Adiabatic Shear Mechanisms for the Hard Cutting Process

The most important consequence of adiabatic shear phenomenon is formation of sawtooth chip. Lots of scholars focused on the formation mechanism of sawtooth, and the research often depended on experimental approach. For the present, the mechanism of sawtooth chip formation still remains some ambiguous aspects. This study develops a combined numerical and experimental approach to get deeper understanding of sawtooth chip formation mechanism for Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride（PCBN） tools orthogonal cutting hard steel GCr15. By adopting the Johnson-Cook material constitutive equations, the FEM simulation model established in this research effectively overcomes serious element distortions and cell singularity in high strain domain caused by large material deformation, and the adiabatic shear phenomenon is simulated successfully. Both the formation mechanism and process of sawtooth are simulated. Also, the change features regarding the cutting force as well as its effects on temperature are studied. More specifically, the contact of sawtooth formation frequency with cutting force fluctuation frequency is established. The cutting force and effect of cutting temperature on mechanism of adiabatic shear are investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the cutting condition on sawtooth chip formation are researched. The researching results show that cutting feed has the most important effect on sawtooth chip formation compared with cutting depth and speed. This research contributes a better understanding of mechanism, feature of chip formation in hard turning process, and supplies theoretical basis for the optimization of hard cutting process parameters.

Hardening Effect on Machined Surface for Precise Hard Cutting Process with Consideration of Tool Wear

During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transformation mechanism of heat treatment in cutting process is different from the one in traditional process, which leads to changes of the formation mechanism of damaged layer on machined workpiece surface. This paper researches on the generation mechanism of damaged layer on machined surface in the process of PCBN tool hard cutting hardened steel Cr12MoV. Rules of temperature change on machined surface and subsurface are got by means of finite element simulation. In phase transformation temperature experiments rapid transformation instrument is employed, and the effect of quenching under cutting conditions on generation of damaged layer is revealed. Based on that, the phase transformation points of temperature under cutting conditions are determined. By experiment, the effects of cutting speed and tool wear on white layer thickness in damaged layer are revealed. The temperature distribution law of third deformation zone is got by establishing the numerical prediction model, and thickness of white layer in damaged layer is predicted, taking the tool wear effect into consideration. The experimental results show that the model prediction is accurate, and the establishment of prediction model provides a reference for wise selection of parameters in precise hard cutting process. For the machining process with high demanding on surface integrity, the generation of damaged layer on machined surface can be controlled precisely by using the prediction model.

Research on Rooting Cuttings of Hard Branch of Hippophae rhamnoides

Objective] In order to improve the survival rate of Hippophae rhamnoides hardwood cuttings, cultivate high-quality sea buckthorn seedlings. [Method] This pa-per took hard branches of Russian big fruit H. rhamnoides as material. The days of striking roots, rate of striking roots,root length and number of adventitious root were determined. [Result] The cuttings col ected from upper treetops were obviously inferi-or to the lower ones. Three years cutting is obviously better than one or two years. Cuttings from lower branches were not so good as the cuttings from upper branch-es. Base oblique incisions were clearly superior to paper-cover incision. The optimal length of cuttings was 20-25 cm. The rooting rate of cuttings was the highest by fast dipping with NAA of 50 mg/L. [Conclusion] The study provides theoretical basis for H. rhamnoides artificial cultivation.

Influence of confining stress on fracture characteristics and cutting efficiency of TBM cutters conducted on soft and hard rock

Combined with numerical simulation, the influence of confining stress on cutting process, fracture conditions and cutting efficiencies of soft and hard rock has been conducted on the triaxial testing machine(TRW-3000) designed and manufactured in Central South University(China). Results are obtained by performing analysis on the fracture scopes of cement and granite plates,the characteristics of cutting force in cutting processes and the cutting efficiency. Firstly, the increase of latitude fracture scope and the decrease of longitude fracture scope are both more notable in the tests conducted on cement plates subjected to the increasing confining stresses; secondly, the increase tendency of peak penetration forces obtained from tests conducted on granite plates is more obvious, however, the increase tendencies of average penetration forces achieved from cement and granite plates are close to each other; thirdly, the cutting efficiency could be improved by increasing the spacing between cutters when the confining stress which acts on soft and hard rock increases in a certain degree, and the cutting efficiency of soft rock is more sensitive to the varying confining stresses.

