Possibility of “Comet-Like” Transport of Acetylcholine Receptors in Command <i>Helix</i>Neurons in Cellular Analog of Habituation

The presence of "comet-like" radial transport of acetylcholine receptors by actin microfilaments without the participation of myosin motors in the depression of acetylcholine-induced inward chloric current (ACh-current) in command neurons of defensive behavior of the land snail, Helix lucorum, in a cellular analog of habituation was investigated. For that purpose the effects of CK548, CK-636 (inhibitors of actin-related protein complex Arp2/3, whose activation triggers rapid actin polymerization and the formation of the "comet-like" tail on the actinic filament) and wiskostatin (an N-WASP protein inhibitor, activating Arp2/3) on the depression of ACh-current were studied. The attenuation of ACh-current depression was observed upon the addition of CK548. At the same time, CK-636 and wiskostatin irreversibly strengthened the depression of this current and suppressed its spontaneous recovery. The results of CK-548 action and its mathematical modeling allow suggesting the presence of "comet-like" transport of acetylcholine receptors, initiated by Arp2/3 protein complex in receptor endo and exocytosis in command neurons of Helix lucorum in a cellular analog of habituation. Irreversible inhibition of vital metabolic processes of the neuron by wiskostatin and CK-636, which lead to the decrease in the level of ATP, could have caused irreversible effects of these blockers on current depression.

Plasticity of Xyloglucan Composition in Bean （Phaseolus vulgaris）-Cultured Cells during Habituation and Dehabituation to Lethal Concentrations of Dichlobenil

Bean cells that have been habituated to grow in a lethal concentration （12 μM） of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile （dichlobenil or DCB, a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor） are known to have decreased cellulose content in their cell walls. Xyloglucan, which is bound to cellulose and together with it forms the main loading network of plant cell walls, has also been described to decrease in habituated cells, but whether the change on cellulose affects the xyloglucan structure besides its abundance has not been analyzed. Fragmentation analysis with xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase （XEG） and endocellulase revealed that habituation to DCB caused a change in the fine structure of xyloglucan, namely a decrease in fucosyl residues attached to the galactosyl-xylosyl residues along the glucan backbone. After the removal of herbicide from the medium （dehabituated cells）, xyloglucan recovered its fucosyl residues. In addition, some cello-oligosaccharides could be detected only in habituated cells＇ xyloglucan digested by XEG and endocellulase, corresponding to a glucan co- valently bound or co-precipitated with the hemicelluloses. These results show that structural flexibility of cell walls relies in part on the plasticity of xyloglucan composition and opens up new perspectives to further research in this field.

Ethos and Habituation in Aristotle

This paper is concerned with Aristotle＇s theory of habituation, focusing on the following three issues： （1） the relation between habit and reason, （2） human nature and habituation, and （3） the roles of family and politics in habituation. Aristotle＇s theory of habituation has been a topic of interest recently. Yet so far, most debates about this topic are about the first issue. This paper will bring in the second and the third issues, in order to provide a complete picture of the theory. To be more specific, the paper seeks to better understand the following three claims of Aristotle, corresponding to the three issues mentioned above： （1） ＂We become just by doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts＂ （NE 1103a34-bl）1. （2） ＂We are adapted by nature to receive virtues, and are made perfect by habit＂ （teleuioumenois de dia tou ethous） （1103a25-26）. （3） ＂One＇s own good cannot exist without household management, nor without a form of government＂ （1142a9-11）.

Mobility Habitus in the Literature From 2020 to 2024

The objective of the present work is modeling the mobility habitus in the public transport system with low Co2 emission mechanics in the center of Mexico.In this sense,a documentary work was carried out with a review of sources indexed to national repositories,using the Delphi technique for the content analysis and the specification of the model.A study was conducted with a selection of 100 students to establish the reliability,linearity,sphericity,adequacy,and validity of an instrument from which a relationship of dependence between income and mobility habitus was observed.The limits of the search,selection,and processing of information are recognized,and it is recommended to extend the research to international repositories,as well as to employ a more sophisticated technique.

The Evaluation of Social Sharing Nets Users’ Fundamental Principals According to Nickname Usage and Time Spent

