Effects of heavy metal pollution of highway origin on soil nematode guilds in North Shenyang, China

Soil samples were collected with distance at 5, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 m from the Shen-Ha （Shenyang-Harbin） Highway, Northeast China, to investigate the effect of heavy metals of highway origin on soil nematode guilds. The contents of soil Pb, Cu, Zn, and the nematode community structure were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of total and available Pb, Ca, Zn varied significantly with the different distances from the highway. Pb was the main pollutant in the soils in the vicinity of Shen-Ha Highway. The zone from 20 to 40 m away from the highway was the most polluted area. The highest abundance of soil nematodes was found at 5 m while the lowest at 20 m away from the highway. Thirty six genera of nematodes belonging to 23 families were identified. Nematode guilds having different responses to soil heavy metals were classified into four types. Soil nematode guilds may act as a prominent indicator to heavy metal pollution of highway origin.

Spatial and seasonal distribution of intertidal macrobenthos with their biomass and functional feeding guilds in the Naf River estuary, Bangladesh

The Naf River estuary is one of the most productive ecological ecosystems in Bangladesh providing an important feeding area for fishes and other aquatic animals.However,detailed information on macrobenthic communities is rarely available in this area.Our study focused on the seasonal and spatial variability of macrobenthic community structure with their biomass and functional guilds.In total,fortyseven taxa were identified under nine major groups and seven functional feeding guilds.Among macrobenthic taxa,Polychaeta was dominant in both seasons and all over the estuary contributing 60%of total benthos.The mean abundance of macrobenthos was higher during the pre-monsoon(2 972±1 994 inds./m^2)than the monsoon(1 572±361 inds./m^2)being maximum at mid-estuary region and minimum at upper and lower estuary regions.Of the diversity indices,density(P=0.01,P=0.003),the number of taxa(P=0.000 3,P=0.000 9)and Margalef′s Index(P=0.000 4,P=0.001)of macrobenthos were significantly different among stations and seasons.Shannon-Weiner index(P=0.009,P=0.12)and Pielou’s evenness index(P=0.03,P=0.14)had significant differences among stations but not among seasons.Cluster analysis suggested that distribution of macrofauna is strongly influenced by seasonality.Among the feeding types,carnivorous were found to be dominant at the upper and mid-estuarine regions,and herbivorous were at lower estuarine regions.Carnivorous species were dominant in both seasons.Omnivores have shown to be the most abundant feeding type in terms of biomass though herbivores were highest during monsoon.

Bird guild loss and its determinants on subtropical land-bridge islands, China

Background: The guild concept is useful for understanding the community structure in a land-bridge island system,but most fragmentation studies have focused only on the importance of island area and isolation, other island attributes such as perimeter-area ratio(PAR) were overlooked or understudied.Methods: We have adopted a guild approach to investigate the impacts of island attributes on bird guild richness on a set of 41 recently isolated land-bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake(TIL), China.Results: We found insectivores had the largest number of species(34 species), fol owed by understory foraging guilds(28 species), omnivores(27 species) and canopy guilds(25 species). Furthermore, our data showed that migrants and residents responded equal y to island area, insectivores and understory guilds were sensitive to island area but omnivores and canopy guilds were not very sensitive. Most guild richness was determined by island area, except for omnivores and canopy guilds.Conclusions: Although PAR or habitat diversity found to be important for bird species richness, our results highlight the importance of island area in maintaining bird diversity in fragmented island systems.

草地群落依赖植物集团(guild)的初步研究

采用ＰＣＡ多元分析方法，以植物种在草地群落中的数量特征为参量，对放牧干扰梯度上的依赖植物集团（ｇｕｉｌｄ）进行了初步划分。研究的草地群落有羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）—杂类草群落、羊草群落、贝加尔针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａｂａｉｃａｌｅｎｓｉｓ）—羊草群落、贝加尔针茅群落和贝加尔针茅—线叶菊（Ｆｉｌｉｆｏｌｉｕｍｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｍ）群落等５个类型。结果表明，植物种在放牧干扰梯度上可划分为三大类群，即：优势种—喜牧种植物集团、杂类草植物集团和耐牧适牧种植物集团。少数种类表现不明显呈离散关系态。

Post-fire recovery of Puya raimondii, vegetation and birds in the puna of Huascarán National Park, Perú

