Graded and Quantitative Technology and Application of Coal-Bearing Reservoir Based on Seismic Reflection Characteristics

Taiyuan formation is the main exploration strata in Ordos Basin, and coals are widely developed. Due to the interference of strong reflection of coals, we cannot completely identify the effective reservoir information of coal-bearing reservoir on seismic data. Previous researchers have studied the reservoir by stripping or weakening the strong reflection, but it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of the remaining reflection seismic data. In this paper, through the establishment of 2D forward model of coal-bearing strata, the corresponding geophysical characteristics of different reflection types of coal-bearing strata are analyzed, and then the favorable sedimentary facies zones for reservoir development are predicted. On this basis, combined with seismic properties, the coal-bearing reservoir is quantitatively characterized by seismic inversion. The above research shows that the Taiyuan formation in LS block of Ordos Basin is affected by coals and forms three or two peaks in different locations. The reservoir plane sedimentary facies zone is effectively characterized by seismic reflection structure. Based on the characteristics of sedimentary facies belt and petrophysical analysis, the reservoir is semi quantitatively characterized by attribute analysis and waveform indication, and quantitatively characterized by pre stack geostatistical inversion. Based on the forward analysis of coal measure strata, this technology characterizes the reservoir facies belt through seismic reflection characteristics, and describes coal measure reservoirs step by step. It effectively guides the exploration of LS block in Ordos Basin, and has achieved good practical application effect.

The seismic reflecting characteristics of gas hydrate bearing strata and its possible distribution in the South China Sea

The research on gas hydrate is one of the topics of general interest in the field of energy resource and environment. The South China Sea has favorable conditions for the occurrence and formation of gas hydrate. The presence of gas hydrate changes acoustic properties of the sedimentary strata and results in the occurrence of bottom simulating reflectors, which makes the multi-channel seismic investigation an important method to identify gas hydrates. First, the paper, based on results of seismic reflection imaging, analyzes the qualitative seismic reflection characteristics of sedimentary strata containing gas hydrate. Some key seismic imaging techniques are also discussed. Next, a pseudo-well is constructed to perform an impedance inversion to get the quantitative velocity structure of the strata since there is no well in the study area. Finally, the velocity field from geophysical inversion is integrated with the geochemical and geophysical data acquired on the Ocean Drilling Program 184 cruise. All information confirms the presence of gas hydrate and shows its spatial distribution.

Seismic reflection and transmission coeffi-cients at an air-water interface of saturated porous soil

Based on the modified Biot＇s theory of two-phase porous media, a study was presented on seismic reflection and transmission coefficients at an air-water interface of saturated porous soil media. The major differences between air-saturated soils and water-saturated soils were theoretically discussed, and the theoretical formulas of reflection and transmission coefficients at an air-water interface were derived. The characteristics of propagation and attenuation of elastic waves in air-saturated soils were given and the relations among the frequency, the angle of incidence and the reflection, transmission coefficients were analyzed by using numerical methods. Numerical results show that the propagation characteristic of the wave in air-saturated soils is great different from that in water-saturated soils. The frequency and the angle of incidence can have great influences on the reflection and transmission coefficients at interface. Some new cognition about the wave propagation is obtained and the study suggests that we may carefully pay attention to the influence of air on the dynamic analysis of seismic wave.

Shallow Water Body Data Processing Based on the Seismic Oceanography

Physical properties of sea water,such as salinity,temperature,density and acoustic velocity,could be demarcated through degradation of energy caused by water absorption,attenuation and other factors.To overcome the challenging difficulties in the quick monitoring of these physical properties,we have explored the high resolution marine seismic survey to instantly characterize them.Based on the unique wavefield propagating in the sea water,we have developed a new approach to suppress the noise caused by the shallow sea water disturbance and obtain useful information for estimating the sea water structure.This approach improves seismic data with high signal-to-noise ratio and resolution.The seismic reflection imaging can map the sea water structure acoustically.Combined with the knowledge of local water body structure profile over years,the instant model for predicting the sea water properties could be built using the seismic data acquired from the specially designed high precision marine seismic acquisition.This model can also be updated with instant observation and the complete data processing system.The present study has the potential value to many applications,such as 3D sea water monitoring,engineering evaluation,geological disaster assessment and environmental assessment.