This work;It was made to determine the positive and negative usage information, attitudes and behaviors of social networking networks for users. Today, it is well known how the wide social effects of social networking sites are widespread and effective. As far as it can be followed from written and visual media, it causes significant damages for attitudes and behaviors for individuals. Looking at the results of the study, it seems impossible to limit the time and necessity of these networks for people, but it is understood that people force their limits and capacity. It was determined that the general acceptance and rejection areas are mixed and the dominant distinctive effects were weakened. Unable to prevent social dissolution and deterioration was realized by these social networks of networks. However, we cannot only talk about negative effects because their positive effects should be mentioned. Data were obtained in this direction. For example, some segments encourage the users of these sites to have more freedom, to develop democracy and human rights awareness. However, the real problem is when and where to stand. This study;Social networking networks use information, attitudes and behaviors;It was carried out for the purpose of evaluating the use of nicknames and networks for the use of networks. The data of the study were obtained by the application of a questionnaire and the data obtained were analyzed with appropriate statistical analysis methods. In the first part of the study, field study/operational concept scanning is performed and theoretical information is included. In the second part, the purpose of the study, the problem status, the importance of the study, limitations, assumptions, problem question, research method, research universe and sample are specified and informed. In the third section, the data obtained using appropriate statistical methods are analyzed. In the last section, some important suggestions and comments are made in the light of the data obtained.

Influence of Iron Deficiency on Olfactory Behavior in Weanling Rats

Chronically high occupational exposure to airborne metals like iron can impair olfactory function, but little is known about how low iron status modifies olfactory behavior. To investigate the influence of body iron status, weanling rats were fed a diet with low iron content (4 - 7 ppm) to induce iron deficiency anemia and olfactory behavior was compared to control rats fed an isocaloric diet sufficient in iron (210 - 220 ppm). Iron-deficient rats had prolonged exploratory time for attractive odorants in behavioral olfactory habituation/dishabituation tests, olfactory preference tests and olfactory sensitivity tests compared with control rats. No significant differences were observed for aversive odorants between the two groups. These findings suggest that iron-dependent functions may be involved in controlling and processing of olfactory signal transduction via self and lateral inhibition such that odorant signal remains stronger for longer times prolonging exploratory activity on attractive odorants in the behavioral tests. These findings establish that iron deficiency can modify olfactory behavior.

从“habitus”的译法说起

habitus是皮埃尔.布迪厄社会学理论的核心概念之一。在运用布迪厄理论对翻译社会维度探讨的过程中,研究人员对该词的理解和翻译出现了不一致的现象。针对这种情况,文章考察了该词在西方文化中的起源和演变过程,同时参考了维基百科和专业人士的解释,比较了该词不同的译法;在此基础上,强调了术语使用的规范性和一致性,尤其是在翻译学的理论建构过程中。

Do birds in flight respond to(ultra)violet lighting?

Background: Concerns for bird collisions with wind turbines affect the deployment of onshore and offshore windpower plants.To avoid delays in consenting processes and to streamline the construction and operation phase,functional mitigation measures are required which efficiently reduces bird mortality.Vision is the primary sensory system in birds,which for a number of species also includes the ultraviolet spectrum.Many bird species that are known to collide with offshore wind turbines are sensitive in the violet or ultraviolet spectrum.For species that are mainly active at lower ambient light levels,lighting may deter birds from the lit area.Utilizing(ultra)violet lights may in addition not disturb humans.However,we do not know whether UV-sensitive birds in flight actually respond behaviourally to UV lights.Methods: We therefore tested the efficacy of two types of lights within the violet(400 nm) and ultraviolet(365 nm) spectrum to deter birds from the lit area.These lights were placed vertically and monitored continuously between dusk and dawn using an avian radar system.Results: Relative to control nights,bird flight activity(abundance) was 27% lower when the ultraviolet light was on.Violet light resulted in a 12% decrease in overall abundance,and in addition,a vertical displacement was seen,increasing the average flight altitude by 7 m.Although temporal changes occurred,this effect persisted over the season below 40 m above sea level.Conclusions: Although the results from this pilot study are promising,we argue there still is a long way to go before a potentially functional design to mitigate collisions that has proven to be effective in situ may be in place.

Response of tropical avifauna to visitor recreational disturbances: a case study from the Sinharaja World Heritage Forest, Sri Lanka

Background: We investigated the impact of human recreational disturbances on the distribution of birds along a popular nature trail in Sinhararja World Heritage Forest, Sri Lanka. It was hypothesized that visual and noise stimuli caused by the presence of humans affect the distribution of avifauna associated with this nature trail.Methods: Nine circular plots of 25 m fixed-radius laid along the trail(0 m), and 18 plots laid perpendicular to the trail at 75 and 150 m intervals, were studied from March 2013 to January 2014. The degree of human recreational disturbances was assessed in terms of visitor group size(visual disturbance) and their noise level(sound disturbance). These disturbances were categorized along a four-point scale(no human disturbance, low, medium and high disturbance). The relationship between disturbance levels and the abundance of birds was statistically tested.Results: ANOVA results revealed that the abundance of birds differed significantly under various intensities of recreational disturbances at each distance level. A significant negative correlation between abundance of birds and intensity of disturbance at 0 m distance suggests an avoidance of edge habitats by birds in the presence of humans. Abundance of birds increased at the 75 and 150 m distance levels with increasing disturbances occurring at the trail. Significant negative correlations were further observed between disturbance level and the abundance of birds in ground/understory and sub-canopy vertical strata of the forest at 0 m distance.Conclusions: Under high levels of recreational disturbance occurring at this trail, the abundance of birds near the trail declined significantly, while bird abundance in the interior of the forest increased. The sensitivity of individual bird species to visitor disturbances varied with the vertical stratum of the forest they usually occupy. Birds occupying the ground, understory and sub-canopy are particularly sensitive to recreational disturbances while bird species occupying the canopy and above are less vulnerable to recreational disturbances.

