Land system reform should protect farmers' interests

|Editorial Note|Land has become an issue of increasing social concern as demand continues to surge in the midst of economic development,urbanization and industrialization.The crux of the issue is the land regime. China has a unique dualistic land regime under which the land market has not been well developed.Based on a review and commentary of the existing land polices,this article elaborates on the deficiencies inherent in China’s dualistic land rights system and land market and offers policy recommendations for promoting land system reform and market development.This study will help us gain an in-depth understanding of the problems in China’s land regime.

The Nomocracy Pursuit of ＂the Maritime Silk Road＂--On Legal Guarantee of State＇s Marine Rights and Interests

＂The Maritime Silk Road＂, part of China＇s maritime power strategy, will safeguard the realization of ＂Chinese Dream＂. ＂The Maritime Silk Road＂ needs desperately legal guarantee of State＇s marine rights and interest. The primary target of this paper is to put forward several suggestions on the legal guarantee of maritime rights protection based on analyzing the present situation of China legal system.

Contradiction between the Modernization of Agriculture and the Protection of the Interests of Farmers

Main modes of agricultural modernization in developed countries are summarized,as well as their impact on the interests of farmers. Among them,the America,Canada,Australia and other sparsely-populated countries adopt the labor force saving model based on large-scale mechanization during agricultural mechanization. Japan and other countries with many people and little land adopt the land saving model with high technology. And the Western European Countries use the intermediate model to exert the function of mechanization and technology. Interests security of farmers in rural land circulation is discussed,such as the unreasonable allocation of circulation rights,changing the land property and land use without authorization;undermining the long-term interests of farmers,and the unsolved social security problem of farmers. Interest guarantee of farmers during the process of agricultural industrialization is analyzed,pointing out that big household or leading enterprise usually occupies a favorable position in the cooperative. They use their advantages in share and management to raven the operation achievement of peasant households and to transfer risks. Due to the information asymmetry,farmers are at a weak position in the cooperation with leading enterprise. Interests protection of farmers in scale management is put forward,such as strengthening the subsidies for farmers,implementing a moderate scale management suitable for the situation of China,and establishing a fair and reasonable benefit affiliating mechanism among peasant household,cooperative and leading enterprise.

Analysis of Hidden Danger in Farmer's Rights and Interests during Farmland Transfer——An Evaluation of Rights Safeguarding Effect of Farmland Transfer Contract

Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.

Analysis on the Guarantee for the Quality Safety of Agricultural Products by the Farmer Professional Cooperative

Decentralized production model of small peasant household is main threat for China food safety source. By using the advantage of farmer professional cooperative in controlling the quality of agricultural products,its dilemma at the guarantee aspect of agricultural product quality safety is analyzed,and the guaranteeing measures of farmer professional cooperative for quality safety of agricultural products are proposed,which has an important significance for improving quality safety of agricultural products.

Safeguarding Farmer Workers' Rights and Interests——An interview with Ye Jingyi, professor of Beijing University Law School

Farmer workers are a new powerful workforce that has sprung up amid China＇s reform and door opening and in the process of the country＇s industrialization and urbanization. They have made great contributions to urban prosperity, rural development and their country＇s modernization. At present, however, farmer workers face numerous difficulties and problems in income, work safety, social security, vocational training, the schooling of their children and living conditions. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmer workers, the State Council in March 2006 issued Ideas of the State Council on Solving Farmer Workers-related Problems. In the document, the State Council promises to strengthen and improve leadership over work regarding farmer workers and prioritize the solving of farmer workers-related problems.

Land Expropriation and Constitutional Protection of Farmers' Rights

One of the reasons for many social tragedies resulted from land expropriation in China is failure of the constitution to bring into play its due functions in standardizing land expropriation power of the government and protecting farmers' rights.In the existing land expropriation system,government is not only a policy maker of land expropriation,but also a "referee" of dispute over land expropriation.Government' land expropriation power and land-expropriated farmers' rights become out of balance.As a result,some local governments do not attach importance to farmers' rights,making land-expropriated farmers dissatisfied and consequently leading to some social tragedies unfavorable for harmony and stability.To fundamentally settle disputes over land expropriation and realize win-win of farmers' right and state interest,it should bring into full play functions of the constitution through protecting farmers' right to participate in land expropriation and establishing constitution evaluation mechanism.

