^99Tc^m-EC-guanine在小鼠体内分布的研究

本文研究99Tcm-EC-guanine在小鼠体内的生物分布规律,用薄层色谱仪和纸层析法测定其标记率及放化纯。正常健康昆明小鼠48只,随机分为8组,尾静脉注射99Tcm-EC-guanine3.7MBq,不同时间点放血处死,取血、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、小肠、脑、骨骼、肌肉,测量其每克组织注射百分剂量率(%ID/g)。同时,正常小鼠及荷LOVO大肠癌小鼠各3只,注射99Tcm-EC-guanine,相同时间点进行平面显像,观察99Tcm-EC-guanine在小鼠体内各器官的分布。99Tcm-EC-guanine标记率98%,8h内放化纯大于95%,在30min内,正常小鼠除肾脏外的各组织、器官的%ID/g下降均明显。血液廓清速度快,主要通过肾排泄、肝代谢,5min时,在肾、肝的%ID/g分别为20.66和13.20,30min、4h时分别为15.43、7.03和11.37、7.31;脑的各时间点%ID/g均小于0.5;肌肉组织分布少,30min时为1.11,4h为0.65,在心、肺、脾、胃、肠及骨骼分布不多;显像结果与体内分布一致,荷瘤小鼠瘤体清晰显示。99Tcm-EC-guanine标记简便,标记率及放化纯高,小鼠体内生理分布表明其可能成为一种好的嘌呤代谢显像剂。

Theoretical Investigation on the Geometries and Properties of Guanine-BX_3 (X = F, Cl) Complex

Geometries and binding energies were predicted at the B3LYP/6-311＋G＊ level for the guanine-BX3 （X = F, Cl） systems and four isomers with no imaginary frequencies have been obtained for both guanine-BF3 and guanine-BCl3, respectively. Single energy calculations using much larger basis sets （6-311＋G（2df, p） and aug-cc-pVDZ were carded out as well. It was found that the most stable isomer of guanine-BF3 is BF3 connected to N3 of guanine with the stabilization energy of-19.93 kcal/mol （BSSE corrected）, while that of guanine-BC13 is BC13 connected to O10 of guanine having stabilization energy of -15.02 kcal/mol at the same level. The analyses for the combining interaction between BX3 and guanine with the atom-in-molecules theory （AIM） and natural bond orbital （NBO） methods have been performed. The results indicated that all the isomers are formed with σ-p type interactions between guanine and BX3, in which pyridine-type nitrogen or carbonyl oxygen or nitrogen atom of amino group offers its lone pair electrons to the empty p orbital of boron atom and the concomitance of charge transfer from guanine to BX3 has occurred. Still, one or two hydrogen bonds exist in some isomers of guanine-BX3 system and contribute to the stability of complex systems. Frequency analysis suggested that the stretching vibration of BX3 undergoes a red shift in complexes. Guanine-BF3 complex is more stable than guanine-BC13 although the B-Y （Y=N, O） bond distance in the latter is shorter.

Two-step Enzymatic Synthesis of Guanine Arabinoside

The chemical synthesis of Guanine arabinoside （ara-G） is extremely complex, time-consuming, and seriously polluted. A two-step enzymatic synthesis process was developed to acquire ara-G easily. 2,6-Diaminopurine arabinoside （ara-DA） was first synthesized with purine nucleoside phosphorylase and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase produced by Enterobacter aerogenes DGW-07. The conversion yield of ara-DA could reach above 90% when the reaction liquid contained 30 mmol·L^-1 uracil arabinoside as arabinose donor, 10 mmol·L^- 1 2,6-diaminopurine as arabinose acceptor in pH 7.0 20 mmol·L^-1 phosphate buffer, and reacted at 60℃ for 48h. Then, ara-DA was effectively transformed into ara-G with adenylate deaminase produced by Aspergillus oryzae DAW-01. The total process had no complex separation and purification.