A large fire of 233 ha in Huascarán National Park in Peru provided an opportunity to compare plant and bird responses in burned and nearby unburned zones of the puna. Heights and live diameters of flagship Puya raimondii rosettes(assigned to four broad developmental phases), plant communities(66 species in 24 families and nine growth forms) and bird communities(77 species in six trophic guilds) were monitored after the fire. Although no mortality was observed, Puya raimondii plants were affected by the fire, losing approximately 60% of their photosynthetic area across all developmental phases, but recovered quickly during the first two years after fire. The comparison of Puya rosette recovery after fire was complicated by the changes in live rosette diameter for unburned plants, which showed plasticity of photosynthetic area linked to seasonal and annual fluctuations in precipitation in this relatively dry environment(decreased by 26% for mature adult plants over the study period). Fire caused an immediate change in the density, biomass and composition of vegetation. Although the species present remained similar, their abundances changed significantly immediately after the fire, with notable reductions in dominant tussock grasses. This provided opportunities for other plants, resulting in higher postfire diversity of plant species, genera, families and growth forms. In turn, the changes in vegetation after fire affected the composition of birds according to their trophic guild. Granivores largely disappeared,generalists were mostly unaffected, and other guilds showed a more complex response. As the vegetation recovered, most displaced birds returned within approximately one year.

资本市场国际化与供应链透明度--基于A股纳入MSCI指数的准自然实验

资本市场国际化不但是开拓国际融资、更好地利用国际金融市场的需要,且对我国资本市场健康发展与上市公司行为具有多重外部治理功效。本文基于A股纳入MSCI指数这一准自然实验,探讨资本市场国际化对供应链透明度的影响。研究发现:A股纳入MSCI指数有助于提高供应链透明度,且国际化战略和商帮文化在此过程中分别发挥了正向和负向的调节效应。该作用在非国有、经济政策不确定性程度较高以及供应链集中度较高的企业中更为显著。作用机制分析表明,资本市场国际化通过引入境外投资者,缓解信息不对称程度和提升企业治理水平进而提高供应链透明度。经济后果检验表明,资本市场国际化通过提升供应链透明度进而提高企业的价值并且缓解过度负债。本文研究丰富了供应链透明度的相关文献,为中国深化资本市场开放、加快构建“双循环”新发展格局提供了重要的经验借鉴。

晚清会馆的制度建设、运行与社会适应——由杭州鄞县会馆出发

省城杭州的鄞县会馆建于同治年间,到光绪时已形成四进院落的规模,称嘉宾堂,主要服务于同乡士子备考寓居,为确保会馆切实发挥作用,会馆制定了严格的规章制度,光绪年间会馆重订规约达64条,涉及禀告立案、会馆收支、入住资格、住馆规范、禁例等,彰显制度建设之用心。由此或可窥见晚清自上而下权力运行的规范化趋势及民间社会对这一趋势的呼应,体现出中国社会官民力图走出制度建设不足之窘境的积极努力。从会馆题名可见鄞县会馆对该地乡试有较大的带动作用,从会馆收支明细中亦可见该地好文尚义风气的浓郁。

明清时期汉水流域会馆时空分布特征研究

汉水是古代“江河淮汉”四大古河流之一,地处长江与黄河之间,成为沟通关中、中原、川蜀和荆楚的重要黄金水道。明清时期汉水凭借优越的地理位置,形成了“交通南北、控扼四方”的高度发达的商旅交通文化,带来了会馆的大量兴建。因此,该文以明清时期的汉水流域会馆为研究对象,采用地理学方法,通过地方志等资料的爬梳整理,以ArcGIS为技术手段,对该时期汉水流域会馆的时空分布特征进行分析,并探讨形成这些特征的原因。

越冬期水位变化下菜子湖水鸟取食集团结构及多样性分析

2018—2023年越冬期,对菜子湖的水鸟资源进行调查,共记录到水鸟7目12科59种,其中,国家一级保护动物5种,国家二级保护动物9种。对水鸟取食集团群落结构进行分析,结果表明,不同取食集团水鸟群落多样性指数存在显著差异,不同类型多样性指数变化幅度是Shannon-Wiener多样性指数>Margalef丰富度指数>Simpson优势度指数>Pielou均匀度指数。不同取食集团水鸟的数量对水位变化响应存在一定差异,其中,食鱼组、食草组、食底栖动物组的数量与水位之间存在显著负相关关系,水位变化对水域、草本沼泽、泥滩等3种生境的面积具有显著影响。未来应从水位优化调控入手,维持越冬期水鸟丰富食物资源,对提高菜子湖水鸟群落多样性具有重要意义。

