Effect of surface nanocrystallization and PPEC time on complex nanocrystalline hard layer fabricated by plasma electrolysis

Size distribution of nano-carbides produced by duplex treatments of surface nanocrystallization(by surface severe plastic deformation) and plasma electrolytic carburizing on CP-Ti was investigated.Skewness and kurtosis of Gussian shape distribution curves were studied and the effect of time was determined.The usage of longer time is more suitable for achieving less size of complex nano-carbides.Surface roughness of treated samples was measured.It is observed that there is an optimum level for time on surface roughness increasing(difference between two measured data).

Numerical simulation for rheological characteristics of alternating distribution of soft and hard rock layers

The difficulty of selecting appropriate rheological model and parameters for the alternating distribution of soft and hard rock layers was often encountered due to the unhomogeneity, discontinuity and anisotropy of rock mass. The Burgers and generalized Kelvin models were applied to the soft and hard rock respectively and the rheological parameters were obtained based on the method of optimum separation. By using the simulated code FLAC^(3D), the stability of surrounding rocks of a certain underground plant was analyzed. The effect of surface load and weakening the parameters intensity of argillaceous and bioclastic interlayers between soft and hard rock on rheological behavior of layer composite rock mass was investigated. The results indicate that the rheological characteristics of soft and hard rock layer in composite rock mass can be described well with above two rheological models.

Study on Hardness of Ion Implantation Layer

The surface layer of beryllium, specimen, has been strengthened by ion implantation. Its microhardness was measured. The hardness of surface layer has been calculated from the microhardness. The experimental data of the wear rate indirectly Confirmed the reasonableness of the result of calculation. It is shown that the hardness of the surface layer strengthened, by ion implantation is nine times higher than that of beryllium itself. The relation between hardness and implantation dose was analysed and the best dose was obtained.

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of C-Cr-W-Mo-V-RE Fe-based hardfacing layer

After different heat treatment processes, the metal compound, the microstructure and the hardness of the C-Cr-W- Mo-V-RE Fe-based hardfacing layers are investigated by means of metallographic microscope, X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）, energy dispersive spectrum（ EDS ）, transmission electron microscope（TEM） and hardness tester. The results show that the hardfacing layers have higher tempering stability and secondary hardening property. After quenching at 820 ℃ ,the hardness value（ HRC37 ） and the microstructure of the layers are similar to that normalized at 820 - 1 000 ℃. The tempering stability and the hardness increases with increasing quench temperature, which is attributed to the amount of the alloy element in the matrix. These results are very helpful for improving the mechanical properties of the hardfacing layers.

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Laser Clad NiWCRE Alloy Layer

The effects of heat treatment on tnicrostructure and hardness of laser surface-clad Ni2 !+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 on the heat-resistant cast iron were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscope(TEM) and microhardness test. The experimental results showed that heat-treating at 500’C has no effect on microstructure and hardness of the layers. Although the phase composition of the layers heat-treated at 700°C and 800°C remain unchanged, more Ni3B and N14B3 phases are precipitated on the matrix of the cladding layer, the metastable phase—M7C3 is transformed into steady phase—M23C6, and the precipitated phases coarsened.

Hardness Measurement and Evaluation of Double-layer Films on Material Surface

A method for hardness measurement and evaluation of double-layer thin films on the material surface is proposed. Firstly, it is studied how to obtain the force-indentation response with the finite element method when the indentation is less than 100 nanometers, in which current nanoindentation experiments have no reliable accuracy. The whole hardness-displacement curve and fitted equation are obtained. At last, a formula to predict the hardness of the thin film on the material surface is derived and favorably compared with experiments.

Microstructure of Ni /WC Surface Composite Layer on Gray Iron Substrate

The surface infiltrated composite （Ni/WC） layers on gray iron substrate were fabricated through a vacuum infiltration casting technique （VICT） using Ni-based composite powder with different WC particles content as raw materials.The microstructures of surface infiltrated composite layer,the interface structures between surface composite layer and the substrate,the changes of macro-hardness with the increasing of WC content and the micro-hardness distribution are investigated.The infiltrated composite layer includes a surface composite layer and a transition layer,and the thickness of the transition layer decreases with the increasing content of WC.The thickness of transition layer with 20%WC content in the surface infiltrated composite layer was 170 μm which was the thickest for all transition layers with different WC content.The surface composite layer was mainly composed of WC,W2C,FeB and NiB,along with Ni-Cr-Fe,Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution and Ni （Fe） solid solution.The transition layer was composed of Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Fe） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution,Fe （Ni） solid solution and eutectic.The surface macro-hardness and micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer had been evaluated.The macro-hardness of the surface composite layer decreases with the WC content increasing,and the average macro-hardness is HRC60.The distribution of micro-hardness presents gradient change.The average micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer is about HV1000.

