A COMBINATORIAL APPROACH TO THE OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF (Ti,Al)N AND Ti-Al-Si-N HARD COATINGS

The increasing complexity of modern functional materials leads to the demandof a cost efficient tool for the development of new products. One possible approach to this questionis the adaptation of combinatorial methods to the specific requirements of materials industry.These methods, originally developed for the pharmaceutical industry, have recently been applied tothe screening of superconductive, magnetoresistant and photoluminescent materials. The principle ofthese combinatorial approaches is the deposition of large materials libraries in one processcombined with fast methods for the determination of the resulting properties. In this paper, thedeposition and characterization of laterally graded materials libraries (composition spread) ispresented. The films have been deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering, using two or threemetallic targets at a low angle to the substrate surface as well as a system of apertures. Toillustrate the advantages of combinatorial approaches for the development of advanced materials, themulticomponent metastable hardcoatings (Ti,Al)N and Ti-Al-Si-N are discussed with special emphasison the relations between structure and composition on the one hand and the oxidation resistance ofthese coatings on the other. The results illustrate that the composition spread approach is apowerful and cost efficient tool for the development and optimization of new multicomponentfunctional materials.

Review of the fatigue behavior of hard coating–ductile substrate systems

With the wide application of coating materials in aerospace and other fields, their safety under fatigue conditions in service is important.However, research on the fatigue properties of ceramic hard coatings started late, and a unified standard is yet to be established to evaluate the fatigue life of hard coating–ductile substrate systems.Studies also present different opinions on whether coatings can improve or reduce the fatigue life of substrates.In this paper, the influence of the properties of ceramic coatings on fatigue performance is reviewed, and the effects of coating on the mechanism of fatigue crack initiation in substrates are discussed, aiming to help readers understand the fatigue behavior of hard coating–ductile substrate systems.

TiN/CrN multilayered hard coatings with TiCrN interlayer deposited by a filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique

TiN/CrN multilayered hard coatings with TiCrN interlayer were deposited onhigh speed steel substrates by using a filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique. The structure andcomposition of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Augerelectron spectroscopy (AES). A high adhesion of up to 80 N was demonstrated by scratching tests forthe multi-layered coatings. Nanoindentation tests were performed to determine the hardness andelastic modulus of the coatings as a function of the multiplayer modulation period. It was observedthat the hardness of the multilayered coatings is higher than those of either TiN or CrN singlecoatings, and it increases with decreasing modulation periods, which is consistent with predictionsfrom the Hall-Petch type strengthening mechanism, though at small modulation periods, deviation fromthe Hall-Petch relation has been observed for the multilayered coatings. The life-span of drillscoated with TiN/CrN multilayered is triple as long as that coated with TiN layer.

Study of the Wear and Corrosion Performance of Hard Coatings Applied by Different Processes on Low Carbon Steel

Most of materials used in applications that require high wear resistance also undergo corrosive action of the service environment. The damage caused by the combination of both processes on the materials leads to huge economic losses in industry. Hard coatings are widely used as engineering solution to increase the lifetime of components operating in conditions of wear combined with corrosion. Nowadays, the most versatile techniques for applying such coatings are welding and thermal spraying. This work evaluates and compares the properties of coatings obtained by thermal spraying and welding using selected feeding materials. The performance of the coatings in corrosion and erosive wear tests is discussed. From the erosion tests performed for impact angle of 90°, a similar performance for the thermally sprayed tungsten carbide coatings and the welded stainless steel coatings with higher input energy was observed. Welded samples presented the best performance in corrosion test.

Up-scaled Teer-UDP850/4 Unbalanced Magnetron Deposition System Used for Mass-Production of CrTiAIN Hard Coatings

Up-scaled deposition process of Teer-UDP850/4 has been established and used for massive production of CrTiAIN hard coatings in applications of anti-wear, cutting and forming tools. This deposition system uses four magnetrons that are arranged by unbalanced magnets to form closed magnetic field enabling the system running in high current density. Elemental metals of Cr, Ti and Al are used as the target materials which are co-deposited with nitrogen forming multialloy nitride, nanoscale multi-layer or superlattice hard coatings. The substrate turntable is desfgned as planet rotation mechanism with three folds so that components or tools with complicate geometry can be uniformly coated onto all their surfaces and cutting edges. The power units for the magnetrons are straight dc whilst the substrate is biased by pulsed dc. Two solid heaters are installed in the system to enable running a wide range of deposition temperature from 200°C to 500°C. The pumping system is powerful that incorporated with a polycold to pump the system to a good vacuum in a very short time. A front door and a movable substrate table are available to benefit easily loading and unloading. Deposition procedure, properties and performance of the coatings is also presented in this paper.

