First-principles Investigation on Solution Hardening of Interstitial Impurity Elements (O,N) inγ-TiAl

We have calculated the electronic Structures of O-doped and N-doped r-TiAl using the firstprinciples discrete variational method (DVM) with the aim to understand the solution hardening effects of oxygen and nitrogen in r-TiAl. Our combination analysis on the electronic density, density of states (DOS) and the local environment total bond orders (LTBO) will show that, X atom (X is O or N) can strongly bind with its six surrounding atoms via electronic hybridizations of Ti-3d/X-2p and Al-3p/X-2p. As a sequence, there forms a 'hard' cohesive region around the impurity atom. A pinning model based on the calculations is proposed to explain the hardening effects. The consistent results are obtained between the present calculation and formal test experiments.

Single Track Laser Surface Hardening Model for AISI 4340 Steel Using the Finite Element Method

Laser surface hardening becomes one of the most effective techniques used to enhance wear and fatigue resistance of mechanical parts. The characteristics of the hardened surface depend on the physicochemical properties of the material as well as the heating system parameters. To adequately exploit the benefits presented by the laser heating method, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy to control the process parameters in order to produce desired hardened surface attributes without being forced to use the traditional and fastidious trial and error procedures. This study presents a comprehensive approach used to build a simplified model for predicting the hardness profile. A finite element method based prediction model for AISI 4340 steel is investigated. A circular shape with a Gaussian distribution is used for modeling the laser heat source. COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software is used to solve the heat transfer equations, estimate the temperature distribution in the part and consequently predict the hardness profile. A commercial 3 kW Nd:Yag laser system is combined to a structured experimental design and confirmed statistical analysis tools for conducting the experimental calibration and validation of the model. The results reveal that the model can effectively lead to a consistent and accurate prediction of the hardness profile characteristics under variable hardening parameters and conditions. The results show great concordance between predicted and measured values for the dimensions of hardened and melted zones.

硬化模型对Ti80厚板焊接热-力耦合仿真计算的影响

在船用Ti80钛合金厚板的多层多道焊接中,材料经历了多次热-力循环的作用,焊接接头需要考虑材料在循环载荷作用下的热塑性变形行为,而不同的塑性本构模型所表达的材料力学特性存在明显差别,因此材料塑性模型对焊接残余应力的模拟计算有着直接影响。文中通过对Ti80钛合金材料在不同温度(20~900℃)的拉伸试验以及不同温度(20~800℃)的低周疲劳试验,获得了Ti80钛合金材料的理想弹塑性模型、各向同性硬化模型、随动硬化模型和混合硬化模型的材料参数。采用不同硬化模型对Ti80焊接接头焊接残余应力进行模拟计算,并采用X射线测量残余应力,将获得的残余应力结果进行对比,分析不同硬化模型对焊接残余应力的影响。结果表明,理想塑性模型低估了残余应力的大小,各向同性硬化模型略微高估了熔池及其附近的残余应力大小,随动硬化模型与混合硬化模型残余应力计算值较为接近,前者略小,后者可较精确预测残余应力。从工程应用的角度来看,推荐各向同性应变硬化模型,该模型在残余应力预报的数值最大,使用该模型可以获得相对保守的预测值。

基于Struik模型的聚乙烯管道蠕变行为分析

结合聚乙烯管道长期负载的变形情况,对其蠕变行为进行研究。基于管道的Struik模型进行回归分析,求得时间硬化蠕变模型参数,建立了有限元模型。对管材在不同压力、不同壁厚下的蠕变情况进行了模拟,并在恒定压力下进行了试验,分析了管道的蠕变规律。结果表明,对于实验中研究的φ110×1.6 MPa型号的聚乙烯管道,蠕变随压力的增大而增大,压力每增大0.2P_(N),蠕变量增大约0.5%;增大聚乙烯管道的管壁厚度,环向蠕变逐渐减小,当管壁厚度由5 mm增大至10 mm时,100 h内的环向蠕变量减少了11%;有限元模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。采用时间硬化蠕变模型可以有效地进行聚乙烯管道蠕变有限元模拟,对聚乙烯管道设计与工程应用具有一定的指导作用。

100级及以上矿用圆环链的开发

基于扩散型相变以及弥散强化理论,在钢中分别添加0.23%和0.39%的W合金元素开发低碳马氏体矿用圆环链。采用Gleeble试验机及末端淬透性试验,测试新钢种的CCT曲线和淬透性;采用OM、SEM和TEM分析不同热处理状态时的组织及力学性能;采用圆环链破断试验、盐雾试验测试矿用圆环链破断力、耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:与23MnNiMoCr54钢比,新钢种获得全部马氏体的临界冷却速度降低为5℃/s,在5~0.3℃/内获得马氏体+贝氏体混合组织,0.3℃/s以下获得铁素体+珠光体组织,末端淬透性在25 mm处硬度值为45 HRC,无明显下降;随着回火温度的升高,抗拉强度降低,冲击韧性增加,其抗拉强度大于1350 MPa时冲击功大于85 J。工业化生产的圆环链破断力达到120级,腐蚀速率1.46 g/天,能满足GB/T12718标准中大规格100级及以上矿用圆环链的性能要求。