Seismic Recognition and Origin of Miocene Meishan Formation Contourite Deposits in the Southern Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

Research into the contourite deposits in the Upper Meishan Formation of the southern Qiongdongnan Basin in South China Sea is weak;their characteristics,distribution and original geological conditions are not clear.Using geologic al and geophysical methods including seismic and drilling data,based on seismic reflection characteristics,geometrical configuration description,and wave impedance inversion,two types of contourite deposits are recognized.Contourite deposits have blurred boundaries between each deposit and disordered internal seismic reflections;They are mound-shaped only in transverse section,and banded in the longitudinal direction.TypeⅠcontourite deposits are conical,with mediumhigh amplitude,low-continuity,low-frequency mound-shaped seismic facies,and subparallel-chaotic reflections internally.These deposits are conical with sharp tops,the canal between mounds is V-shaped and deep.The western wing is gentle and the eastern wing is steep,with the slope toe mostly between 10°and 20°,and width height ratio about 1-2.TypeⅡcontourite deposits are flat,exhibiting medium-amplitude,medium-continuity,low-frequency mound-shaped seismic facies,with subparallel weak reflections internally.Their mounds are flat with gently arced tops,with shallow canals between.The slope toe is between 5°and 10°,with a width height ratio of about 2-5.The wave impedance value of these contourite deposits is 4.6 kg/m^(3)×m/s to 6.8 kg/m^(3)×m/s,about 5.8 kg/m^(3)×m/s on average,which is presumed to represent marlycalcareous clastic sediments.The contourite deposits mainly develop beneath the slope break at the margin of the faultcontrolled platform in the Southern Uplift zone of the basin.In plane view,they are distributed approaching a west-to-east direction,and in section,lie in low-lying areas near the faults at fault-controlled terraces of the Southern Uplift zone,with a paleo-current direction nearly west-to-east.The paleotectonic setting of the gentle monoclinic platform was favorable for the development of such contourite deposits.The intensification of the Mid-Miocene deepest bottom current gave rise to the contourite-forming currents around the Southern Uplift zone in the northern South China Sea,which flow from Hainan Island to the Xisha Trough in a nearly west-to-east direction leading to the contourite deposits developing in the late MidMiocene transgressive environment,with multiple slow sea-level fall cycles.

神狐海域天然气水合物测井-地震响应特征

天然气水合物储层分布特征及物性的准确评估直接影响天然气水合物资源量的估算,也是天然气水合物开发利用和环境影响研究的基础。本文基于神狐海域高精度三维地震和测井资料,探讨了水合物层、游离气层及共存层的测井-地震响应的综合判别方法。结果表明,通过叠后处理的地震剖面结合测井曲线分析,可准确判别W17站位的天然气水合物层与游离气层。在BSR上方为速度相对较高的水合物层,强振幅带、地层横向连续性差,具有高电阻率和速度等响应特征;而在下方则聚集低速游离气层,低频、弱振幅带,具有低电阻率和速度等响应特征。本研究对于水合物储层识别、资源评价及勘查试采等决策提供依据和重要参考。

Analysis Method and Application of Multiple Antiquities Sources in the Shahejie Formation of the Paleogene in the Southern Bohai Sea

B Oilfield is the most representative mid to deep oil field in the Bohai Sea, with the main oil bearing intervals being the upper and middle Shahejie-3 sections of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Through the development of ancient landforms, characterization of material source channels, analysis of missing heavy mineral sources, and seismic reflection characteristics of multiple material source missing, the material sources of the middle and upper Shahejie-3 sections are analyzed. During the sedimentation period of the II oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, the study area was mainly dominated by the Kendong Uplift source rocks;During the sedimentation period of the I oil formation in the middle section of the Shasan Formation, there were three material sources in the study area, namely the Kendong Uplift, the Laibei Low Uplift, and the Weibei Uplift. The Kendong Uplift was the main material source, followed by the Laibei Low Uplift;During the sedimentation period of the Upper Shasan Formation, the study area still had three sources of material supply simultaneously. At this time, the Laibei Low Uplift was the main source area, while the Kendong Uplift and Weibei Uplift had a relatively small supply capacity for the study area. In the analysis of archaeological sources, the distribution characteristics of the sedimentary system in the third section of the Shahejie Formation have been clarified, providing a research basis for the later development and adjustment of the oilfield.

准东煤田西山窑组煤层地震反射特征及其地质意义

应用陆相聚煤盆地沉积学的理论,通过对地震反射波特征的认识,揭示了地震响应所反映的煤岩层赋存形态的地质意义;结合钻井岩心描述、测井资料等构建初始模型,反演煤层反射波物性参数,建立地震资料与复煤层宏观结构的联系,描述了煤层的赋存形态。

地震反射及属性对沉积相反映程度分析

结合陆相环境下不同沉积体的特征及其地震响应,将陆相典型沉积体划分为4种类型:浊积前积及河道切割平原沉积、垂向渐变平面稳定湖泊沉积、洪积近岸水下扇体沉积和湖泊边缘湖水动力沉积,并分别总结了其沉积特征、宏观地震反射规律。结合不同沉积体纵向岩性组合规律、平面分布特征以及与地震反射的对应规律,分析了地震反射对沉积相(或储集体)的反映程度。在此基础上,结合地震属性的本身不可靠性分析,对地震属性对于沉积相(或储集体)描述的可靠程度进行了评价。