Structure design of gradient hard coatings on YG8 and their residual stress analysis by ANSYS

A structure of gradient hard coatings( Ti,TiN,TiCN and TiAlN) is designed,and residual stress is simulated by a finite element method with ANSYS. The influence of the realistic situation including load and temperature on the residual stress of the coatings is investigated. Simulated results show that the realistic situation strongly affects the residual stress. To be specific,i) The main residual stress concentrates on the coatings prepared on YG8 substrate,and the residual stress and its gradient of the coatings are bigger than that of the substrate; ii) TiAlN and TiCN coatings have better resistance compression than that of TiN coatings in the same condition; iii) The improved multilayer structure of the gradient hard coatings produces weaker residual stress but higher anti-pressure of the substrate.

Composition Gradient Hard Coatings by Arc Ion Plating

Arc Ion Plating can be used to synthesize multi-component composition gradient hard coatings by adjusting arc currents of metal targets. The present work aims at a comprehensive description of such a technique. The examples of TiAl multi-layer alloy coatings and (Ti, M) N composition-gradient films were taken (M representing Zr, Nb etc.) for the purpose of explaining the working process and evaluating practical effects. The results show that this technique has the advantages of easy manipulation, rapid deposition, and wide composition range.

RESIDUAL STRESS AND DAMAGE MODE OF HARD Ti(CN)COATINGS

Using free bending method,the residual stress of the Ti(CN)coating on alloy Nb-752 was measured to be 2-3 GPa of which the thermal stress cmounts to 10—20%.An analysis on coating/substrate interface stress state shows that the share stress at it is about O.1—0.2 GPa.The demage mode of the coating under external loading was proposed in terms of the amount and the direction of loading.

Effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and hardness of TiAlSiN hard coatings

TiAlSiN hard coatings were synthesized on high-speed steel using an arc ion enhanced magnetic sputtering hybrid system.The microstructure and hardness of the coatings at different annealing temperatures were explored by means of XRD,TEM,EDAX and Vickers indentation.The as-deposited TiAlSiN coatings were confirmed to be amorphous due to high depositing rate and low deposition temperature during the film growth.The transformation from amorphous to nanocomposites of nano-crystallites and amorphousness were observed after the annealing treatment,the microstructure of TiAlSiN coatings annealed at 800°C and 1000°C were consisted of crystalline hcp-AlN,fcc-TiN and amorphous phase,however,the coatings were only consisted of fcc-TiN and amorphous phase when annealing at 1100°C and 1200°C.Meanwhile,the formation of Al2O3 was detected on the coating surface after annealing at 1200°C and it indicated the excellent oxidation resistance of the TiAlSiN coatings under the present experimental conditions.Furthermore,the average grain size of the TiAlSiN coatings after high temperature annealing even at 1200°C was less than 30 nm and the size increased with the increasing temperature.However,the hardness of the so-deposited coatings with HV0.2N=3300 dramatically decreased with the increase of temperature and reached nearly to the hardness of TiN coatings with HV0.2N=2300.

Identifying the optimal HVOF spray parameters to attain minimum porosity and maximum hardness in iron based amorphous metallic coatings

Flow based Erosion e corrosion problems are very common in fluid handling equipments such as propellers, impellers, pumps in warships, submarine. Though there are many coating materials available to combat erosionecorrosion damage in the above components, iron based amorphous coatings are considered to be more effective to combat erosionecorrosion problems. High velocity oxy-fuel(HVOF)spray process is considered to be a better process to coat the iron based amorphous powders. In this investigation, iron based amorphous metallic coating was developed on 316 stainless steel substrate using HVOF spray technique. Empirical relationships were developed to predict the porosity and micro hardness of iron based amorphous coating incorporating HVOF spray parameters such as oxygen flow rate, fuel flow rate, powder feed rate, carrier gas flow rate, and spray distance. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to identify the optimal HVOF spray parameters to attain coating with minimum porosity and maximum hardness.

Hardness, toughness and electrochemical properties of Cr-N coating by ion beam enhanced deposition

The hardness, toughness and electrochemical properties of the CrN coatings were studied by the method of Ion Beam Enhanced DePosition(IBED). The results show that the fraction of CrN phase and its hardness increase with increasing N2 partial pressure and N ions bombarding energy in a certain range, but the toughness decreases. When the N ions: Cr atoms ratio changes from 1. 45 × 1O-2, 3. 67 × 10-2 to 5. 87 ×10 - 2, Cr2O3 is produced. In terms of corrosion resistance, the coated specimen shows a slight improvement in comparison with substrate 52100 steel. The Cr-N coated specimen is characterized with pitting corrosion by penetrating the agent throngh the defects involved very thin coating layer.