商帮文化对企业全要素生产率的影响研究——基于中国A股民营上市公司的经验证据

基于2007—2021年中国A股民营上市公司数据,分析了商帮文化对企业全要素生产率的影响及机制。研究发现,商帮文化对企业全要素生产率具有显著的正向作用,这一结论在使用工具变量等一系列稳健性检验后依然稳健。机制研究表明,商帮文化通过缓解企业融资约束、降低企业代理成本和增加企业人力资本投资来提升企业全要素生产率。拓展性分析表明,在法律制度环境和信任环境较差的地区,商帮文化对企业全要素生产率的提升作用更强。文章为评估商帮文化的影响作用提供了理论分析和证据支撑,也为探索企业全要素生产率的增长路径提供了一种思路。

Assessing the bird guild patterns in heterogeneous land use types around Jammu,Jammu and Kashmir,India

Land-use sprawl in the Himalayas has caused the conversion of natural habitat into human-modified habitats,thus degrading ecosystem health.Adaptation of birds to changing physical environment can be well understood by analyzing their habitat preferences,and foraging dynamics explored to a limited extent in the Himalayan region,as yet.To achieve a comprehensive understanding of avian guild structure,we used multivariate statistical techniques to classify bird species according to their similarities in foraging patterns and habitat preferences.Observations based on habitat and diet affinities accounted for rich avian diversity with a total of 208 bird species(about 15%of country’s avifauna)recorded from six different sites during 1 year survey.Unweighted pair-group average cluster analysis performed on the families revealed ten feeding and fifteen habitat guilds among 63 bird families observed.Subtropical forests harbored more species followed by urban forests and agricultural landscapes.Insectivorous and omnivorous outnumbered other feeding guilds in the study area.Bird assemblages were richer in protected areas and semidisturbed landscapes and did not show significant variation between the seasons.Results of the study revealed that different functional groups of birds behaved differently,primarily induced by choice of food.The site heterogeneity favored avifaunal persistence by providing favorable foraging,roosting,and nesting opportunities to birds.Composition of avian guilds indicated level of intactness and ecological integrity of ecosystems studied.This outcome thus sets the background for long-term analysis of bird-habitat relationship and their foraging dynamics.The study has the relevance for decision-makers to integrate avian guild structure as an essential ingredient in formulating conservation strategies.

比较视野下的泰国水尾圣娘信仰——以曼谷泰京三清水尾圣娘庙为例

曼谷泰京三清水尾圣娘庙是泰国最早的一间水尾圣娘庙,是泰国水尾圣娘信仰的集中体现之一。水尾圣娘信仰是泰国海南族群的标志性信仰,其代表着一种社会形态。这一社会形态依照儒家宗法制为基础形成,旨在将移民原乡的社会基层组织移植到移民地,用以协调、统合琼籍移民社会。此外,这一社会形态也必然影响到泰京三清水尾圣娘庙的筹建团体。该庙除具有信仰属性的神庙职能外,还具有码头、公司总部、商团标识等职能,更是一座具有商业属性的自由贸易港。所以,泰京三清水尾圣娘庙及其信仰涵盖了“儒”与“商”两种社会行为模式。

Reorganization of Guilds and State Control of Small Business： A Case Study of the Teahouse Guild in Early 1950s Chengdu

This paper attempts to investigate the decline of Chinese guilds in the early 1950s and to show how political change altered economic life in China. Although the socialist transformation of private ownership started in 1954, the new government used state power to gradually weaken private ownership far before that time, building a foundation for the full-scale socialist transformation later. The reorganization of the Teahouse Guild in Chengdu reflected the general policies of the Communist Party that changed traditional social and economic organizations. The new guild almost became a representative of the government in the teahouse profession, which no longer maintained the nature of the traditional guilds. Actually, the guilds existed in name only after the reorganization of the early 1950s, and the teahouse guild disappeared after 1953. The death of the guild was a result of decline among social organizations and the growing strength of state power.