Cutting Temperature and Tool Wear of Hard Turning Hardened Bearing Steel

A study was undertaken to investigate the performan ce of PCBN tool in the finish turning GCr15 bearing steel with different hardness between 30～64 HRC. The natural thermocouple was used to measure the cutting tem p erature, tool life and cutting temperature were investigated and compared. The m aterial can be heated by this instrument which using low voltage and high elec trical current, while PCBN can’t be heated by electrifying directly, so the ke ntanium layer coating over the PCBN is heated, so the PCBN is heated and its th ermoelectric property is got by this method. [TPP129,+60mm88mm,Y,PZ#] Fig.1 Effect of cutting depth and workpiec hardness on. the cutting temperatureThe objective was to determine the influence of the workpiece hardness on change s in cutting temperature and tool wear characterize. It can be found from Fig.1 that the cutting temperature show an increasing tendency with the improvement of workpiece hardness within the cutting speed scope when the workpiece hardness i s under HRC50. And on the other hand, it is found that the cutting temperature s how the downtrend with the improvement of workpiece hardness when the workpiece hardness is over HRC50. According to experimental results, the critical hard ness when turning hardened GCr15 bearing steel with PCBN tool is about HRC50. Th e wear causes of PCBN tool have been found out through taking photos on the micr o-shape of PCBN poly-laminate initial surface as well as face and flank of wea r tool and analysis on chemical elements. It is discovered that the PCBN tools a re not suitable for cutting the workpiece at nearly critical hardness, because n ear the critical hardness, PCBN wear at the highest speed. For researching the w ear rule of PCBN tool, the tool wear experiments have been carried on by using b earing steel GCr15 at hardness HRC40 and HRC60 with changing cutting speed. The indexes of tool life equations is gained under two kinds of conditions w hich are bigger than 0.6, so the effects of cutting speed on the PCBN tool are m uch less than that of carbide tool and ceramic tool.

3个彩叶紫薇品种的扦插繁殖对比试验

为获得紫薇硬枝扦插的最佳繁殖方法,以美国红叶紫薇、“红云”紫薇、“农紫1号”紫薇3个品种为试验材料,分别以不同品种、不同激素种类、不同激素浓度为试验因素,对紫薇的硬枝扦插繁殖进行了对比试验。结果表明:春季3月下旬至4月上旬进行硬枝扦插,插前将插穗基部在NAA、IBA以及(NAA+IBA)1500 mg/L的溶液中浸泡2 h后进行扦插,30 d后调查发现,3个品种以“农紫1号”紫薇的生根效果最好,生根率最高达92.4%。单独使用NAA、IBA溶液或使用NAA与IBA的混合溶液对扦插效果的影响不显著,对于扦插效果的影响主要体现在浸泡溶液的浓度上,使用1500 mg/L效果最好,与其他水平间均存在显著差异,该浓度下紫薇的平均生根率为91.00%,平均根长为3.00 cm,平均根量为7.93条。

