/TGO interface; stress concentrates in such locations as each morphology center with sharp angle and the stress reaches the maximal value at the tip of each angle.

Numerical Study on Effect of Non-uniform CMAS Penetration on TGO Growth and Interface Stress Behavior of APS TBCs

The penetration of CaO-MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)(CMAS)is one of the most significant factors that induce the failure of air-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings(APS TBCs).The direct penetration of CMAS changes the thermal/mechanical properties of the top coat(TC)layer,which affects the thermal mismatch stress behavior and the growth of thermally grown oxide(TGO)at the TC/bond coat(BC)interface,thereby resulting in a more complicated interface stress state.In the present study,a two-dimensional global model of APS TBCs with half of the TC layer penetrated by CMAS is established to investigate the effect of non-uniform CMAS penetration on the interface stress behavior.Subsequently,a local model extracted from the global model is established to investigate the effects of interface morphologies and CMAS penetration depth.The results show that non-uniform CMAS penetration causes non-uniform TGO growth in APS TBCs,which consequently causes the stress behavior to vary along the interface.Furthermore,the CMAS pen-etration depth imposes a significant effect on the TC/TGO interface stress behavior,whereas the interface roughness exerts a prominent effect on the stress level at the BC/TGO interface under CMAS penetration.This study reveals the mechanism associated with the effect of non-uniform CMAS penetration on the interface stress behavior in APS TBCSs.

Kinetics of Spherical Interface in Crystal Growth

The growth kinetics of spherical NiAl and CuZr crystals are studied by using molecular dynamics simulations. The growth rates of crystals are found to increase with the grain radius. The simulations show that the interface thickness and the Jackson α-faetor increase as the growth proceeds, indicating that the interface becomes increasingly rough during growth. Due to the increasing interface roughening, the fraction of repeatable growth sites at interface f is proposed to actually increase in growth. An attachment rate, which is defined as the fraction of atoms that join the crystal interface without leaving, is used to approximate f, displaying a linear increase. With this approximation, we predict the growth rates as a function of the crystal radius, and the results qualitatively agree with those from the direct simulations.

SAR Data Assimilation for Crop Biomass Simulation Based on Crop Growth Model

Biomass from SAR data was assimilated into crop growth model to describe relationship between crop biomass and crop growth time to improve estimation accuracy of biomass. In addition, inverse model was established in order to estimate biomass according to relationship between biomass and backscattering coefficients from SAR data. Based on cost function, parameters of growth model were optimized as per conjugate gradient method, minimizing the differences between estimated biomass and inversion values from SAR data. The results indicated that the simulated biomass using the revised growth model with SAR data was consistent with the measured one in time distribution and even higher in accuracy than that without SAR data. Hence, the key parameters of crop growth model could be revised by real-time growth information from SAR data and accuracy of the simulated biomass could be improved accordingly.

Phase-field modeling of dendritic growth under forced flow based on adaptive finite element method

A mathematical model combined projection algorithm with phase-field method was applied. The adaptive finite element method was adopted to solve the model based on the non-uniform grid, and the behavior of dendritic growth was simulated from undercooled nickel melt under the forced flow. The simulation results show that the asymmetry behavior of the dendritic growth is caused by the forced flow. When the flow velocity is less than the critical value, the asymmetry of dendrite is little influenced by the forced flow. Once the flow velocity reaches or exceeds the critical value, the controlling factor of dendrite growth gradually changes from thermal diffusion to convection. With the increase of the flow velocity, the deflection angle towards upstream direction of the primary dendrite stem becomes larger. The effect of the dendrite growth on the flow field of the melt is apparent. With the increase of the dendrite size, the vortex is present in the downstream regions, and the vortex region is gradually enlarged. Dendrite tips appear to remelt. In addition, the adaptive finite element method can reduce CPU running time by one order of magnitude compared with uniform grid method, and the speed-up ratio is proportional to the size of computational domain.

A Simplified Model with Soil Water Limitation on Spring Wheat Growth

The authors constructed a simplified model of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) carbon assimilation and dry matter accumulation (DMA) process which consisted of two independent variables, day length (L) and total daily radiation (TDR). Leaf water potential (Ψ) was incorporated into the simplified growth model based on the assumption that both light use efficiency (α) and CO 2 conductance of assimilation (g c) were depressed by water limitation. Finally,Ψ was estimated from a regression equation in which the independent variables were relative soil water content in the upper 80 cm (θ R,80 ), ambient temperature (T a), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the cumulative leaf water potential below thresholds of -1.5 MPa (Ψ c,1.5 ). Some applications in research program of field experiment of atmosphere_land surface processes in Heihe River region were tested. The simulated data agreed well with the data observed at Linze oasis in 1989 for various levels of water supply and at Zhangye oasis in 1992 in the field. The analysis and simulation using the model demonstrated that the simplified growth model could describe very well the DMA process of spring wheat with and without water limitation in the region of HEIFE (Heihe field experiment).

Study on height growth model of Pinus koraiensis

Growth model is an efficient way to study growing process of some factors of plants quantitatively. Height growth of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) was studied by using Hyperbola equation, Logistic equation, Richards equation with three parameters, and Richards equation with four parameters in this paper. The results showed that Richards equation with four parameters was the most suitable and could be turned into other theoretical equations when some parameters were given different value. The maximum height of trees could be given in advance when using Richards equation with four parameters, and it was even more corresponding to reality. In addition, a height growth model with real height of fixed age as a parameter was discussed in this paper. This kind of growth model could be used to calculate height growth of a given tree effectively.

Studies on stand dynamic growth model for larch in Jilin in China

The stand growth and yield dynamic models for Larch in Jilin Province were developed based on the forest growth theories with the forest continuous inventory data. The results indicated that the developed models had high precision, and they could be used for the updating data of inventory of planning and designing and optimal decision of forest management.