银川断陷盆地地壳结构与构造的地震学证据

通过跨银川断陷盆地,完成了一条长68.9 km的高分辨深地震反射探测剖面,首次获得了银川盆地地壳精细结构、地堑型断陷盆地深部断裂系(黄河断裂、银川断裂、贺兰山东麓断裂)特征及深浅构造关系.结果表明:银川断陷盆地上地壳为双程走时8 s(深度约20km)反射面以上的区域,上地壳上部地层层位丰富,地层分段连续性较好,上地壳下部地层分层特征不明显,地质构造简单;下地壳(8～13 s)反射能量较弱,反射同相轴不明显;下地壳下部壳幔过渡带(13 s附近)由一组能量较强、持续时间较长(1.5 s)的反射波组组成,厚度约4.5 km.芦花台断裂、银川断裂分别于12～12.5 km、18～19 km深处交汇于贺兰山东麓断裂,贺兰山东麓断裂于28～29 km深处交汇于黄河断裂,黄河断裂为错断Moho面的深大断裂,银川地堑为以黄河断裂为主,其他断裂为辅组合而成的负花状构造.根据贺兰山东麓断裂和银川断裂的相互关系,认为贺兰山东麓断裂对1739年平罗银川8级地震起主要控制作用.

东濮凹陷盐岩地震地质特征研究

东濮凹陷为一典型的盐湖盆地,盐岩与油气成藏关系非常密切,但是盐岩地震反射特征多变,增加了地震岩性预测的难度和不确定性。通过对东濮凹陷盐岩纵横向分布规律的研究,以及对砂、泥、盐岩等地球物理属性的统计分析,落实了砂、泥、盐岩等3种岩性的时空关系和地球物理参数特征。利用正、反演技术明确了盐岩层的地震反射特征除了与密度、速度等参数有关外,还与盐岩层的组合韵律和埋深有关。一般情况下盐岩层具有强振幅、高连续、相对低频的地震反射特征,在盐岩沉积中心厚度较大的特殊情况下,可形成弱反射、较高频、中高连续的地震反射特征。提出在盐岩发育段进行岩性预测宜采用逆向地震储层预测方法,即先将岩盐的分布范围确定下来,然后再进行储层砂体描述。将该方法应用于东濮凹陷多个含盐区块,砂体预测结果与钻井揭示结果相吻合。

兴城南部深层气田火山机构地震反射特征识别

营城组火山岩是松辽盆地北部大庆兴城深层天然气的主要储集体,天然气的富集主要受火山机构控制。火山机构由3个基本要素组成,即火山堆积高地、围斜构造和火山口,在地震剖面和水平切片上反射特征明显。本文通过大量地震剖面和水平切片的研究,从火山机构的外部形态、内部结构及其与上叠沉积层的接触关系入手,归纳总结出火山机构的14种地震反射特征,进而在兴城南部营城组识别出15个火山机构。地下火山机构的识别与研究对于松了盆地深层天然气勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。

东濮凹陷文留油田盐岩地震反射特征及相关油藏类型

利用地震资料,结合地质、钻井资料,对东濮凹陷文留地区盐岩的物理性质、地震反射特征、几何形态、与盐岩相关油气藏的类型进行了研究。发现盐岩具有密度恒定特性(低密度)和速度稳定特性(高速度),基本不随深度变化。盐岩与砂泥岩体之间有较强的波阻抗差,因而其界面反射特征明显。但盐岩的流动特性造成盐岩体有多种赋存状态,它们的地震反射特征各不相同,这是盐岩解释的主要困难。利用地震资料识别归纳出盐层(体)解释判定模式,认为本区盐岩主要有3种赋存状态:原生板状盐岩、后生变形盐岩和次生盐墙。盐岩流动变形及相变形成了3类油气藏:盐上堑式背斜油气藏、盐侧向封堵油气藏和盐下盐背斜油气藏。

川西北剑阁地区上二叠统长兴组生物礁储层的地球物理特征及正演模拟

川西北剑阁地区二叠系长兴组生物礁储层具有埋深大、非均质性强、气水关系复杂、地震反射多变和勘探难度大等特点。岩心观察结果表明,生物礁呈多期发育特征,优质储层多发育于晚期礁盖白云岩中。利用钻井及测录井等资料,建立精细地质模型,通过地震正演模拟,总结出剑阁地区长兴组生物礁及礁储层的地震响应特征,分析不同礁储层发育条件对地震响应的影响,从而建立了研究区生物礁及礁储层地震识别模式,认为储层厚度及储层纵向发育位置是影响生物礁地震反射模式的重要因素。采用地质-地震紧密结合的研究思路为四川盆地礁滩气藏地震勘探提供理论依据。