硬岩顶板切顶留巷围岩变形分区补强控制研究

【目的】森达源煤矿传统的宽煤柱开采方式导致采掘接续紧张,并引发严重的围岩变形问题。切顶留巷技术可优化巷道支护条件,提高采煤效率,促进煤矿高效安全生产。【方法】以1号煤层的10101工作面为研究对象,运用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,深入探究了切顶高度、切顶角度、注浆加固深度对巷道掘进、预裂切顶和切顶留巷过程中煤帮内部、采空区及顶板应力变形特性的影响。确定出最佳切顶留巷方案。在此基础上,进一步模拟分析工作面前后不同区域的围岩受力变形情况。提出回采工作面前方0~30 m内为超前补强区,采取“高预应力锚索+单体配合铰接顶梁”的联合支护。后方0~100 m内为滞后补强区,采用“工字钢+单体支柱”联合支护,同时对矸石帮实施注浆加固。通过工程应用验证了区分补强控制变形措施的有效性。【结果】结果显示:最佳切顶留巷方案为切顶高度6 m,切顶角度15°,矸石帮注浆深度1 m。此方案下,10101工作面的巷道顶底板的最终变形量为155 mm,两帮的为84 mm,均符合矿井使用要求,验证了切顶留巷技术具有良好效果。【结论】结果表明:切顶留巷技术能有效解决传统宽煤柱开采方式中存在的围岩变形问题。然而,该技术的实施受切顶高度、切顶角度和矸石帮注浆深度等因素的影响较大,需结合数值模拟和现场状况进行具体确定。总体上,切顶留巷技术和分区补强控制措施对围岩变形的控制效果显著,为类似条件下的煤矿开采提供了宝贵的经验借鉴,因而具有广阔的应用前景。

基质及IBA浓度对鲜食葡萄‘天工墨玉’硬枝扦插的影响

为促进鲜食葡萄品种的繁育及推广,以鲜食葡萄品种‘天工墨玉’为试材,探究了不同基质+不同浓度IBA对其硬枝扦插效果的影响。结果表明,采用珍珠岩为扦插基质,随着IBA浓度的升高,‘天工墨玉’硬枝扦插的生根率呈逐渐升高的趋势。在相同IBA浓度条件下,采用珍珠岩为扦插基质,‘天工墨玉’硬枝扦插的生根率最高;采用弹性基质为扦插基质,‘天工墨玉’硬枝扦插的生根率最低。采用珍珠岩和草炭土为扦插基质,IBA浓度为750和1000 mg·L^(-1)时,‘天工墨玉’硬枝扦插的根数在同一基质条件下无显著差异。综合考评‘天工墨玉’的叶片数量、根鲜重、根干重、叶片鲜重、叶片干重等指标,采用珍珠岩作为扦插基质,配以750 mg·L^(-1) IBA的效果较好。

低压超声速磨料空气射流喷嘴结构

硬岩隧道掘进刀具磨损严重、换刀频繁是限制高效掘进的主要因素,低压磨料空气射流辅助刀具破岩是突破硬岩隧道掘进技术瓶颈的可行性思路,为实现辅助高横移速度刀具破岩,提出了矩形喷嘴。矩形喷嘴能有效提高磨料在移动方向集束性,进而减小切缝宽度,提高切缝深度。为明确矩形喷嘴对磨料加速及破岩的影响规律,采用加长扩张段长度和截面近似等效设计了圆形喷嘴及矩形喷嘴;然后基于数值方法确定了喷嘴扩张段长度对气体及磨料加速的影响,并对比分析了喷嘴不同断面形状对磨料加速和分布特征的影响。最后通过开展低压磨料空气射流冲蚀破碎花岗岩实验,研究了喷嘴结构和横移速度对冲蚀效果的影响,分析了不同断面形状喷嘴的切割效率,确定了适用辅助刀具破岩的最佳喷嘴结构。数值结果表明压力2 MPa时,加长扩张段长度,气固两相能量转化更充分,磨料加速更充分,但随着喷嘴扩张段持续加长,磨料速度提升不明显;相比圆形断面喷嘴,矩形断面喷嘴对磨料加速稍差,但仍能将磨料加速至300 m/s,且经矩形喷嘴加速的磨料在自由流域呈扁平矩形分布,有效提高了磨料在刀具横移方向的集束性。实验表明圆形喷嘴扩张段加长,岩石冲蚀深度不断增加,当扩张段长度为145 mm时,花岗岩冲蚀深度分别为23.90、20.23 mm,扩张段长度持续加长,岩石的冲蚀深度提高并不显著。当横移速度为0.02 m/s时,喷嘴C_(4)、R_(1)、R_(2)切割玄武岩深度分别为3.35、12.15、8.25 mm,花岗岩深度分别为5.2、14.9、11.5 mm;横移速度为0.30 m/s时,喷嘴C_(4)、R_(1)切割玄武岩深度分别为0.8、3.0 mm,花岗岩深度分别为1.0、3.6 mm。对比喷嘴C_(4),和数值模拟结果相同,矩形喷嘴能使磨料聚能、磨料利用充分,切割效率较优。且喷嘴R_(1)的切割效率最好,喷嘴结构最优。研究结论将为磨料空气射流辅助刀具破岩提供理论和技术支撑。

