Study on Garden Plant Species and Their Disposition Optimization in Arid Valley of West China

Based on survey of plant species and disposition in major gardens at arid valley and optimization of plant disposition in Sichuan University for Nationalities,the study pointed out the overall target for disposition optimization of garden plants in arid valley,concluded the principles and approaches to optimize garden plant disposition at arid valley and highlight garden features at arid valley,emphasized the vital significance to develop local wild plant resources and introduce exotic garden plants.

The morphological characteristics of gully systems and watersheds in Dry-Hot Valley, SW China

Gully systems and watersheds are geomorphic units with clear boundaries that are relatively independent of basin landscapes and play an important role in natural geography. In order to explore the morphological characteristics of gully systems and watersheds in the Dry-Hot Valley [South West(SW) China], gullies are interpreted from online Google images with high resolution and watersheds are extracted from digital elevation model at a scale of 1:50,000. The results show that:(1) There are17,382 gullies(with a total area of 1141.66 km2) and 42 watersheds in the study area.(2) The average gully density of the study area(D) is 4.29 km/km2, gully frequency(F) is 14.39 gullies/km2, the branching ratio(B) is 5.13, the length ratio(L) is 3.12, and the coefficient of the main and tributary gullies(M) is 0.06. The degree of gully erosion isstrong to extremely strong, the main development intensity of gully erosion ranges from intense to moderate, and the type of gully system is tributary.(3) The watershed areas(A) are between 0.39 and 96.43 km2, the relief ratio(R) is from 0.10 to 0.19, the circularity ratio(C) is from 0.30 to0.83, the texture ratio(T) is from 0.82 to 39.35, and the dominant geomorphological texture type is fine.(4) There is a quantitative relationship between F and D:F = 0.624 D2(R =0.84) and T is closely related to D, F, M(R2[ 0.7). A,R and C are related to M(R2[ 0.5). The development of gully systems is the result of coupling effects between multiple factors. In this area, the degree of erosion and the condition of the main and tributary gullies can be controlled by the degree of topographic breakage in the watershed, which provides some theoretical basis for the evaluation of gully erosion by the latter. In addition, the scale, relief, and shape have a significant impact on the locations of the main and tributary gullies. For tributary gullies, attention should be paid to the interception and control of runoff and sediment in the small confluence branches in order to prevent gully expansion and head advance. These features can inform the development of targeted measures for the control of soil erosion.

Plant community composition and interspecific relationships among dominant species on a post-seismic landslide in Hongchun Gully, China

The 5.12 Earthquake in 2008 and 8.14 Debris Flow in 2010 resulted in large-scale landslides that disturbed vast areas of vegetation in the Hongchun Gully, Wenchuan County, China. To define the specific characteristics of vegetation restoration during natural recovery after catastrophic events,vegetation species composition and interspecific associations were investigated on this typical landslide. Field survey data selected from a total of 51 sample plots belonged to seven belt transects and were analysed by Schluter's variance ratio, pearson's chi-squared test, Spearman's correlation coefficients and ecological species groups. Plant communities on the landslide consisted of 78 species, 65 genera and52 families. Of the total of 78 species, 25 are identified as dominant species, among which Camptotheca acuminate, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Coriaria nepalensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Buddleja alternifolia, Anemone vitifolia and Nephrolepis auriculata play a constructive role during the natural afforestation. Moreover, according to environmental and ecological factors, these 25 dominant species could be divided into four ecological species groups.This study found that even though the landslide had frequently suffered from interference due to heavy rain, the vegetation succession processes are ongoing,and it is now at a shrub–herb community succession stage, which indicates that vegetation can naturally recover in the denuded sites. This study provides a useful insight into the ecological interactions and interdependence between plant species during the natural recovery of vegetation and provides valuable information on vegetation recovery modelling in the landslide area.