用近垂直地震反射方法研究莫霍面的特征与成因

利用近垂直地震反射方法研究了在中国满洲里－绥芬河地学断面域内泰康－哈尔滨约１３０ｋｍ范围内地壳结构和莫霍面特征．通过数据采集，定量处理和综合分析，得到以下认识：在野外观测中激发井深和震源能量是主要参数；在资料处理中速度分析与共反射点分布的处理是主要技术．分析莫霍震相可以得到它的层状与似层状内部结构以及起伏、断裂等外形特征．利用傅立叶谱、时频分析与瞬时信息可更细致地研究莫霍特征．影响莫霍特征与成因的因素主要为分异作用、地幔对流、相变、地球转动和板块运动；其中地幔对流和相变是形成莫霍的主要因素．

准噶尔盆地西北缘车排子地区侏罗系扇三角洲沉积特征

在准噶尔盆地西北缘车排子地区侏罗系扇三角洲沉积体系岩石相、测井相、地震相分析研究基础上,对该区扇三角洲沉积体系进行了沉积微相组合划分,并对各沉积相组合特征分析研究认为,该区扇三角洲沉积的总体特征为:近源、粒级粗、堆积速率快,岩石相、地震相类型丰富。同时还对该区扇三角洲沉积模式和岩性圈闭形成条件进行了分析。研究结果对该区隐蔽油气藏的勘探具有一定的指导意义。

断陷湖盆浅水三角洲的形成过程与发育模式——以苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷Jake地区AG组为例

以苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷Jake地区为例,利用岩心、测井和三维地震资料,结合水槽模拟实验展开湖盆浅水三角洲沉积学特征的研究,总结浅水三角洲形成过程和发育模式。Jake地区白垩系Abu Gabra组上部发育浅水三角洲,随着水体变浅,其单一朵叶规模和沉积物厚度逐渐减小。在垂向上分别出现小型叠瓦状、波状、薄片状和发散状4种前积反射样式,单一同相轴长宽比依次增大。而在平面上,朵叶中水道的频繁分叉和改道使分流河道呈鳞片状展布。浅水三角洲的发育期受季节性水位升降和物源供给影响较大,一个沉积周期中可分为洪水期、间洪期和枯水期。洪水期物源供给充足,其前中期水位高,水道在水下被破坏,朵叶快速向前呈席状沉积,后期水位下降,朵叶露出水面,新水道出现;间洪期水位较高,物源供给较充足,主流线频繁变化,水道宽而浅,朵体扩大明显;枯水期物源供给匮乏,水位低,水道窄而深并下切朵体,朵叶建设作用弱。

琼东南盆地南部中新统“丘”形反射成因探讨

在琼东南盆地南部中新统梅山组广泛发育"丘"形反射,对其识别分析具有重要的意义。这些"丘"形反射主要分布在北礁凹陷及周缘斜坡带上,在顶底界面呈强反射,在内部成层、杂乱或为空白反射,有时在顶部见披覆沉积,从盆地中心北礁凹陷向边缘斜坡带迁移生长。通过对"丘"形反射的古构造和古地理背景、几何学特征及地震响应特征等方面综合分析,对其成因进行了探讨,排除了其为生物礁、泥底辟以及火山丘的可能,认为其可能为深水环境底流作用下形成的等深流沉积或某种沉积物波。

大丰兴化地区火山岩地震识别方法研究

火山岩具有形态不规则、横向结构变化快的特点,这给火山岩识别带来了较大困难。为了更准确、快速地识别火山岩,以大丰兴化地区为例,进行了火山岩地震识别方法研究。大丰兴化地区主要发育3类火山岩岩相——火山口、火山通道和火山侵入岩,不同岩相的火山岩具有不同的地震反射特征和属性特征。运用地震剖面识别法、振幅和相干时间切片、地震属性分析和波阻抗反演等方法对该区3类火山岩岩相进行了识别,识别结果与钻井资料吻合较好,说明了识别方法的有效性。

西藏东坡蛇绿岩体深部结构的地球物理特征及其找矿意义

在西藏西部雅鲁藏布江南岸的东坡岩体进行了多种方法的地球物理探测,由地面磁测精确定位的航空磁测异常反演了东坡岩体深部磁性体范围;反射地震探测划分出了与地表出露蛇绿岩体反射波特征不同的岩体下部弱反射部位;同时,由大地电磁法确定了岩体下部的低阻体也都处于大致相同的部位。地面出露的蛇绿岩体向下延伸,整体呈锅底状,其中部具有较低电阻和弱反射波特征,同时,在1.5~3.0 km范围的磁性矿物相对较发育,可能正是含铬岩体矿化蚀变作用较强的地段,在罗布莎矿区有类似的特征,这对找矿是有利的部位。