Experimental Models for Research in Stress and Behavior

Stress research has gained popularity due to the increased acknowledgement of chronic stress on personal health. With this increased interest, researchers need to assure that the public receives quality, evidence-based solutions. Improvements following a stress reduction intervention are generally assessed by a self-survey pre-post rather than objective biomarkers of stress. There is a need in the literature for a research paradigm utilizing two different stressors to prevent any alteration in post-intervention results due to habituation of the stressor. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the Beilock Stress Test (BST) are two different stress protocols published in the literature. The present study has three objectives: 1) to compare the efficacy of two different previously documented psychological stressors, the TSST and the BST;2) to compare an invasive measure, serum cortisol, to a non-invasive measure, the galvanic skin response (GSR);and 3) to examine the effects of sex on the response. Fifty-seven college age males (n = 31) and females (n = 26) completed both protocols. Blood samples were collected every 10 min for 110 minutes. Baseline, stressor, and recovery 1, 2, and 3 were averaged for a 20 min period. A 2 (test: BST or TSST) by 2 (sex: male or female) by 5 (trials: baseline, stressor, and recovery 1, 2, and 3) Mixed Plot ANCOVA with repeated measures on test and trial was used to analyze the data. There was not a significant main effect for test or sex for cortisol or the GSR. There was a significant difference for trial for both biomarkers: cortisol F(4,208) = 39.41;and GSR F(4,216) = 15.18. There was also a significant interaction term for sex × trial × test, F(4,208) = 4.51 and for test × trial, F(4,208) = 14.31 for cortisol. The conclusion is that the TSST and the BST can be used as pretest posttest stressors in translational studies assessing the effectiveness of a stress reduction technique if slight modifications are made in the statistical design.

Sex Differences in the Effects of Sertraline and Stressors in Rats Previously Exposed to Restraint Stress

The serotonergic system in the brain plays a major role in mood and anxiety regulation when exposed to stress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Sertraline administration in coping with stress using the behavioural paradigms of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) and its prepulse inhibition (PPI) in both sexes. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: intact animals and exposed to restraint stress (RS) 3 times per day during 7 days, which were then subdivided into three other groups: injected with Sertraline (5 mg/kg/day) or the drug vehicle saline for 8 consecutive days, and non-injected. ASR and PPI values were analyzed along 4 sessions to determine behavioral changes. Upon it, we also determine the effects of acute immobilization stress analyzing physiological stress indicators in blood. Our data show sex differences in response to stress paradigms. RS affected more intensely males than females, disturbing the males’ growth and the long-term startle habituation that were not affected in females. PPI increased in the vehicle-injected animals when compared to baseline in both sexes, and Sertraline reversed more efficiently it in females. Moreover, despite both sexes exposed to stressful paradigms exhibited a significant increase in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes when compared with intact controls, as well as leucopenia, some differences according to sex were found in the haemostatic response to stress. Notably, the repeated injections procedure disturbed the early response to stress, which Sertraline only attenuated in both sexes. Our data suggest that 8-day Sertraline administration is effective in reversing stress-induced changes in some physio-logical parameters, but insufficient to return immunological values to normality.

Effectiveness of Bemiparin Sodium for Preventing Pregnancy Loss in Patients with MTHFR C677T Mutation and Habitual Abortus

Objective: In this study the purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of daily bemiparin sodium injection in preventing early pregnancy loss and in achieving live births in pregnant patients, not ahead of 6th week, who are diagnosed with habitual abortion in a case-controlled randomized prospective study. Study Design: In this prospective study, 120 pregnant patients not ahead of 6th week and aged between 21 - 36 and diagnosed with habitual abortion between April 2011 and April 2012 in our clinic were included. Habitual abortion diagnosis criteria was based on patient history of three or more miscarriages before the 20th week and a genetically documented homozygote or heterozygote mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase gene. Results: The rate and the number of live births in the study group was 60 (93.75%) and statistically higher than the control group 32 (57.14%). The difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.001). The rate and the number of abortions in the control group was 24 (42.85%) and statistically higher than the study group 4 (6.25%). The difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In order to maintain a healthy pregnancy an effective uteroplacental circulation is a must and any defects in haemostasis mechanisms may have an adverse influence. A few non-randomized studies comparing pregnancy results of low dose salycilic acid and low molecular weight heparin usage in patients also show that prophylaxis might be beneficial.