Dependence of Microstructure and Hardness of Nanocomposite Coatings of nc-(Ti_(1-x)Al_(x)N)/a-Si_(3)N_(4) on Aluminum Contents

Super-hard nanocomposite coatings have been received a great attention during recent years. Based on our previous investigations onto the several super-hard nanocomposite coating systems including nc-TiN/a-Si3N4, nc-TiN/a-BN. This paper reports on the nc-(Ti1.xAlxN)/a-Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings prepared by direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). And the effect of aluminum contents on the microstructure and hardness of the coatings have been mainly investigated. The coatings were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDX), and the hardness measurements were done by means of the automated load-depth sensing technique using Vickers diamond indenter. The thermal stability of nanocomposite coatings of TiN/a-Si3N4 was evaluated by annealing at elevated temperatures up to 1000°C. The results shows that super hardness of nc-(Ti|_xAlxN)/a-Si3N4 could be obtained with a wide aluminum content from 10at.% to 86at.% in (Ti^AlJN phase, while the silicon content can be kept at 4-5 at.%. These nanocomposite coatings shows a relatively better thermal stability of nanocrystallite size and therefore high hardness up to 1000°C, which further support our earlier concept for the design of super-hard nanocomposite coatings. These results are suggested mainly due to the formation of nanostructure, and this indicates that the aluminum has also the role of controlling the crystallite size within nc-(Ti1.xAlIN)/a-Si3N4 besides its known well property of the super anti-oxidation.

Critical Maximum Contact Pressure for Yielding in Hard Coating under Sliding Contact

In order to design the best combination of the coating and the substrate for preventing the yield,the semi-analytical method(SAM)was used to analyze the von Mises stress distributions in the contact system,and calculate the critical maximum contact pressure for yielding at the interface and surface in hard coating under both normal and tangential loads on three-dimensional elastic half space.From the results,it can be concluded that,to obtain a higher maximum critical contact pressure for the yield at the interface,increasing the substrate hardness and the ratio value of the coating thickness to the Hertzian contact radius(t/a0)is more effective when t/a0 is larger than 0.5 while increasing the substrate hardness or making the friction coefficient smaller is better when t/a0 is very small;to prevent yielding at the surface,choosing a relatively lower friction system or increasing the yield strength ratio of the coating to the substrate(Yf/Yb)will be effective.

Preparation and Properties of High Hardness and Oxidation Resisting Coating Using Electric Arc Spray

A coating with high hardness, wear and oxidation resistance was prepared by electric arc spray. The hardness, bonding strength, abrasive wear and values of porosity and oxidation resistance of the coating were investigated. The microstructures and function of Cr3C2 of the coating were analyzed. The results showed surface Rockness Hardness HR30 reached 72.5 and average bond strength reached 49.1Mpa. Also porosity value was less than 2%. In addition, it was found from the comparison between the coating and 45CT coating that, oxidation resistance of the coating was less than that of 45CT, but the abrasive wear of the coating was obvious better than that of 45CT.

Influence of vacuum heat treatment on structure and micro-hardness of electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coating

The electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were prepared and the influence of vacuum heat treatment on its structure and properties was analyzed. The Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were characterized by morphology,structure and micro-hardness. The morphology and structure of the Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD),respectively. A great deal of particles incorporation and uniform distribution were found in Ni-P-SiC composite coatings. XRD results show a broad peak of nickel and low intensity SiC peaks present on as-deposited condition. Micro-hardness of as-deposited Ni-P-SiC composite coatings is improved greatly,and the best micro-hardness is obtained after heat treatment in a high vacuum at 400 ℃ .

渗层强化的果园运输机驱动轮耐磨性能

为解决牵引式果园运输机绳-轮驱动系统驱动轮绳槽磨损严重而导致牵引滑移失效的问题,该研究对基于渗层强化的果园运输机驱动轮耐磨性能进行了分析。首先通过ANSYS软件探究了驱动轮表面应力应变随其硬度的变化规律;随后采用热扩散沉积(thermal diffusion, TD)技术对45钢驱动轮进行了渗钒与渗硼处理,并对渗层的显微结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损特性进行了对比分析,最后利用运输机模拟台架对渗层强化后驱动轮的应用性能进行了测试。结果表明:驱动轮渗钒层和渗硼层厚度分别为20.9和97.3μm,均与基材结合较好;且由于渗层中碳化钒、硼化铁等硬质相的存在,渗钒层与渗硼层硬度分别达到22.08和13.45 GPa,较未处理前提升3~4倍;往复摩擦试验下渗钒层与渗硼层表面摩擦系数分别为0.47、0.44,较45钢分别下降19%、24%。运输机模拟台架应用性能测试表明,干摩擦下渗钒与渗硼处理后驱动轮的平均磨损量较45钢分别降低了88%和81%,其中渗钒驱动轮表面磨损较小;油润滑下渗钒与渗硼处理后驱动轮的平均磨损量较45钢分别降低了92%和85%。综上,热扩散渗钒与渗硼处理均可大幅提高驱动轮抗磨性,其中渗钒层具有更高的硬度与耐磨性,但在应用时需进行实时油润滑,更适合对满足定时维护条件下的驱动轮进行强化;而渗硼层耐磨性虽有所降低,但可在干摩擦下使用,更适合对野外山地环境下无法满足润滑的驱动轮进行强化。该研究结果可为改善牵引式果园运输机驱动轮耐磨性提供可行技术方案。