Promising Ultraviolet Absorbers——Novel Guanine Analogs Having Significantly Improved Ultraviolet Absorption Capacity and Dissipating the Energy of Absorbed Photons by Nonradiative Decay Mechanism

Structural properties of nucleobase underlie their ultrafast excited-state dynamics and low fluorescence quantum yields, which cause effectively nonradiative decay process and render them like sunscreens. Thus, eight guanine analogs[N-2-（2＇-nitrobenzoyl）-guanine, N-2-（3＇-nitrohenzoyl）-guanine, N-2-（4＇-nitrobenzoyl）-guanine, N-2-（2＇-hydroxybenzoyl）-guanine, N-2-（4＇-methoxylbenzoyl）-guanine, N-2-（4＇-chloricbenzoyl）-guanine, N-2-（4＇- me- thylicbenzoyl）-guanine and N-2-（3＇,5＇-dinitrobenzoyl）-guanine] with different substituted benzoyls, except N-2-（4＇-chloricbenzoyl）-guanine, were newly synthesized. In contrast with guanine, they exhibit wider ultraviolet absorbent range, higher molar extinction coefficient and lower fluorescence intensity.

ANALYSIS OF N-METHYL-N-NITROSOUREA-INDUCED MUTATIONS IN A SHUTTLE VECTOR PLASMID PROPAGATED IN MOUSE O^6-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-DEFICIENT CELLS IN COMPARISON WITH PROFICIENT CELLS.

To investigate a contribution of O-methylguanineto mutagenesis in mouse cells,we constructed ashuttle vector plasmid,pYZ289,from a part ofpZ189 plasmid and polyoma virus DNA.The plasmidcontains a supF gene as a marker of mutation andcan replicate in both E.coli and mouse cells.ThepYZ289 treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)

Fabrication and Photoelectrochemical Properties of[Ru(bpy)_2dppz]^(2+) on ITO Electrode Associated with the Oxidation of Guanine

Electrochemical assembly of [Ru（bpy）2dppz]^2＋{bpy=2,2＇-bipyridine, dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a：＂2＇,3＇-c]phenazine} on an ITO electrode in the presence of guanine and photoelectroehemical properties of the assembled layer were investigated. It has been found that [Ru（bpy）2dppz]^3＋/2＋ can be assembled onto the ITO electrode by the method of repetitive voltammetric sweeping, and the assembly is enhanced by guanine. The peak currents of prewaves increase linearly up to a guanine concentration of 0.25 mmol/L. More importantly, upon illumination with 470 nm light source and at an applied potential of 0.2 V, cathodic current for the fabricated layer on the ITO electrode indicate a linear enhancement with the rise of guanine concentration. Meanwhile, [Ru（bpy）2dppz]^2＋ can be served as an excellent mediator to prompt the oxidation of guanine, and the mediated peak current increases linearly with added guanine concentration from 0.01 to 0.25 mmol/L. In addition, the assembly mechanism of [Ru（bpy）2dppz]^2＋ on the ITO electrode associated with the oxidation of guanine and the assistance of light irradiation were discussed.

Brain regional changes of guanine nucleotide binding protein-inhabitant 2 in acute and chronic morphine-tolerant and-dependent rats

BACKGROUND： Drug addiction involves two main central nervous systems, namely the dopamine and noradrenaline systems. These systems are primarily distributed in five brain regions： the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the locus coeruleus. OBJECTIVE： To investigate regional changes of guanine nucleotide binding protein-inhabitant 2 （Gi2） in dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in brains of morphine-tolerant and -dependent rats. DESIGN, TIME, AND SETTING： A randomized control study was performed at the Department of Neurobiology in the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA （Shanghai, China） between September 2002 and March 2004. MATERIALS： Thirty-six, healthy, male, Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were used to establish morphine-dependent models. Morphine hydrochloride was a product of Shenyang First Pharmaceutical Factory （China）; naloxone hydrochloride was a product of Beijing Four-Ring Pharmaceutical Factory （China）; and α subunit of Gi2 antibody was offered by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, lnc （USA）. METHODS： Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into six groups （n = 6）： （1） acute morphine-dependent group, （2） acute abstinent group, （3） acute control group, （4） chronic morphine-dependent group, （5） chronic abstinent group, and （6） chronic control group. Rats in the acute morphine-dependent and the acute groups were injected with morphine （5 mg/kg）, one injection every two hours, for a total of eight injections. In the acute and chronic morphine-dependent rat models, morphine withdrawal syndrome was precipitated by an injection of naloxone （5 mg/kg）. Rats in the acute control group were given a peritoneal injection of physiological saline at the same administration time as the above two groups. Rats in the chronic morphine-dependent and chronic abstinent groups were injected with morphine three times per day. The administration dose on day 1 was initially 5 mg/kg at 20：00, which increased by 5 mg/kg at 8：00, 12：00, and 20：00 until day 7. On day 13, the dose continuously increased by 10 mg/kg until a chronic morphine-dependent rat model was successfully induced. Afterwards, the rats presented with withdrawal syndromes on naloxone （5 mg/kg） at 8：00 on the same day. Rats in the chronic control group were injected with physiological saline at the same time of the two chronic groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The concentration of Gi2 protein in the five brain regions （ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, locus coeruleus, and hippocampus） was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： In the acute morphine-dependent and acute abstinent groups, Gi2 protein concentration was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens, compared to the acute control group （P 〈 0.01）, while no obvious changes were detected in other brain regions. In the chronic morphine-dependent and chronic abstinent groups, Gi2 protein concentration was significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens, but significantly increased in the locus coeruleus （P 〈 0.01 ） compared to the chronic control group. CONCLUSION： Morphine dependence and tolerance may induce obvious reductions of Gi2 protein levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Chronic morphine dependence desensitizes the homologous neurons.