磨砂射流轴向切顶压裂工艺研发及应用

厚硬顶板大面积悬顶是诱发冲击地压的重要原因之一,针对顶板深孔爆破和常规水力压裂存在的不足,开发了磨砂射流轴向切顶技术。该技术通过在巷道顶板钻孔内实施预制轴向裂缝、定向水力压裂等工序,使巷道走向和倾向方向上均形成最有利于顶板垮落的人造裂缝网,以实现最佳卸压效果。现场应用表明,实施磨砂射流轴向切顶后,目标岩层电磁波吸收系数增强,顶板裂隙明显增加;工作面回采期间,压裂影响区域的支架支撑力在增加,支架主要受力模式从降阻型和恒阻型转变为增阻型,微震能量释放更平稳,有效降低了冲击地压发生风险。在此基础上,分析了磨砂射流轴向切顶卸压防冲机理,即轴向切顶使工作面端头附近形成预制的轴向裂缝,工作面回采期间,顶板沿预制裂缝定向切落,降低了顶板弯曲弹性能转化为巷道围岩压缩弹性能的基础静载Ej和顶板突然断裂产生的强烈附加动载Ed,使巷道围岩不具备冲击启动的载荷条件。

倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究

为解决回采巷道倾斜厚硬顶板应力集中问题,降低顶板覆岩突然垮落的冲击扰动风险及提高倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷围岩控制效果,以长城六矿1301N运输巷切顶留巷为工程背景,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场监测的研究方法开展倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究。首先,基于岩石碎胀系数、砌体梁理论及现场地质资料,推导计算了1301N运输巷切顶高度和切顶角度的理论最小值。其次,为进一步验证并优化理论推导结果,利用PFC^(2D)数值软件建立了1301N工作面切顶留巷模型,采用控制变量法分析了不同切顶高度和切顶角度下留巷顶板应力、位移及组构张量响应特征。分析结果表明:切顶高度与卸压效果之间存在底数大于1的对数增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果逐渐增强但其增长幅度逐渐减小;切顶角度与卸压效果之间存在“S”型增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果先增强后减弱。卸压参数与卸压效果之间的变化规律揭示了切顶高度选择存在最适值,切顶角度选择存在最优解。综合理论分析、经济收益及数值模拟结果,确定长城六矿1301N运输巷倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷过程中最适切顶高度为13 m,最优切顶角度为10°。现场监测获得该切顶参数下围岩控制效果较好,留巷围岩变形量较小,可有效满足下一工作面开采需求,验证了优化切顶参数的有效性,为类似地质条件切顶留巷参数的选取提供理论依据和实践参考。

大质量弹丸高速侵彻混凝土质量侵蚀试验研究

动能弹在高速侵彻混凝土目标时产生的质量侵蚀是引起侵彻效率降低的重要原因,该文开展了质量约为20 kg、直径为100 mm的高硬度弹丸以近1.0 km/s的速度侵彻C40混凝土的试验研究,对弹丸侵蚀参数和头部卵型段的变化进行了详细的描述,并对大质量弹丸的侵蚀机理进行了分析,通过计算得到了热熔侵蚀和切削侵蚀的占比。结果表明:在侵彻过程中,当不同质量弹丸以相同的初速撞击同等强度混凝土时,弹丸表面压力受弹丸质量影响,当高于某临界速度时,随着弹丸质量的增加而增大;弹丸侵彻混凝土时的质量侵蚀与弹丸质量有关,弹丸质量较小时侵蚀现象更明显。切削侵蚀占比随弹丸硬度提高而降低,提高弹丸材料硬度对降低大质量弹丸的质量侵蚀效果更加明显。