Poverty Alleviation Mode by Developing Sorghum Planting Industry in Dry-hot Valley Areas of Jinsha River in China:Taking Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province as an Example

There are many state-level poverty-stricken counties in the dry-hot valley areas of Jinsha River in China,with a wide range of poverty and extreme degree of poverty.The industry-supporting poverty alleviation ranks first in the"five batches"of China's targeted poverty alleviation strategy.The practice of planting in Luquan County since 2017 shows that the valleys and slopes on the dry-hot valley areas of Jinsha River with an altitude above 1800 m have wide land suitable for sorghum planting,and suitable for introduction and planting.In recent years,the county has adopted the mode of enterprise+government+cooperative+poor household,introduced the Langzhitang wine factory,developed sorghum planting with large-scale,industrialized and specialized features to achieve stable income growth for the poor,and significant results have been achieved.Based on many field surveys,household surveys,and interviews with county and village leaders,this paper analyzes the specific practices and main effects of the county's poverty alleviation model by developing sorghum planting industry,aiming to provide necessary reference for the targeted poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation in similar areas of Yunnan Province and other provinces.

Performance of Medicinal and Aromatic Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under Different Planting, Manure cum Fertilizer Regimes in Kathmandu Valley

New and old genotypes of German chamomile(Matricaria chamomilla Linn.)were experimented under different planting methods,manure and fertilizer combinations first time in Kathmandu valley.The researches aimed at evaluating genotypes performance,identifying suitable planting method and optimum combination of manures and fertilizers.The germplasm evaluation experiment was conducted at the National Agriculture Research Institute(NARI)field,Khumaltar during January-May.Planting method trial was laid out in randomized complete block and manure cum fertilizer trial was in Latin square design(LSD).The results showed good performance of chamomile growth,development and oil content.Major agronomic traits had average figures in all experiments comparable to chamomile growing areas.Most data differed significantly and at par.New genotype produced relatively higher number of branches,leaves and flower heads maintaining more plant density.Growth was higher in row sown and transplanted plots,row sowing found more beneficial.Transplanted plots delayed maturity.Transplanted(0.95%)and broadcasted(0.80%)chamomile gave higher oil percentage,no difference found between genotypes.Significantly(p<0.05)higher and at par branch numbers,flower heads,biomass yield,plant height were recorded in the treatments with higher rate of farm yard manure(FYM)20 t/ha followed by combined application of NPK 60:40:20 kg/ha plus manure 10 t/ha.Oil content was the highest(0.95%)in FYM(20 t/ha)applied plots followed by combined fertilization(0.80%).Despite inferior to treatment N:P:K 60:40:20 kg/ha only to enhance growth and oil production,other results suggested suitable technology and successful cultivation of chamomile in valley conditions are recommended.

Plant Species Diversity along an Altitudinal Gradient of Bhabha Valley in Western Himalaya

The present study highlights the rich species diversity of higher plants in the Bhabha Valley of western Himalaya in India. The analysis of species diversity revealed that a total of 313 species of higher plants inhabit the valley with a characteristic of moist alpine shrub vegetation. The herbaceous life forms dominate and increase with increasing altitude. The major representations are from the families Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae, suggesting thereby the alpine meadow nature of the study area. The effect of altitude on species diversity displays a hump-shaped curve which may be attributed to increase in habitat diversity at the median ranges and relatively less habitat diversity at higher altitudes. The anthropogenic pressure at lower altitudes results in low plant diversity towards the bottom of the valley with most of the species being exotic in nature. Though the plant diversity is less at higher altitudinal ranges, the uniqueness is relatively high with high species replacement rates. More than 90 % of variability in the species diversity could be explained using appropriate quantitative and statistical analysis along the altitudinal gradient. The valley harbours 18 threatened and 41 endemic species, most of which occur at higher altitudinal gradients due to habitat specificity.