Microstructures and properties of the nitrided layers fabricated on titanium substrate by direct current nitrogen arc melting technique

The nitrided layers mainly containing TiN dendrites were fabricated by direct current nitrogen arc melting method. The test results show that the layers are harder and more resistant to wear than the titanium substrate. Arc traveling speeds and arc currents have an effect on both the microstructures and the properties of the layers. Decreasing the arc traveling speed or increasing the arc current can obviously enhance the hardness and the wear resistance of the nitrided layers.

长江三角洲北翼第一硬土层理化特征及其地质成因

在长江河口两翼广泛分布第一硬土层(FHSL),研究其形成机制及工程地质特性对工程建设具有很好的指导意义。根据调查资料(钻孔935个,累计进尺42128 m)和试验资料,首次精确确认了长江河口北翼第一硬土层分布界线,研究了第一硬土层的形成年代、粒度特征、地球化学特征、工程地质特性等。研究表明:第一硬土层形成年龄为20~11 ka B.P.(多个光释光和14C测年资料);硬土层含水率随深度的增加有增大的趋势,表明气候自下向上逐渐变凉和变干;第一硬土层的颗粒级配、粒度分布频率曲线、C-M沉积图等特征显示,第一硬土层主要由粉砂、极细砂和粘土粒级组成,样品的粒度频率曲线主要呈单峰分布,反映出物质沉积前所受搬运营力性质单一,土体颗粒沉积以均匀悬浮占绝对优势,沉积环境是一种相对稳定的低能环境。第一硬土层的发育受气候控制,大致可以分为3个阶段:第1阶段(20~15 ka B.P.)为沉积与成土交替作用时期,且以沉积作用为主,硬土层剖面厚度主要受该阶段控制,至末次盛冰期结束;第2阶段(15~11 ka B.P.)为暴露成土期,这时洪水不能形成越岸沉积,加积作用基本停止,硬土层厚度不再明显增加,已形成的第一硬土区域受到频繁变迁的分合河网的侵蚀切割,形成多条不规则古河道和台地,硬土层逐渐脱水成陆,经历了风化成壤的过程;第3阶段(11 ka B.P.至今)为淹埋期,随着全新世的到来,气候变暖,海平面不断上升,硬土层被其上覆的海相沉积层掩埋,成岩作用开始直到现今。土体易溶盐含量较高,为典型氯盐渍土类型,自下而上具有从低变高的趋势,为海相层覆盖硬土层以后成岩过程造成的。

Combined Bearing Capacity of Spudcans on a Double Layer Deposit of Strong-Over-Weak Clays

An extreme sea storm process can lead to a jack-up rig under the combined loading condition of vertical load(V), horizontal load(H), and moment(M) to have stability problems. This paper presents the analysis of combined bearing capacities of a circular spudcan on layered clays with a strong layer overlying a comparatively weaker layer. Numerical models combined with displacement-based load tests, swipe tests, and constant ratio displacement probe tests are adopted to calculate the uniaxial bearing capacities, failure envelopes in combined V-H, V-M planes, and failure envelopes in a combined V-H-M load space, respectively. A parametric study on the effects of vertical load level V, the layer strength ratio s_(u,t)/s_(u,b), and the hard layer thickness t_1 on the bearing capacities is then performed. Results show that the vertical load level is a key factor that influences the values of H and M and the size of the H-M failure envelope. The existence of the underlying weak clay decreases the bearing capacities in all directions, and the vertical capacity Vult is affected more than the horizontal(H_(ult)) and moment(M_(ult)) capacities based on a single uniform deposit. The influence of the underlying weak clay on H-M failure envelope is mainly shown where H and M are coupled in the same direction. In contrast, little difference is observed when H and M are coupled in opposite directions.