Theoretical Studies on the Interaction between Metal Cations and Cytosine, Guanine

The interaction of tetra- and hexa-coordinated compounds of cytosine(C) and guanine(G) with metal cations Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+) have been calculated by using the B3LYP/6-31G method at the 6-31G(d, p) basis set, while the remaining coordination bonds are saturated by water molecules ((H(2)O)(4)). All geometries were optimized without symmetry restrictions. Comparing the interaction energies we obtained the orders of selectivity of C and G for the above metal ions as follows: (a)Cu(2+)>(a)Ni(2+)>(a)Mg(2+)>(a)Mg(2+)>(b)Cu(2+)>(a)Mn(2+)>(b)Zn(2+)> Ni(2+) and (a)Cu(2+)>(a)Ni(2+> a)Zn(2+)>(a)Mg(2+)>(b)Cu(2+)>(a)Mn(2+)>(b)Zn(2+)>(b)Ni(2+) respectively ((a,b) represent tetra- and hexa-coordinated, respectively), which are in good agreement with the experimental facts. Interaction energies of complexes provide a comparatively reliable quantification of the selectivity of dimethyl phosphate anion for the studied metal ions. In addition, the influence of coordination number and coordination structure on the interaction energy and the variation of ionic energy were discussed sufficiently. After analyzing the interaction energies of two kinds of complexes, the 'mutual selectivity'as well as the nature of the interaction between metal ions and ligands was revealed.

Influence of morphine on levels of type Ⅱ inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein in primary hippocampal neurons

BACKGROUND： The pharmacological action of opioid drugs is related to signal transduction of inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein. OBJECTIVE： To quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the influence of morphine on levels of type Ⅱ inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein （Gi2 protein） in primary cultured hippocampal neurons at different time points. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized controlled study, which was performed at the Department of Neurobiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between September 2002 and March 2004. MATERIALS： Cerebral hippocampal neurons were obtained from newborn SD rats at 1 2 days of age. Biotin-antibody Ⅱ-avidin fluorescein isothiocyanate （Avidin-FITC） was purchased from Sigma Company （USA） and the Gi2 protein polyclonal antibody from Santa Cruz Biochemistry Company （USA）. METHODS： Seven days after culture, mature hippocampal neurons were randomly divided into six groups： 4-, 8-, 16-, 24-, and 48-hour morphine groups, and a blank control group. Neurons in the morphine groups received morphine （10 μ mol/L）, which could cause alterations of G-protein mRNA and cAMP expression in the prefrontal cortex. Neurons in the blank control group were given the same volume of saline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Gi2 protein levels were detected by an immunofluorescence technique, and were analyzed by the image analytic system with the use of green fluorescence intensity. RESULTS： Gi2 protein levels in hippocampal neurons gradually decreased in the 4-, 8-, 16-, 24-, and 48-hour morphine groups. In particular, Gi2 protein levels in the 16-, 24-, and 48-hour morphine groups were significantly lower than that in the blank control group （P 〈 0.05 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Morphine may decrease Gi2 protein level in primary hippocampal neurons, and the decreasing trend is positively related to morphine-induced time.