Morphology and controlling factors of the longitudinal profile of gullies in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley

The morphology of the gully longitudinal profile （GLP） is an important topographic index of the gully bottom associated with the evolution of the gullies. This index can be used to predict the development trend and evaluate the eroded volumes and soil losses by gullying. To depict the morphology of GLP and understand its controlling factors, the Global Positioning System Real-time Kinematic （GPS RTK） and the total station were used to measure the detail points along the gully bottom of 122 gullies at six sites of the Yuanmou dry-hot Valley. Then, nine parameters including length （Lt）, horizontal distance （Dh）, height （H）, vertical erosional area （A）, vertical curvature （Co）, concavity （Ca）, average gradient （Ga）, gully length-gradient index （GL）, normalized gully length-gradient index （Ngl）, were calculated and mapped using CASS, Excel and SPSS. The results showed that this study area is dominated by slightly concave and medium gradient GLPs, and the lithology of most gullies is sandstone and siltstone. Although different types of GLPs appear at different sites, all parameters present a positively skewed distribution. There are relatively strong correlations between several parameters： namely Lt and H, Dh and H, Lt and A, Dh and A, H and GL. Most GLPs, except three, have a best fit of exponential functions with quasi- straight shapes. Soil properties, vegetation coverage, piping erosion and topography are important factors to affect the GLP morphology. This study provides useful insight into the knowledge of GLP morphology and its influential factors that are of critical importance to prevent and control gully erosion.

Rainfall-Interception Effect of Vegetation Restored Region of Gully in Arid-Hot Valley of Jinshajiang River

This paper divides the process of rainfall redistribution into four levels in vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River. These levels include arbor interception, litter interception, soil interception and surface runoff. The results showed that the maximum of interception was 8.10 mm, the mean interception was 4.53 mm, the maximum of interception rate was 56.10 % and the mean interception rate was 32.63 %.When the rainfall is over 20 mm, the interception rate descends rapidly along with the rainfall increasing. The maximum of water-holding content of litter was 8.14-20.33 t/hm^2, the mean of which is 12.52 t/hm^2 and the maximum of water-holding content was over two times of it own weight. The rainfall of litter interception was 150.24 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 24.48%.The maximum water-holding capacity of soil achieves 2 198.54 t/hm^2, but that of the barren land is 1 825.60 t/hm^2. The rainfall of soil interception was 219.87 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 35.82%. The surface runoff of vegetation restored region was 43.41 mm, accounted for 7.07% of the rainfall income, but the surface runoff of non-forest land was 413,24 mm, accounts for 70.26% of the rainfall income.The surface runoff of the planted forest community was by 63.19% lower than that of the non-forest land. Through the interception of the forest land that reduced the soil erosion effectively, good hydrology effect was obtained.

Planar morphology and controlling factors of the gullies in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley based on field investigation

The plane form of a gully can provide a basis for evaluating the gully volume and erosion rate, acting process, and evolutionary stage. For describing the planar characteristics of a permanent gully and understanding their controlling factors, this study, utilizing a total station and GPS RTK, measured the shoulder lines and channel curves of 112 gullies in six sites of the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley and then mapped them by Arc GIS software and calculated nine parameters. The results showed that the channel lengths range from 10.88 to 249.11 m; the widths range from 6.20 to 40.99 m; the perimeters range from 54.11 to 541.67 m; the gully areas range from 153.02 to 6,930.30 m2; the left-side areas range from 92.93 to 4,027.20 m2; and the right-side areas range from 63.65 to 3,539.77 m2. The slightly sinuous and straight gullies account for 73.21% of the total gullies; the quantity of the right skewed gullies is 8.93% greater than that of the left skewed ones based on the symmetry ratio; the shape ratios range from 1.12 to 1.40 and the morphology ratios from 0.038 to 1.294; the fractal dimension is 1.192. Gullies in different sites have diverse planar characteristics. Except for the symmetry index, which was close to a negatively skewed distribution, all of the other parameters had the characteristic of positively skewed distribution. The gully area is related to the length and width, but the gully length has a weak correlation with the width. The evolutionary stage, topographic conditions, strata, soil properties, and piping erosion played very important roles in the gully planar morphology. This study could provide useful information for controlling gully erosion and safeguarding human habitation and engineering buildings.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Deep Poverty-stricken Villages in the Dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Poverty Alleviation in the Green Prickleyash Planting Industry in Laopingzi Village,Luquan County