县域富民产业促进农民共同富裕:作用机理、现实困境与策略选择

实现全体人民共同富裕的难点在农村。县域一头连着乡村,一头连着城镇,发展县域富民产业是促进农民共同富裕的现实选择。县域富民产业是能在长期内显著促进农民收入增长、改善城乡居民收入分配状况的现代化产业集群,其在空间维度、组织维度和价值维度上具有独特的内涵特征。县域富民产业在产业发展端通过凝聚竞争优势提高产业效益;在农民参与端通过带动农民发展生产、实现农民就近就业和共享资产收益,促进农民共同富裕。实践中,发展县域富民产业仍然面临产业集群培育不足、辐射带动效应不强,产业同质化突出、结构不优,产业生产经营主体能力不足,产业联农带农机制不健全等困境。加快培育县域富民产业、有效促进农民共同富裕,应依托特色资源培育特色产业集群、优化产业布局、调整产业结构、提升生产经营主体产业支撑能力、持续完善产业利益联结机制。

乡村振兴背景下小农户与新农人合作的利益联结模式选择研究

基于2021年中国6个省份的小农户调研数据,采用有序Probit模型,从小农户的个体特征、家庭特征、生产经营状况、市场状况以及与新农人合作目的等5个方面探讨影响小农户与新农人建立利益联结模式选择的关键因素。结果表明:现阶段小农户与新农人合作以松散型的利益联结模式为主,但地区之间仍存在差异,中西部地区小农户更倾向于选择紧密型的利益联结模式;从影响因素来看,家庭农业经营收入比例、风险承受能力、是否加入合作组织、是否在涉农企业就业等对小农户选择紧密的利益联结模式起到显著的正向影响,而受教育程度、保证农产品销路对小农户利益联结模式选择起着显著的负向影响。据此,建议培育发展农业专业合作组织,发展壮大涉农企业,加大政府政策支持,提高小农户的风险承受能力,以期助力小农户与新农人构建乡村利益共同体。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

海南省新型农业经营主体与农户利益联结机制:国内外经验与启示

以家庭农场、专业合作社、龙头企业等为代表的新型农业经营主体与农户的紧密利益联结,能有效提高农民的组织化程度,促进农业现代化发展。本研究通过文献梳理和调研访谈,总结分析了美国和日本以农业合作社和农业协会为代表的农业经营组织与农户之间的利益联结模式和机制,以及国内合作社和家庭农场等农业经营主体与农户之间的利益联结及其典型模式。基于此,创新海南省的新型农业经营主体与农户利益联结机制,各级主管部门应加大对新型农业经营主体的政策扶持力度,健全海南的农村社会化服务体系和利益联结方式,促进新型农业经营主体和基层农户的增效增收以及可持续发展。

文旅融合赋能乡村共同富裕:作用机理与路径优化

文旅融合能够促进乡村物质和精神共富、缩小区域和城乡生活差距、保障致富权利机会及规则平等,有效赋能乡村共同富裕。目前文旅融合赋能乡村共同富裕面临着基础设施短板、体制机制障碍、利益联结困境等问题,据此,要加强基础设施建设,夯实文旅融合赋能乡村共同富裕的基础支撑;创新体制机制,提供文旅融合促进共同富裕的制度保障;优化利益联结机制,彰显文旅融合促进共同富裕的文化经济价值。

联合的力量:农社利益联结对农户信贷违约风险的缓释效应与机制

基于农民合作社联农带农的视角,采用面板Probit模型、内生扩展模型(ERM)和中介效应模型分析农社利益联结对农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应及其作用机制。结果表明:提高农社利益联结程度能够显著降低农户信贷违约风险;相较于利润返还和技术培训联结方式,融资支持与订单销售联结对农户信贷违约风险缓释效果更好,通过一系列稳健性检验结果依然可靠。机制分析显示,农社利益联结能够通过增收机制和非正规风险分担机制增强农户还款能力和私人借贷能力,从而促进农户履约还款。异质性分析发现,农户家庭收入结构、合作社领办主体及社员规模的差异,也是影响农民合作社联农带农的重要因素,并导致农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应表现出明显的异质性。据此,建议加强农民合作社供应链金融联农带农服务体系建设,打造农业供应链金融信用联合体,不断完善农村普惠金融信用生态圈。

论生物多样性保护的利益识别与法治保障

当前,我国生物多样性保护工作在政策导向、法治建构和具体实践等方面反映了我国对生物多样性进行整体系统保护的理念和成效。在新时代背景下,为体现党的执政主题、推动生物多样性整体性保护以及明确监管主体的行为规范,有必要从利益平衡的角度对生物多样性保护中涉及的相关利益进行识别和保障。基于生物多样性保护中蕴含的国家安全利益、公共环境利益、资源开发性利益的多元化利益结构,可从强化法律制度供给、深化行政主体监管职能、完善司法保障机制等方面提供法治保障。