Theoretical Study of Hydrated Cd^(2+) Interactions with Guanine

Theoretical study was performed to investigate how the hydration of cadmium ca-tion influences the structure and properties of guanine.The aqueous environment was simulated by both explicit solvent（1-5 water molecules） model and implicit solvent model.For complexes in which Cd2＋ attached to the N（7） and O（6） sites of guanine,energy analysis together with the Natural Bonding Orbital（NBO） analysis were performed to elucidate the bonding characteristics in detail.The most stable structures are penta-coordinate complexes without aqua ligand located at the guanine site.Higher number of water ligands corresponds to higher stabilization energies.Average bonding energies of G-Cd increase with the number of water molecules.Bonding energies of water ligands depend on its position in the complexes.The charge distribution of guanine changed with increasing the number of water ligands,which may also influence the base-pairing pattern of guanine.There is positive charge transfer from guanine to aqua ligand as the number of the hydration waters increases.IEFPCM optimization has results comparable to the [CdG（H2O）5]2＋ structure 5a.

Theoretical Investigation on Interaction between Guanine and Luteolin

The interacting patterns of the luteolin and guanine have been investigated by using the density functional theory B3LYP method with 6-31＋G＊ basis set. Eighteen stable structures for the luteolin-guanine complexes have been found respectively. The results indicate that the complexes are mainly stabilized by the hydrogen bonding interactions. Meanwhile, both the number and strength of hydrogen bond play important roles in determining the stability of the complexes which can form two or more hydrogen bonds. Theories of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital have also been utilized to investigate the hydrogen bonds involved in all the systems. The interaction energies of all the complexes which were corrected by basis set superposition error are 6.04-56.94 kJ/mol. The calculation results indicate that there are strong hydrogen bonding interactions in the luteolin-guanine complexes. We compared the interaction between luteolin and four bases of DNA, and found luteolin-thymine was the strongest and luteolin-adenine was the weakest. The interaction between luteolin and DNA bases are all stronger than luteolin-water.

Guanine-regulated proton transfer enhances CO_(2)-to-CH_(4) selectivity over copper electrode

Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction has attracted growing attention as a promising route to realize artificial carbon recycling.Proton transfer plays an essential role in CO_(2) reduction and dramatically impacts product distribution.However,the precise control of proton transfer during CO_(2) reduction remains challenging.In this study,we present a well-controlled proton transfer through the modification of several purines with similar molecular structures,and reveal a direct correlation between surface proton transfer capability and CO_(2) reduction selectivity over Cu electrode.With a moderate proton transfer capability,the guanine modification can remarkably boost CH_(4) production and suppress C2 products formation.In-situ ATR-SEIRAS suggests a weakened^(*)CO intermediate adsorption and a relatively low local pH environment after the guanine modification,which facilitates the^(*)CO protonation and detachment for CH_(4) generation.

Modulation of B-cell receptor and microenvironment signaling by a guanine exchange factor in B-cell malignancies

Objective： Chronic lymphocytic leukemia （CLL） and mantle cell lymphoma （MCL） cells over-express a guanine exchange factor （GEF）, Rasgrf-1. This GEF increases active Ras as it catalyzes the removal of GDP from Ras so that GTP can bind and activate Ras. This study aims to study the mechanism of action of Rasgrf-1 in B-cell malignancies. Methods： N-terminus truncated Rasgrf-1 variants have a higher GEF activity as compared to the full-length transcript therefore a MCL cell line with stable over-expression of truncated Rasgrf-1 was established. The B-cell receptor （BCR） and chemokine signaling pathways were compared in the Rasgrf-I over-expressing and a control transfected cell line. Results： Cells over-expressing truncated form of Rasgrf-1 have a higher proliferative rate as compared to control transfected cells. BCR was activated by lower concentrations of anti-IgM antibody in Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells as compared to control cells indicating that these cells are more sensitive to BCR signaling. BCR signaling also phosphorylates Rasgrf-1 that further increases its GEF function and amplifies BCR signaling. This activation of Rasgrf-1 in over-expressing cells resulted in a higher expression of phospho-ERK, AKT, BTK and PKC-alpha as compared to control cells. Besides BCR, Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells were also more sensitive to microenvironment stimuli as determined by resistance to apoptosis, chemotaxis and ERK pathway activation. Conclusions： This GEF protein sensitizes B-cells to BCR and chemokine mediated signaling and also upregulates a number of other signaling pathways which promotes growth and survival of these cells.