坚硬顶板高压磨料射流侧向切顶煤柱卸荷技术研究

针对坚硬顶板下临空巷道存在的高应力、大变形、难支护等问题,分析了磨料射流能量分布情况,研究了磨料颗粒及高压水射流的冲击破岩作用。基于“砌体梁”原理,建立不同岩性条件下的岩层周期破断力学模型,研究了巷道侧向切顶条件下上覆岩层断裂情况,采用数值模拟分析切顶前后煤柱应力变化情况,提出了磨料射流侧向切顶煤柱卸荷技术。现场试验结果表明,采用磨料射流切顶后巷道高度变形量减小38.7%,宽度变形量减小45.8%,巷道变形得到有效控制。同时,切顶后每日最大总能量降低85.5%,平均每日总能量降低82.6%。验证了磨料射流侧向切顶对坚硬顶板的弱化效果,为坚硬顶板弱化治理提供了一种新的技术手段。

切顶沿空留巷卸压机理及支护技术研究

云驾岭矿9号煤上覆厚硬岩层,采场矿压显现强烈,采用传统的沿空留巷方法围岩控制难度大。以云驾岭矿19103工作面运巷为背景,分析了切顶沿空留巷厚硬直接顶力学平衡条件,得出巷旁需提供不小于1046 kN的支护阻力。采用数值模拟的方法对比了沿空留巷在厚硬直接顶条件下切顶与不切顶时围岩变形及应力、塑性区的分布规律,结果表明:切顶后采空区顶板更容易垮落,留巷顶板稳定时下沉量仅为同期不切顶时的28.2%,切顶后留巷侧顶板垂直应力变小、水平应力增大且围岩塑性区向顶底板深部转移,揭示了预裂切顶卸压的机理为阻断工作面动压的传递以及诱导采空区顶板提前冒落接顶承压,水平应力增大的原因为切缝两侧形成的长、短“悬臂梁”变形的结果。提出了针对厚硬直接顶切顶留巷的顶板控制理念为集中支护切缝端、适当让压和形成“组合悬臂梁”,采用了“长、短锚索+单体液压支柱+可缩性U钢梁”的综合支护技术及挂网喷浆的密闭措施。现场工业性试验效果良好,切顶后留巷顶板锚索受力峰值在350 kN左右,围岩稳定后巷道规格满足二次复用的条件。

悬臂掘进机自动截割路径研究

基于常村矿2106工作面地质条件进行掘进机自动截割路径研究分析,建立矿井自动截割理论,即确定矿井采用“S形”截割方式,阐述特征点控制断面边界的方法,断面自动截割距离路径等,并针对矿井不同岩性条件,通过理论分析确定硬岩和软岩截割块体边长分别为2.97 m和3.50 m,相关研究结论可为矿井掘进机在多条件下巷道掘进施工提供理论依据。

不同阴极运动状态下镍-金刚石刀具性能研究

利用复合电沉积技术制备了超薄镍-金刚石刀具。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)对刀具的成分及微观组织结构进行了表征。探究了不同阴极运动状态对刀具微观结构、硬度、耐磨性及金刚石微粒均匀性的影响。首次采用阴极自旋转方式制备镍-金刚石刀具。结果表明:阴极旋转所制备的刀具要优于阴极不旋转所制备的刀具。