离心泵叶轮硬涂层减振效果研究

为了在不改变泵水力部件结构方案和基本水力性能的前提下抑制泵的振动,分析了NiCrAlY硬涂层材料对离心泵叶轮振动特性的影响。针对无涂层叶轮、上盖板涂层、下盖板涂层、叶片涂层的4种叶轮模型,采用有限元分析方法计算得到叶轮的固有特性,并进行叶轮的谐响应分析和瞬态响应分析。最后通过涂覆硬涂层前、后的叶轮模态测试以及响应测试,对叶轮涂覆硬涂层的减振效果进行试验验证。研究发现,相对于上盖板和下盖板涂层,叶片表面涂覆硬涂层对叶轮固有特性及振动响应有更大影响,叶片涂覆硬涂层后,叶轮模态阻尼比增加4.76%,减振效果达到22%以上。研究结果可为离心泵的减振降噪提供参考。

核电厂调节阀阀杆高硬低摩DLC涂层工艺优化研究

通过调整工件偏压和W掺杂靶功率等工艺参数,研究不同工艺对阀杆DLC膜层性能的影响。利用拉曼光谱研究了不同DLC涂层的化学成分和结构,并采用纳米压痕和显微划痕对涂层的力学性能进行了测试。同时,通过摩擦磨损试验评价了复合涂层的摩擦学性能。结果显示,1200V工件偏压下得到的DLC涂层具有更高的硬度和较低的磨损率。W掺杂的DLC涂层附着力更强,但硬度较低,磨损率较高。这项研究为后续制备高硬低摩DLC涂层工艺设计提供参考。

煤化工装备中关键阀内件的失效行为及表面强化技术

针对煤化工装备中关键阀内件材质的劣化问题,采用宏/微观多尺度分析方法研究在不同服役工况下阀内件的失效风险因素,并提出阀内件表面的强化策略。结果表明:气-固稀相介质下阀内件失效行为是气-固两相冲蚀导致材料流失;气-固浓相介质下阀内件失效是气相和固相煤粉冲蚀、颗粒及黏着磨损等多种因素耦合,冲蚀所占比例较大;液-固介质下失效机理是腐蚀、冲蚀、磨损等多种因素耦合。基于阀内件失效风险,并结合材质的强-塑-韧适配性原理,提出了多功能一体化涂层的防控策略。通过超音速等离子喷涂技术在基体表面制备Ni Cr-Cr_(3)C_(2)金属-陶瓷涂层,涂层结构致密,硬度提高至HV_(0.3)1013。相比不锈钢材质,涂层硬度提高近5倍。拉伸测试表明,Ni Cr-Cr_(3)C_(2)涂层与基体结合强度达到67 MPa,且耐冲击性能优异,实现了材质表面的强化。

开孔硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构的半解析建模及振动特性分析

针对硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构的圆形开孔问题,提出了一种参数化的周向区域分解法,并基于Rayleigh-Ritz法建立了开孔硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构的自由振动半解析模型。以涂敷NiCoCrAlY+YSZ硬涂层材料的开孔薄壁圆柱壳为例,通过对比解析与有限元计算结果验证了该半解析模型的有效性和合理性。同时,探讨了周向均布条件下开孔数量、轴向位置、开孔大小和硬涂层弹性模量对开孔硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构振动特性的作用规律。结果表明,开孔会增加复合结构的固有频率,但随着周向均布孔数的增加,结构固有频率不断减小,且当开孔数等于周向半波数或其特殊倍数时,结构固有频率会发生突变升高的特殊现象;随着硬涂层弹性模量的增加,结构固有频率均不断增加;随着轴向开孔位置的升高,结构固有频率不断降低,且当开孔数等于周向半波数或其特殊倍数时,降低幅度会大大增加;孔径的增加也会降低结构固有频率,但当开孔数等于周向半波数或其特殊倍数时,结构固有频率会随着孔径的增加而增大。