循环荷载下硬质层理砂岩疲劳损伤机制试验研究

列车动载扰动作用下隧道基底围岩的变形开裂蕴含着复杂的力学损伤问题。为探究循环荷载下硬质层理砂岩的疲劳损伤演化机制,对层理砂岩进行了疲劳力学试验及电镜扫描试验。结果表明:层理砂岩的宏观裂隙与动态应力-应变曲线存在时效对应关系,层理效应越明显,滞回环跃迁越显著。层理砂岩力学参数具有明显的层理劣化效应。随层理倾角增大,峰值强度呈缓慢衰减—快速降低—急剧增大的趋势,疲劳寿命与峰值强度呈正相关。弹性模量呈急剧增大—缓慢增大—趋于平缓或降低的趋势,周期比分界点为28.57%和81.81%。砂岩破裂模式与层理效应密切相关,包括张拉破裂(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、斜剪破裂及复合破裂;张拉破裂Ⅱ型具有压杆效应,破裂面粗糙度略小;斜剪破裂面粗糙度显著降低,压—剪作用导致复合破裂断面出现破碎带和光滑断口。循环加卸载效应导致层理砂岩的临界损伤呈非线性快速增大—近似线性增长—非线性急剧增大演变,Logistic反函数损伤模型可很好描述临界损伤规律,疲劳敏感性顺序依次为斜剪破裂型>复合破裂型>张拉破裂型。

多层坚硬顶板特厚煤层综放工作面小煤柱护巷技术

为研究小煤柱护巷巷道的稳定性及其阻隔同层位邻近采空区灾害的特征,以大同矿区石炭系坚硬顶板特厚煤层开采为工程背景,采用理论分析、实验研究、数值模拟等研究方法,从小煤柱护巷巷道的稳定性和其是否具有阻隔同层位邻近采空区有害气体能力2个角度,综合分析小煤柱的合理尺寸及其在不同采动阶段渗透率的演化特征。针对同忻煤矿石炭系煤层8210工作面沿空掘巷小煤柱开采具体的开采条件,建立了双关键层采场内外应力场叠加的力学模型,推导出双关键层条件下沿空掘巷小煤柱合理尺寸的计算关系式,理论确定8210工作面小煤柱合理尺寸为6.0 m;应用DJG–Ⅱ型煤岩渗流测试装备,研究不同采动阶段小煤柱渗透率演化特征,试验确定在第3采动阶段小煤柱渗透率较初始渗透率增大了23倍,该阶段小煤柱基本失去了阻隔邻近采空区有害气体的能力。根据理论研究结果,现场选取6 m小煤柱进行工业性试验;根据试验研究结果,开采试验过程中对小煤柱进行了改性降透措施,在小煤柱表面及顶板距煤柱帮1500 mm范围内喷射厚层混凝土(100 mm)。实践表明:工作面回采过程中小煤柱护巷的回采巷道发生了一定的变形量,但是巷道变形在安全可控范围之内,巷道稳定,可实现安全回采;开采过程中8210工作面上隅角CH4气体浓度远低于邻近8305工作面采空区CH4气体浓度,表明小煤柱经过改性降透后具备了阻隔同层位邻近采空区有害气体的能力;开采实践也进一步验证了理论和试验研究成果的合理性和科学性。研究成果可以为类似条件下小煤柱护巷技术的推广应用提供参考。

Hardening Effect on Machined Surface for Precise Hard Cutting Process with Consideration of Tool Wear

During hard cutting process there is severe thermodynamic coupling effect between cutting tool and workpiece, which causes quenching effect on finished surfaces under certain conditions. However, material phase transformation mechanism of heat treatment in cutting process is different from the one in traditional process, which leads to changes of the formation mechanism of damaged layer on machined workpiece surface. This paper researches on the generation mechanism of damaged layer on machined surface in the process of PCBN tool hard cutting hardened steel Cr12MoV. Rules of temperature change on machined surface and subsurface are got by means of finite element simulation. In phase transformation temperature experiments rapid transformation instrument is employed, and the effect of quenching under cutting conditions on generation of damaged layer is revealed. Based on that, the phase transformation points of temperature under cutting conditions are determined. By experiment, the effects of cutting speed and tool wear on white layer thickness in damaged layer are revealed. The temperature distribution law of third deformation zone is got by establishing the numerical prediction model, and thickness of white layer in damaged layer is predicted, taking the tool wear effect into consideration. The experimental results show that the model prediction is accurate, and the establishment of prediction model provides a reference for wise selection of parameters in precise hard cutting process. For the machining process with high demanding on surface integrity, the generation of damaged layer on machined surface can be controlled precisely by using the prediction model.