长城六矿中硬顶板倾斜工作面切顶留巷关键参数研究

针对长城六矿1301S工作面沿空巷道围岩破坏失稳控制难题,首先,采用UDEC数值模拟方法揭示了1301S工作面侧向覆岩破断运动规律,发现侧向覆岩破断位置均位于巷道上方,且直接顶悬臂结构长度约为1.8m;其次,通过构建侧向覆岩结构力学模型,获得了切顶前后实体煤和矸石支撑体支承应力解析表达式,根据表达式进行算例分析得到切顶前后实体煤支承应力保持不变,均为1.27MPa,靠近巷道左侧矸石支撑体支承应力降低了56.89%;再次,通过理论计算确定了巷旁切顶参数,即切顶高度11m、切顶角度20°、切缝孔间距500mm;最后,设计了1301S工作面运输顺槽切顶留巷技术方案并开展了工业性试验。研究结果表明:切顶后巷道顶底板移近量和两帮移近量分别为1240mm和265mm,与未切顶相比分别降低了12.68%和70.22%,围岩整体稳定性较好。该研究可为相同或相似条件下切顶留巷技术应用及关键参数设计提供参考和借鉴。

硬质黏土耙齿水下快速切削试验研究

疏浚工程中遇到的疏浚土质变得越来越复杂,尤其在深水航道耙吸挖泥船施工中遇到的坚硬的黏性土标贯击数达到20击,与以往航道疏浚工程中黏土的坚硬状态有明显区别。为了研究硬质黏土的耙齿挖掘机理,对标贯击数18击、21击及25击的硬质黏土在不同切削速度、切削深度工况下耙齿切削阻力的变化规律进行了水下快速切削试验。试验通过在耙齿上布置切削阻力传感器的方式,得到耙齿在不同切削工况条件下的水下切削阻力,分别分析了切削速度、切削深度及黏土的标贯击数对耙齿切削阻力的影响规律,为硬质黏土耙头的设计提供了理论支撑。

插穗预处理和激素处理对金叶银杏硬枝扦插生根的影响

以观赏良种金叶银杏‘万年金’为材料,研究了插穗预处理(冷藏、蔗糖、硼酸)和激素(NAA、IBA、NAA+IBA)对金叶银杏硬枝扦插生根的影响,分析不同处理下的不定根长、不定根数、生根率的差异,筛选出较优的预处理和激素处理,为金叶银杏硬枝扦插育苗技术体系建立提供数据支撑。结果表明:(1)基于隶属函数综合评价,排名前三的预处理依次是冷藏10 d、5.0%蔗糖、0.1%硼酸,其中冷藏10 d处理同步提高了金叶银杏插穗不定根长、不定根数和生根率,5.0%蔗糖处理仅提高了不定根长,0.1%硼酸处理仅提高了不定根数。(2)基于隶属函数综合评价,排名前四的激素处理依次是IBA800、NAA400+IBA400、IBA500、NAA200+IBA200,四个处理均同步显著提高了不定根长、不定根数和生根率;IBA对金叶银杏扦插生根有明显的促进作用,优于NAA和NAA+IBA。(3)基于隶属函数综合评价,IBA500处理1 h对金叶银杏硬枝扦插生根效果较优。

坚硬顶板高压水力切顶技术的切顶角度力学机制分析

为探究顶板的垮落倾角与水力钻孔角度对切顶卸压作用的力学机制,根据“砌体梁”关键块理论对切顶破断结构进行了力学分析,提出了基于关键块结构的“砌体梁”径向力模型与轴向力模型并进行了理论解析。运用COMSOL数值模拟软件,分析了不同角度下水力切顶钻孔的最大主应力分布特征。结果表明:切落顶板所受径向力会随垮落倾角的增加而上升,导致切顶后难以充分卸压。切落顶板所受轴向力随倾角的增加而逐渐降低,致使顶板更容易发生垮落。当水力切顶的角度小于45°时,垂直地应力对钻孔中部的压缩作用明显,对水力压裂起抑制作用。当切顶钻孔角度大于60°时,钻孔整体承受拉应力,有利于水力裂缝的扩展。