Habitat heterogeneity influences avian feeding guild composition in urban landscapes:evidence from Bhubaneswar,India

Background:Habitat heterogeneity clearly distinguished in terms of availability of food and habitat resources and landscape features(natural or human-modified)play a crucial role in the avian species composition and population structure.To examine this,a study was carried out in Bhubaneswar,India,to understand the ecological niche distinction in birds based on habitat heterogeneity.Regular sampling was conducted in 30 sampling sites covering six different habitat types in a predominantly urban landscape of Bhubaneswar for understanding the ecological niche in birds.The birds were classified into 11 types of foraging guilds.Results:The insectivorous guild had the highest bird species richness(181 species)and the omnivorous guild had the lowest(11 species).The piscivorous guild and wetland habitat had the strongest linkage,followed by the insectivorous guild and agricultural land.The frugivorous guild was significantly correlated with forest habitats(r=0.386,p<0.01)and park and garden habitats(r=0.281,p<0.01).This urban area hosted a higher number of bird species in certain habitat types,viz.,agricultural lands(52%,115 species)and forest patches(50%,111 species).Conclusion:The present study highlights the importance of agricultural lands,forest patches,parks and gardens,and wetlands inside the cityscape for supporting avifauna.It is therefore suggested that such habitats should be conserved inside an urban area to protect native avifauna.Thus,the city development plan must invariably include strategies for conserving the forest patches inside the urban area.Measures must be taken to restrain the degradation of agricultural lands and reduce their utilization for non-agricultural purposes,which will help in further reducing the bird population decline in the urban landscape.

论清末上海商业会议公所

1902年上海商业会议公所的成立具有偶然性和临时性特点,并非完全出于保护商人和发展工商业之目的。促使商业会议公所成立的契机乃当时在沪上举行的中外商约谈判,起关键作用的人物是具有特殊官僚身份的商约大臣盛宣怀和上海工商界领袖严信厚。该公所存续时长仅两年有余,虽为商约谈判提供了某些咨询作用,在官商沟通方面也发挥了一定功能,但因设立仓促,章程简略,机构不完善,远未能发挥舆论所期望的作用与影响。就其性质而言,上海商业会议公所是不同于官办商务局和传统工商各业公所的新式商人团体,但在许多方面又与后来的商会有着明显不同,因而不宜简单地视之为近代中国最早成立的商会。

明清时期张家口“市圈保正行”考论

张家口的“市圈”设于隆庆五年,明代逢市而开、易罢即闭,清代则成为票商聚集、铺开其里、日日交易的买卖之城。明代对入市商民“先以名藉告关吏”,清代则在市圈实施了商民自治的保甲制。前往北疆地区贸易领部票的商号统谓票商,票商的同业行会是为票行。票商字号独占了保正职位,票行垄断了市圈的行政自治,由此形成了“市圈保正行”。市圈保正行的形成和运作,对维护市圈乃至整个张家口的营商环境和商业秩序发挥过重要作用,对张家口的繁荣和发展亦功不可没。

南丝路新见《四川会馆重修川主庙碑》研究

南方丝绸之路重要驿站永平杉阳镇有一通《四川会馆重修川主庙碑》,该碑对研究永平县杉阳镇发展史、汉族移民史、四川会馆发展史,以及杨慎历史和南方丝绸之路文化等具有重要参考价值。以该碑为研究对象,对立碑时间、杨文宪公祠、杨慎永昌戍所、杨慎去世地点、杉阳地名变迁、重修川主庙事宜和四川商人的民间信仰等进行了研究。

基于黑格尔《法哲学原理》的新探索——重构同业公会以缓解贫困问题

面对公民社会中普遍原则与个体利益冲突的困境及其对贫困现象的影响,黑格尔提出了建立同业公会的设想,同时强调了社会教育和集体协商的重要性。但他未能充分考虑到就业市场的结构性失衡问题以及同业公会内部潜在的阶级分歧。基于此,提出解决策略:(一)将教育体系整合进同业公会的框架之中,以解决教育与就业脱节问题;(二)对同业公会结构进行分类,将其划分为工业与非工业两大类,以加强工人的联合能力,抵御潜在雇主剥削。

晚清民初的上海会馆戏曲活动

晚清民初的上海会馆,是商业经济发展的直接产物。会馆的戏曲活动,标志着商业与戏曲的联系。现有资料可查的上海会馆公所近400家,较具规模的前后也达100家,如南市商船会馆、绍兴浙绍公所、福建三山会馆等。上海的工商会馆,一般均建有固定的戏台,成为同乡商人住宿、议事、祭祀、宴乐,尤其是同乡联谊或商业酬神的娱乐活动设施。除了应有的酬神演剧功能外,平时会馆戏台已经成为应酬演剧的商业性场所。所以,会馆戏台成为商贾与戏曲发生关联的最基本纽带。上海会馆的戏曲活动,在上海近现代戏曲的衍变发展历程中,具有一定的价值作用。