Industrial poverty alleviation is the core of poverty alleviation in rural areas of China,and it is the fundamental way for the rural poor to achieve stable income and poverty alleviation. Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan County,Kunming County,Yunnan Province,located in the dry-hot valley area of Jinsha River,has become a typical deep poverty-stricken village due to its special natural conditions.In recent years,in the battle to win the fight against poverty,the people of Laopingzi Village have achieved a virtuous cycle of the ecological environment and an access to get rid of poverty and get rich through vigorously developing green prickleyash planting industry. By the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty in Laopingzi Village Committee dropped from 45. 62% in 2014 to 1. 11%,and the green prickleyash planting industry had achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation. This article summarizes the specific practices of developing the green prickleyash planting industry in the village,analyzes the main results and successful experiences of the mode and discusses the inspiration of the implementation of green prickleyash cultivation on industrial poverty alleviation,so as to provide an effective practical example for the development and poverty alleviation of poverty-stricken areas.

Cause Analysis of Gully Erosion in Yuanmou Basin of Jinshajiang Valley

Some factors （i.e. lithology, topography, climate, the change of population as well as land use during the past 50 years） that could have great influence on the development of gully in the arid-hot basin of Jinshajiang valley were investigated. The results show that the factors leading to the strong gully erosion in this area include： the widely distributed Yuanmou group stratum, which promotes the development of gully erosion; the unique geomorphologic configuration that is prone to rock fall and gully erosion; the strong and time-concentrated rainfall; the arid-humid alternate climate characteristics that prepares the ground for the development of fissures in soils; the arid-hot climate that goes against the growth and recovery of vegetation; and the unreasonable and abusive human activities.

Applicable Garden Ground Cover Plants in Arid Valleys of Ganzi Tibetan Area

The native and introduced ground cover plants were screened by field survey,cultivation test and configuration effect evaluation in arid valleys of Ganzi Tibetan area.A total of 205 species belonging to 140 genera,67 families were selected as applicable types.Among them,there were 53 species of evergreen shrubs,36 species of deciduous shrubs,17 species of woody vines,99 species of herbaceous plants;27 species of color-leafed plants,8 species of succulent plants.And 79 species were recommended as the best ground cover plants.Higher plants in Ganzi Tibetan area were increased to 5,362 species,1147 genera,244 families through screening.

Characteristics of phosphorus chemistry and its geographical distribution in the Haihe River valley,North China

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Relationship between Selected Physiographic Features and Landslide Occurrence around Four Hydropower Projects in Bhagirathi Valley of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya, India

The Himalayan mountain range is an internationally recognised landscape but one under increasing developmental threat. The lower Himalayan region possesses immense potential for hydropower generation but is also highly susceptible to tectonic deformation and mass wasting, especially landslides. Susceptibility to landslides increases markedly with human activity, especially large scale developmental projects. The impacts of massive hydropower plant construction in the Bhagirathi Valley, Uttarkhand, India on the generation of landslides are the focus of this study. Whilst many positive impacts derive from such projects, devastating negative impacts also accrue. The frequency and characteristics of land sliding within the sphere of influence of the construction sites of the various hydropower plant components were investigated. Landslide frequency was related to parameters of geology, prior land use, drainage density, slope steepness and location in terms of construction aspect. Landslide frequency was found to be greatest in gneissic terrain as well as on previously agricultural and forested lands. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between landslide frequency with slope and, frequency with construction aspect, especially the construction of access roads. As with other studies, road construction is the key initiator of land sliding due to slope over steepening and the indiscriminate dumping of debris. The study concludes with recommendations for reducing the frequency and magnitude of mass wasting in this environment.