Modified Rammsonde tests in layered compacted snow

Investigation of the physical and mechanical properties of snow has long been a topic of interest to researchers as the construction of compacted-snow runways in Antarctica developed. In an attempt to assess the strength of layered compacted seasonal snow, penetration tests using modified Rammsonde were conducted in Harbin, China in early 2018. Compared with previous models, the modified Rammsonde is lighter overall, with improved resolution;thus, it is more suitable for seasonal snow;the mechanical structure was adjusted, and the reading of depth data is more convenient. A total of 74 penetration tests were carried out and the results were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of these analyses demonstrated the applicability of the device, and revealed that several factors affect the cone penetrometer's estimate of the strength of the layered compacted seasonal snow. Such factors include the confining pressure, penetration energy, and the snow material properties, particularly the compaction of the snow undergoing penetration. A linear relationship between the penetration pressure and snow density was also established. The effect of age hardening on the penetration pressure was studied and the microstructure of the snow particles was observed through a microscope. These analyses showed that the cone penetrometer and data processing methodology applied in this study enable a rapid estimate of strength in seasonal snow, and may be applied in Antarctica after further modification. This would provide a scientific basis for the design of China's Antarctic ice sheet airport.

水平定向钻进坚硬地层孕镶金刚石钻头的研究与应用

针对水平定向钻进坚硬地层效率低的问题,通过利用FeCoCu预合金胎体的硬脆性以及硬质颗粒碳化硅弱化胎体的特点,提高钻头的自锐性。采用分层结构设计,将高、低耐磨性胎体层沿钻头径向方向交替排布,其中高、低耐磨性胎体层厚度分别为2.5~3.5 mm和1.0~1.5 mm,可实现高、低耐磨性胎体层同步磨损,提高钻进效率。将FeCoCu预合金胎体和分层式胎体结构相结合,研制的孕镶金刚石钻头成功应用于水平定向钻进勘察工程坚硬钾长花岗岩地层,平均机械钻速0.8~1.5 m/h,钻头使用寿命为30~40 m。与普通同心圆尖齿钻头相比,机械钻速提高约1倍,寿命提高30%以上。

上覆坚硬厚顶板煤岩卸压增透数值模拟及应用研究

基于榆树田煤矿上保护层开采时被保护煤层上覆岩层为坚硬厚岩层的实际情况,采用物理实验、数值模拟和现场应用等方法,研究上保护层开采推进时被保护区域的应力变化尤其是垂直应力演化规律和原岩应力区、应力增高区和降低区的演化规律,继而设计保护层开采方案并选定高位定向长钻孔进行瓦斯抽采。结果表明,被保护层上覆的坚硬厚岩层会形成关键层直接影响保护层效果;上保护层开采后被保护层的卸压程度为50%,膨胀变形量为0.391%,被保护层工作面回风瓦斯浓度降低至0.35%。现场应用结果表明,被保护煤层上覆坚硬厚岩层时,采用上保护层开采配合高位定向长钻孔抽采能够取得理想的卸压增透和瓦斯抽采效果。

碳化钨对Fe基合金激光熔覆层性能的影响

采用向Fe基合金粉末中加入一定比例碳化钨硬质颗粒的方法,分别对熔覆层的硬度、摩擦系数以及磨痕的磨损形貌进行分析,探索碳化钨对Fe基合金熔覆层使用性能的影响。结果表明,基体的硬度为302 HV,Fe基合金熔覆层的平均硬度为500 HV,而加入5%、10%、15%碳化钨硬质颗粒的Fe基梯度复合熔覆层的平均硬度分别为662、771、806 HV;Fe基合金熔覆层比基体具有更好的耐磨性,随着Fe基合金粉末中添加碳化钨硬质颗粒的比例逐渐增大,熔覆层与对磨副之间的摩擦系数逐渐减小,磨损量逐渐减小,当碳化钨硬质颗粒的比例达到15%时,由于熔覆层内有较多未熔的碳化钨硬质颗粒,反而磨损量增大,犁沟现象严重。