The Analysis of Revenge in The Count of Monte Cristo Using Bourdieu’s Concept of Habitus

This paper analyzed revenge in The Count of Monte Cristo.Bourdieu’s concept of habitus was used in the analysis with the help of field and capital.Dantes,an innocent and kind gentleman is unwillfully exposed to the outside world which automatically determines his actions and inactions as Bourdieu explains in his concept of habitus as one’s contact with his environment for a long period of time being a catalyst in determining one’s thoughts and actions.At the end of the study it was observed that Bourdieu’s concepts being used in analysis gives a deeper understanding of the text itself and the message Bourdieu conveys in respect to his concept of habitus and finally making the study pleasant to readers’understanding.

Determinantion and evaluation of antisperm antibodies and seminal immunosuppressive material in recurrent aborting couples

Circulating antisperm antibodies (AsAb) and immunosuppressive material in seminal plasma (SPIM)were determined by solid-phase enzyme staining assay and anticomplement test respectively in 686 patients with abortion (including 285 couples) . 241 fertile couple served as control. It’s found that the positive rate of AsAb in infertile patients was significantly higher than that in fertile control,being 36.6% vs 3.3% (P【0.001). AsAb was even more offen detected in recurrent aborting patients. Male patients whose spouses aborted 2-6 fetuses had significantly less SPIM than control, sperm count and sperm motility were also significantly decreased. But the incidence of pyospermia was significantly greater than that in control. It is concluded that AsAb and SPIM have played an important role in the development of recurrent abortions.

Competence Set Analysis Under Risk and Uncertainty

The competence set analysis technology can be applied to solve the decision making problems successfully and satisfactorily. This paper mainly focuses on the expanding strategy research and development of the competence set under risk and uncertainty. A systematic expression of the competence set analysis is described, several expanding principles and strategies with regard to several different cases are presented, and their applications in the personnel training program are discussed, some conclusions and suggestions to be developed in a further work are included.

On LU Xun＇s Translation Activities in the 1930s Viewed Through Bourdieu＇s Sociological Theory

This paper intends to explore LI5 Xun＇s translation activities in the 1930s from the perspective of Bourdieu＇ssociological theory. It elaborates on his text selection and his strategy choice in particular and finds out that hisunique translation practice is determined by his translation habitus and the social and cultural context in his time.And the construction of his translation habitus is closely related with his life experiences, political stand, and loftypatriotism.

The Chinese-English Translation of Sun Tzu’s Art of War from the Perspective of Bourdieusian Sociology

The paper introduces the three core concepts of Bourdieu’s sociological theory and their application in translation studies.The paper then examines and discusses the English translation of The Art of War from Bourdieu’s sociological perspective and the perspective of ephemerality.A comprehensive and objective description of the different translations of the same original text in different historical periods,the strategies of the translators,and the social,historical and cultural factors affecting the translation process can lead to a deeper understanding and proper orientation of translation.

A Study on Liang Shiqiu's Translation Theory from the Prospective of Translation Sociology

Translation activities,social environment and translators’individual particularities are combined in translation sociology which are provided broader theoretical perspective for translation studies.In this paper,Liang Shiqiu’s translation theory is analyzed from the perspective of translation sociology and there should be a new perspective which has expanded in the research of Liang Shiqiu’s translation theory.

Should We Stand on Right and Walk on Left Side of Escalators?

While taking an escalator, which side do you habitually stand on? When you are in a hurry, do you walk on the escalator to save time? Most of the major cities in China follow the "stand-right, walk-left" mle for escalators, that is to say, riders should stand on the right side and walk on the left side. Gradually, this rule has been followed by many people and has become the norm. In April this year, however, the Shang hai Metro released the latest version of its escalator instructions, which don't mention the "stand-right, walk-left" rule but, instead, prohibit walking on the escalators.This change disrupted the long-standing consensus and aroused heated discussion.

中西文化会通视域下的“Habitus”

Habitus是布迪厄社会理论中一个非常重要的概念。国内学者对Habitus的术语翻译呈现同名异译现象,诸如翻译为“习性”、“惯习”、“习惯”或“生存心态”等,可谓莫衷一是。就原本意义而言,Habitus本质即体现为“禀性和姿态”,特征则表现为“持久性、结构性和能动性”。实际上,回到西方文化尤其是布迪厄社会理论中Habitus的意境,会通中西文化语境下Habitus的意涵,Habitus更相宜或相等的汉译术语其实是“惯态”。Habitus翻译为“惯态”,既兼具准确性、可读性与透明性,也体现术语翻译的创新。