Effects of different planting systems on yield of potato crop in Kaghan Valley: A mountainous region of Pakistan

Conversion of potato from conventional methods to wide bed planting systems may increase water and nitrogen use efficiency in commercial potato production system by reducing the amount of irrigation water and water applied nitrogen fertilizer bypassing the potato root zone. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cv. Desiree was tested against different planting system for yield and yield components at Kaghan, a high mountainous Himalayan region ofPakistan. The experiment was carried out at Himalayan Agricultural Research Station (HARS), Kaghan during the summer season of 2005. The results showed that maximum tuber growth (88.7%), number of stems per plant (3.5), plant expansion (45.5 cm), average number of tubers per plant (10.1) and yield per hectare (12.4 t/ha) were significantly different and higher when potatoes were planted on wide bed and covered with soil from one side. Tallest plants (53.4 cm) were observed when potatoes were sown on the ridges. Maximum number of green potatoes (12.5) and injured potatoes (5.3%) were observed when the tubers were planted following local farmers’ method. Keeping in view the soil type, land slopping, we recommend sowing potatoes on relatively plain wide beds and covering it with soil from one side, for potato cultivation in the area.

SOC Vertical Distribution Pattern of Economic Plants in the Loess Gully Areas of China

Three economic plants from the loess gully areas in China to explore the changing vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon.The results showed that:(1) with the increase of depth,the average SOC content of economic plants decreased from 13.98 to 1.39 g/kg on the 0-100 cm soil profile,in the form of a power function;(2) the constructed depth spatial distribution models for different plants could help accurately assess the spatial distribution pattern of soil organic carbon;(3) compared with traditional agricultural planting,the carbon sink function for walnut and grape at a soil depth of 100 cm increased by 92.8±8.98 t/hm^(2) and 45.7±7.7 t/hm^(2),respectively.The adjustment of agricultural planting structure increases the content of soil organic carbon,and economic plants are of great significance to enhance the carbon sink function of the agricultural ecosystem in the loess gully area.

Land Suitability Evaluation of Zanthoxylum schinifolium in Dry and Hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Jiaopingdu Town of Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province

According to the recent practice in Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County(Luquan County hereinafter)in dry and hot valley of Jinsha River,the development of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc planting industry can help farmers gradually get rid of poverty and achieve a virtuous cycle of ecological environment.It is a sustainable poverty alleviation way.Based on the three aspects of soil properties,climatic conditions,and topographical conditions influencing the growth of Z.schinifolium,this paper selected eight evaluation factors to establish a suitability evaluation system for Z.schinifolium,used the analytic hierarchy process to determine the indicator,and determined the weight of the evaluation indicators.Besides,it calculated the comprehensive suitability index of land suitability of Z.schinifolium and evaluated the suitability of Z.schinifolium land in Jiaopingdu Town of Luquan County.The results showed that the suitable area for the cultivation of Z.schinifolium in Jiaopingdu Town reached 7270.78 ha,accounting for 88.69%of the study area;the area of unsuitable land was 922.07 ha,accounting for 11.31%of the study area.Among the suitable land areas,the high suitability area reached562.99 ha,accounting for 7.79%;the moderate suitability area was 2206.76 ha,accounting for 28.61%;the low suitability area was4599.03 ha,accounting for 63.6%.Based on the results of suitability evaluation,it came up with pertinent recommendations for the development of Z.schinifolium industry in Jiaopingdu Town.

Spatial phylogenetics of two topographic extremes of the Hengduan Mountains in southwestern China and its implications for biodiversity conservation