压水堆核电站完整和破损燃料棒硬度和杨氏模量研究

利用热室内金相显微镜、纳米压痕仪和拉曼光谱仪分别对燃耗为41 GW·d/tU破损棒和45 GW·d/tU完整棒的化学相互作用(FCCI)层、包壳及燃料芯块进行了表征分析。结果表明:完整棒燃料芯块外围硬度较小,其主要原因是芯块外缘出现了多孔隙的高燃耗结构(HBS);破损棒燃料芯块硬度则沿径向朝内整体呈下降趋势,这主要与燃料芯块孔隙率的变化和重构有关。燃料棒破损后,冷却水进入包壳芯块间隙与芯块发生反应,芯块外缘孔隙率显著降低,从而导致芯块外缘区域硬度较高;同时,气孔的迁移引起晶粒重构形成大尺寸柱状晶,造成破损棒燃料芯块中间和中心区域硬度下降且低于完整棒燃料芯块。燃料棒的破损不会改变芯块的相组成,因此完整棒与破损棒芯块的杨氏模量区别不大。完整棒FCCI层硬度沿包壳向芯块逐渐增加,杨氏模量则先减小后增加;破损棒FCCI层硬度先增加后减小,杨氏模量变化与硬度变化基本相似,该现象的出现可能源于FCCI层相结构的转变、辐照硬化和裂变产物掺杂的共同作用。燃料棒破损后包壳的氢化及氧化使得破损棒包壳硬度与杨氏模量均显著高于完整棒。

复合关键层厚硬顶板诱冲机制与防治技术模式

【目的】厚硬顶板是诱发煤矿冲击地压、矿震等灾害的关键因素,其中煤层顶板发育有复合关键层厚硬顶板条件下灾害更为严重,揭示复合关键层厚硬顶板诱冲机制,构建防治技术模式迫在眉睫。【方法】运用物理相似模拟和力学分析等方法,建立复合关键层硬顶板和其非协同破断判识方法,揭示复合关键层厚硬顶板诱冲机制,优选防冲技术模式。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)复合关键层厚硬顶板呈现“大-小”周期来压规律,来压期间声发射频次和微震能量分别为非来压的5.3倍与7.3倍;上、下位关键层厚硬顶板同步破断扰动叠加,叠合“周期”和“见方”来压效应诱发大型冲击地压灾害。(2)建立了以中性轴线为基础的复合关键层判识模型,两层及以上关键层厚硬顶板形成复合关键层前提是梁模型横截面上剪切应力不超过对应的抗剪强度。(3)形成了“悬臂梁”和“砌体梁”两种模式下合理破断线距离定量判识方法,提出了复合关键层厚硬顶板上、下单层和双层协同3种水力压裂卸压技术模式。(4)分析显示下位关键层压裂主要改变了厚硬顶板关键层完整性和强度,缩短了来压步距,无法控制上位关键层“拱壳”结构大能量冲击地压;上位关键层压裂控制“大周期”破断扰动载荷,减弱了复合关键层耦合效应,大幅降低冲击地压危险性,是冲击地压主控层位,“上-下位”关键层协同压裂为最优卸压防冲模式。该研究成果将为复合厚硬顶板冲击地压地压、矿震灾害区域的精准防治提供重要依据。

上覆CRSS快速固化淤泥硬壳层厚度对淤泥地基承载特性的影响

复合型早强土壤固化剂(CRSS)具有快凝高强特性,利用自主研发的CRSS固化剂对表层淤泥快速固化并作为上覆硬壳层,通过模型试验研究不同上覆硬壳层厚度(3、6、9、12 cm)条件下硬壳层破坏形式、p-s曲线特性、弯沉盆形状以及土压力分布规律,在现有弯沉盆变形理论基础上,结合试验结果,对弯沉盆变形形状函数进行修正。研究结果表明:随硬壳层厚度增大,硬壳层破坏形式由对折破坏过渡到冲切破坏;硬壳层厚度越大,扩散作用越明显,极限承载力越高,沉降相应增大;与荷载板中心点不同距离的沉降位移可用弯沉盆形状描述,提出了修正的对数弯沉盆假设变形计算公式,比线性弯沉盆假设变形计算公式更合理;土压力从中心向外呈下降趋势,沿深度方向逐渐减小;随硬壳层厚度增大,土压力分布更均匀。