农业保险对农户相对贫困脆弱性的门槛效应与作用机制

基于583份农户调研数据,运用工具变量法及门槛模型,从保障水平维度分析农业保险对农户相对贫困脆弱性的缓解效应,并基于农业生产行为视角考察其作用机理。研究表明:农业保险的保障水平对农户相对贫困脆弱性的影响具有门槛效应,仅在越过失效区间后,保障水平的提高可显著降低农户相对贫困脆弱性,且对农户的风险型相对贫困脆弱性和资本型相对贫困脆弱性均具有显著缓解效应,但对前者的影响效应更强;就作用机理看,有效区间内,保障水平的提高主要通过促进农户扩大土地投入规模与提高农机应用的农业生产行为,进而降低农户相对贫困脆弱性;就农户异质性看,有效区间内,保障水平的提高可显著降低小农户与新型农业经营主体的相对贫困脆弱性,且对小农户的影响效应更强。因此,需通过提升保障水平、健全农险与农业信贷融资的协同互动机制、增强农险政策指向性以提升农户的内生发展动力,推动农业保险助力防贫。

“三权分置”下土地流转瓶颈及对策——基于四川富顺县的案例研究

农村土地流转是新世纪以来中国农村经济发展到一定阶段的产物,“三权分置”作为新发展阶段中国土地制度的重大创新,通过鼓励土地流转可以实现规模农业、提高农民收入及实现乡村振兴等多重目标。本研究以四川富顺县为例,在“三权分置”背景下对农村土地流转的现实瓶颈进行深入分析发现,当前仍存在土地流转实施中农民合法权益易受损、土地流转过程中耕地地力易遭到破坏、土地流转政策执行中的政府和市场失灵、传统观念固化下土地流转集中连片难等问题。基于此,应建立和完善相关的法律法规、搭建土地流转信息交流平台、突出政府职能加强监督力度、培育现代农民提升综合素质等,以更好地推动中国农村土地流转和保护农民土地权益。

乡村振兴视域下农民文化权益问题研究

农民文化权益是公民权利的重要组成,是现代化国家软治理形态的基本内容之一,按照“认识—发现—完善”的研究路径对新时代农民文化权益问题开展研究。乡村振兴背景下,我国农民文化权益不断完善,但仍存在城乡教育不平衡、公共文化服务不到位、农村公共精神文化被侵蚀及新型职业农民培训体系不健全问题,可通过统筹城乡教育资源保障城乡受教育权平等,加强农村公共文化服务基础设施建设以提高公共文化服务水平,弘扬社会主义核心价值观以重塑农民公共精神文化,健全新时代农民职业素质教育及职业技能培训,不断保障农民文化权益。

中国农民问题探析与对策

农民问题是中国社会最基本、最广泛、最深刻的问题之一,也是影响中国社会稳定以及经济持续健康发展的重要因素。因而,如何采取有效手段,进一步解决农民问题,是该文所探究的主题。该文从农民素质、农民增收和农民权益3个方面分析当前中国农民问题的现状、原因,指出农民问题的复杂性、长期性和紧迫性,并提出解决农民问题的对策与建议,包括加强对农民的教育和培训、提高农业生产效率和增收水平、完善农村社会保障制度等。

论未届期股权转让人的出资责任——兼评新《公司法》第88条第1款

出资是股东最基本、最重要的义务,决定资本充实的实现与维持。2023年新修订《中华人民共和国公司法》(以下简称新《公司法》)强化股东出资责任,除了纳入《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》(以下简称《九民纪要》)规定的出资加速到期制度外,还在第88条第1款新增了未届期股权转让后股东出资责任分配规则。该规则明确股东转让未届期股权的,由受让人承担出资义务,但转让人对受让人未按期缴纳的出资承担补充责任。但是立法者并未明确转让人为何还要承担出资责任,理论与实践对这一问题也颇有争议。未届期股权转让后,转让人承担的出资责任本质上为一种法定的一般保证责任,故该责任的具体构造应参照一般保证责任。新《公司法》第88条第1款的规定有一定不足,应当明确转让人仅在一定期限内承担出资责任,仅需对股权转让前的债权人承担补充责任,且承担补充责任之后可以向受让人追偿。

公益诉讼检察调查核实权保障机制之完善

调查核实是公益诉讼办案的核心环节之一,也最能体现公益诉讼主动性的职能新特点,是认定违法事实、确定公益损害的基础,是提升办案质效、确保整改落实、推进公益诉讼检察工作高质量发展的重要保障。当前,对于公益诉讼调查核实权,理论上自身性质界定不明、与其他调查核实权辨析不明,实践中存在制度供给不足、刚性约束不足、专业性不足等问题。从调查核实权具有法律监督属性入手,针对实际办案运行情况,探究完善对应的保障机制,即完善保障立法、强化对外配合、提升专业素能,以期解决办理公益诉讼案件时所面临的共性问题。