Previous attempts to elucidate the drivers of speciation mechanisms and spatial distribution patterns of biodiversity in mountain regions have treated different floras within a single geological region as one flora,ignoring the potential contributions of high habitat/ecosystem heterogeneity.Furthermore,current conservation strategies largely focus on forest ecosystems and/or specific flagship species,ignoring marginal ecosystems,leaving species in these ecosystems at risk.Here,we compared the spatial patterns of biodiversity and the potential drivers of these patterns in the river valley and subnival ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains region(HDM)in southwestern China.Specifically,we compared spatial patterns of diversity,endemism,and threatened species in these ecosystems based on both traditional measurements and recent phylogenetic approaches.We then examined how those patterns were related to environmental factors and human activity in these same regions.We found that the middle-southern HDM supports the highest diversity and endemism for the river valley and subnival ecosystems;however,the distribution patterns of neo-and paleo-endemism in these two ecosystems differ.Regression models indicate that habitat diversity and paleo-climatic fluctuation are important drivers of diversity and endemism for these two ecosystems.Temperature and precipitation,however,showed different influences on the spatial patterns in different ecosystems.Categorical analysis of neo-and paleoendemism(CANAPE)indicated that most endemism centers are not covered by current nature reserves.Moreover,the intensity of human activity is highest in the southern and southeastern HDM,which coincides with the distribution patterns of diversity,mixed-endemism and high-priority(and threatened)species.These findings suggest that different floras within a single geographic/floristic region respond differently to environmental factors and show different spatial phylogenetic patterns.We,therefore,recommend that future research into the drivers of biodiversity consider the contributions of various ecosystem types within a single geological region.This study also provides a theoretical basis for protecting habitat diversity.Our work confirms that current conservation efforts are insufficient to protect ecosystem diversity in the river valley and subnival ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains.Therefore,we recommend the establishment of nature reserves in the regions identified in this study;furthermore,we strongly recommend improving current and establishing new management policies for biodiversity conservation in this region.

Observations on Traditional Phytotherapy among the Inhabitants of Lahaul Valley through Amchi System of Medicine—A Cold Desert Area of Himachal Pradesh in North Western Himalayas, India

The paper highlights the Phyto-diversity and indigenous uses an ecosystem existing in Lahaul Valley of tribal district of Lahaul and Spiti in Himacjhal Pradesh, India. This is one of the most preferred tourist spot especially for foreigners. The cold desert area of India is known for its specific topography, sense climate and unique vegetation. The valley is rich in high value medicinal wealth and local inhabitants (Buddhist) practice the Tebetan Amchi System of Medicine. Keeping in view the continuous pressure on nature, this paper reflects the Phyto-diversity of Valley, with reference to medicinal and aromatic plants and conserva-tion mechanisms to protect the valuable wealth of the valley and also suggests effective ecotourisim planning of the study area.

Ethnoveterinary medicines used against various livestock disorders in the flora of Shamozai Valley, Swat,KP Pakistan

Background:The Shamozai Valley of Swat District is remarkable with various plant treasures.Ethnoveterinary information offers folk remedies for livestock,which are cheaper than standard treatment methods and are readily available.Methods:Different trips were organized for gathering(harvesting)and recording medicinal plants in the area during 2018.A total of 140 local residents were interviewed.Then,the obtained data were evaluated using used value,relative frequency citations,fidelity level,consensus index,and informant consensus factor.Results:In this study,41 plants were presented,and these plants were used commonly as medication for treating various livestock ailments.The therapeutic plants with most used value were Artemisia scoparia(0.607),Berberis lyceum Royle(0.610),Bromus japonicus(0.491),Avena sativa(0.482),Cannabis sativa L.(0.473),Capsicum annum L.(0.471),Cedrus deodara(0.462),and Chenopodium murale(0.453).On the basis of relative frequency citations values,the most quoted plant species by the indigenous people are Artemisia scoparia(0.760),Berberis lyceum(0.742),Bromus japonicus(0.731),Avena sativa(0.721),and Cannabis sativa L.(0.711).Consensus index percentage showed the highest for Artemisia scoparia(83.109%),followed by Berberis lyceum Royle(80.454%),whereas the ethnomedicinal plant species with most fidelity level were Artemisia scoparia(76.320%),Berberis lyceum Royle(73.403%),Bromus japonicus(72.013%),Avena sativa(71.024%),Cannabis sativa L.(69.322%),Capsicum annum L(68.344%),Cedrus deodara(67.215%),and Chenopodium murale(66.060%)for various disorders.Informant consensus factor ranged from 0.947 to 1.000,whereas different ailments viz.appetite-causing agent,carminative treatment,eye diseases,mouth ulcers,myiasis,pediculosis,septicemia,and tick infestation had maximum informant consensus factor value.Conclusion:The publics of Shamozai are deeply reliant on ethomedicinal plants for treating numerous livestock ailments.Folk information always offers a baseline for further phytochemical and pharmacologic study.