Electrochemistry of aristolochic acid interacting with guanine

Interaction of Aristolochic acid （AA） and guanine （G） was studied by electrochemical techniques in this paper. When AA was added into the guanine solution, the oxidation peak currents of mixture solution decreased, while the peak potential and the electrochemical kinetic parameters remained the same as when AA was absent, except that the electrode process of guanine that involved two protons and two electrons changed from adsorption controlled to diffusion controlled. It is suggested that an electrochemical inactive supramolecular adduct AA-Gua （1：1） was formed in the system. The adduct cannot be oxidized on the glassy carbon electrode, which indirectly results in the decrease of the free concentration of guanine in the reaction solution and the decrease of peak currents. The binding constant （13） of this adduct is calculated as 7.14× 10^3 mol/L. The possible mechanism for the interaction of Aristolochic acid and DNA was proposed, that may provide a possible pathway for the nosogenesis research of aristolochic acid.

Structure-function Relationships in Human Hypoxanthine-guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase(HGPRT) by Random Mutagenesis

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase （ HGPRT, EC 2.4.2.8） is a key enzyme of the purine salvage pathway, which allows recycling of purine bases into DNA and RNA. It is widely distributed in nature and has been studied both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In humans, a complete lack of HGPRT activity causes the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, which is characterized by hyperuricaemia and neural disorders,

Molecular cloning,expression pattern and phylogenetic analysis of Guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 in lamprey,Lampetra japonica

The Guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2（Vav2） is a member of the Vav family that serves as an important regulators for the Rho family of Ras-related GTPases. In the current study, an ortholog（Lj-Vav2） of Vav2 was identified in the lamprey（Lampetra japonica）. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of Vav2, the metazoan genome databases were analyzed to mine the ortholog of Vav. It was found that Vav2 genes were only existed in vertebrates and Lj-Vav2 was the original one found in agnathans. The evolutionary dynamics of conserved motifs of Vav2 were explored using combined amino acid sequence as markers, and it is revealed that the Calponin homology（CH） domain, Dbl-homologous（DH） domain, Pleckstrin homology（PH） domain, Cysteine-rich（C1）domains, Src homology 3（SH3） domains and Src homology 2（SH2） domain were conserved throughout the Vav2 gene family in vertebrates during gene evolution. Relative quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the LjVav2 was distributed in the heart, kidney, supraneural myeloid body, liver, gill and lymphocyte-like cells. The LjVav2 was found to be expressed in these tissues, and the level of which was upregulated in lymphocyte-like cells after the animal was stimulated with LPS. These results indicated that the Lj-Vav2 might be involved in the immune response of lymphocyte-like cells in lamprey. Meanwhile, our findings provided a foundation for further investigation of the function of Lj-Vav2 in the primary vertebrate.

Guanine-derived F,N co-doped carbon-shell encapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles for enhanced CO_(2)electroreduction activity

The development of highly selective,cost-effective,and energy-efficient electrocatalysts is critical for carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)to produce high-value products.Herein,we propose a facile strategy to obtain F,N co-doped carbon-coated iron carbide(Fe3C)nanoparticles by using biomolecule guanine and hexadecafluorophthalocyanine iron as raw materials.Remarkably,this method involves only one-step pyrolysis and does not require any guiding agent or sacrificial template.Benefiting from the advantageous surface microenvironment adjustments achieved through graphitic N(GN)and F co-doping,Fe3C@NF-G-1000 demonstrates exceptional efficacy in the electroreduction of CO_(2)to carbon monoxide(CO)with an impressive Faradic efficiency(FEco)up to 98%at the potential of−0.55 V(vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)).Furthermore,it delivers a remarkable current density of up to−43 mA·cm^(−2)and exhibits virtually no current attenuation over a span of 20 h within the flow cell.Insights from density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the composite structure of GN and F co-doped graphitic layer and Fe3C exhibits different electron density distributions from that of iron carbide nanoparticles.This is attributed to the synergistic effect of the composite structure leading to the enrichment of electrons in the graphite layer on the surface,which contributes to the stability of the key reaction intermediate*COOH,thus,resulting in an enhanced catalytic activity and efficiency.Overall,this work introduces a new and promising approach to the design of green and low-cost carbon-coated metal materials for CO_(2)reduction reactions.

甲基化SIM2、GNA12、CTGF在子痫前期孕妇中表达水平及其对疾病的预测价值

目的 探究子痫前期孕妇血浆中甲基化DNA的表达水平及对子痫前期发生的预测价值。方法 纳入2022年1-12月在该院确诊的82例子痫前期孕妇作为观察组,另外纳入82例健康孕妇作为对照组。提取患者游离总DNA,经过DNA亚硫酸氢盐修饰后通过实时荧光定量PCR反应(qRT-PCR)检测患者血浆中甲基化单意同源物2(SIM2)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)及鸟嘌呤核苷酸结合蛋白(GNA12)基因的相对表达水平,并采用相关性分析及受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对各甲基化DNA预测子痫前期发生的价值进行评估。结果 观察组血浆甲基化SIM2、GNA12、CTGF相对表达水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),且重度子痫前期孕妇各甲基化DNA相对表达水平更高(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,血浆甲基化SIM2、GNA12、CTGF相对表达水平与孕妇发生子痫前期均呈正相关(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果表明,血浆甲基化SIM2、GNA12、CTGF相对表达水平单独及联合检测对预测孕妇子痫前期的效能均较好,且三者联合检测的预测效能最高(曲线下面积为0.888,95%CI:0.827~0.949)。结论 相较于健康孕妇,子痫前期孕妇血浆中甲基化SIM2、GNA12、CTGF相对表达水平均较高,且其与孕妇子痫前期的发生率呈正相关,血浆甲基化SIM2、GNA12及CTGF相对表达水平有望成为判断子痫前期是否发生的重要指标。

大尺寸银纳米片的可控、高效制备及在导电胶中的应用

具有二维片状结构的银纳米片表现出优异的电学、光学和化学性质,广泛应用于电子、催化、生物等领域。化学还原法制备的银纳米片直径通常小于1μm,且产量低。为了解决上述问题,以鸟嘌呤为结构诱导剂,硝酸银为银源,通过化学还原法制备了大尺寸银纳米片,并得到优化的制备条件:在0℃下,滴加速度为1.0~1.3 mL/min,搅拌速度为300 r/min,B液中鸟嘌呤浓度为16.56 mmol/L、AgNO3浓度为0.50 mol/L,在最优条件下制得10~20μm的大尺寸银纳米片,单位体积反应液中银纳米片产量高达15 g/L。X射线衍射(XRD)和Raman光谱测试结果表明,银纳米片的生长机理为鸟嘌呤分子的羰基氧原子选择性吸附于银晶体的(111)晶面,形成包覆,还原生长的银原子沉积于(110)和(100)晶面,横向生长形成银纳米片。以最优条件下制备的大尺寸银纳米片作为填料,分别以二乙二醇单丁醚和乙醇为溶剂制得导电胶,其渗流阈值低至30%~40%(质量分数)。

硬骨鱼类虹彩细胞的研究进展

虹彩细胞是硬骨鱼中一类常见的色素细胞,含有大量的虹彩小体,其内含有由鸟嘌呤晶体构成的高折射率的反射小板,反射小板与低折射率的细胞质交替排列形成交替层的结构,光被交替层反射后通过多层薄膜干涉,使细胞呈现出彩虹般的颜色。虹彩细胞能在激素、交感神经系统或外界环境刺激的作用下通过改变反射小板的间距来实现颜色的变化。鸟嘌呤是虹彩细胞呈色和颜色变化的基础,其合成途径已被详细解析。虹彩细胞由多能的神经嵴细胞分化而来,从神经嵴细胞分化为成熟的虹彩细胞的谱系特化过程受到多个基因的调控,目前已在模式生物斑马鱼中发现了一些关键基因,并通过对这些基因间相互作用的研究初步解析了控制虹彩细胞特化的核心基因调控网络,同时也发现了其他影响虹彩细胞特化、分化及存活的基因和信号通路。本文综述了硬骨鱼类虹彩细胞呈色及颜色变化的机制、鸟嘌呤合成途径及调控基因以及影响虹彩细胞发育和存活的基因和信号通路的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,期望能对虹彩细胞有更深入的认识,并为研究虹彩细胞发育过程的基因调控提供参考。