基于多线性材料硬化的向量式有限元C型薄壁型钢屈曲分析

C型薄壁型钢在实际工程中较常见,在力的作用下容易发生屈曲失效。传统有限元法预测结构屈曲变形已经有一套较为成熟的方案,但程序较烦琐。基于向量式有限元(VFIFE)方法编制了三角形壳单元的Fortran计算程序。通过Matlab软件编写前处理与后处理程序,将计算结果与经典的双曲壳屈曲计算结果对比,考察其正确性。考虑几何非线性问题与材料非线性问题,引入多线性材料硬化模型,计算了不同尺寸的C型薄壁型钢在轴压荷载下的屈曲特性。根据位移-轴力曲线判断屈曲荷载,通过后处理程序绘制出屈曲发生后的变形,并与现有的试验结果对比。结果表明:引入多线性材料硬化模型的向量式有限元方法能够较好地预测结构屈曲荷载以及屈曲变形,为预测结构的屈曲变形提供一种新的、可靠参考。

碱激发胶凝材料硬化体内Na^(+)分布规律模拟

本工作通过试验探究了标准养护条件下的碱激发胶凝材料硬化体内Na^(+)在一维方向上的分布规律。同时,基于Fick扩散方程,采用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元模拟软件,通过有限元条件下硬化体内的Na^(+)扩散系数、湿度水头和孔隙率等边界条件的设定,建立了碱激发胶凝材料硬化体有限元模型,模拟了碱激发胶凝材料硬化体一维方向上Na^(+)的分布规律。试验结果表明,在标准养护条件下,0~3 d碱激发胶凝材料硬化体内Na^(+)的迁移量呈“∨”型分布,Na^(+)以两端析出为主,3~28 d碱激发胶凝材料硬化体内的Na^(+)迁移量呈“∧”型分布,Na^(+)以内部迁移为主。基于Fick扩散定律的COMSOL Multiphysics仿真模拟,在扩散系数D F,C=1×10^(-8)m^(2)/s、湿度水头∅=0.85、孔隙率p=20%的条件下建立溶质传递方程与溶剂运输方程,拟合得到的碱激发胶凝材料硬化体内Na^(+)一维分布规律与试验结果相近。本工作实现了基于试验的碱激发胶凝材料硬化体内Na^(+)一维分布的数学模拟。

武汉地区土体硬化模型试验参数的应用分析

试验研究得出武汉地区的切线模量E ref oed、割线模量E ref 50、卸载再加载模量E ref ur、黏聚力c′、内摩擦角φ′、失效率(破坏比)R f等土体硬化模型参数,将其代入基于一典型基坑支护工程案例所建立的精细化修正摩尔—库伦(MMC)有限元模型,把模拟计算结果与监测结果进行系统的对比分析,综合考虑模拟计算极值、监测极值、监测点布置位置和模拟节点位置的双重对应关系,初步探究将试验参数直接应用于实际工程建模分析的合理性和适用性。总体来看,模拟计算结果符合一般规律,与现场监测结果趋势在一定程度上吻合。从数值上看,全局模拟计算极值大于现场整体监测极值,周边道路沉降、周边建筑物沉降、围护结构顶部水平位移、围护结构深层水平位移的模拟计算极值分别为监测极值的1.06、1.84、1.84、1.73倍。从位置上看,得出以上4项监测项目的模拟计算极值与监测极值的位置均存在不同程度的对应差异,因此又分别对“模拟计算极值/模拟计算极值同位置处监测值”、“监测极值/监测极值同位置处模拟计算值”进行反向双重对比,以上4项监测项目倍数关系依次为1.07/2.52/2.14/2.1、1.06/1.09/2.12/1.18。另外,围护结构深层水平位移模拟计算值随深度的变化曲线与监测结果也存在一定差异。武汉地区土体硬化模型试验参数需要结合更多工程实例进行应用检验,在充分检验的基础上进行下一步的反演校核分析,并最终科学地给出指导性取值参数。

316L不锈钢应变率硬化效应有限元模拟

基于316L不锈钢室温不同应变率下拉伸实验结果,分析了材料的应变率硬化效应,采用Abaqus软件选用Johnson-Cook(J-C)模型对材料的应变率硬化效应进行模拟。实验结果表明,应变率从0.001 s^(-1)增大到1 s^(-1),屈服强度增大了61 MPa,抗拉强度增加了35 MPa,分别产生302、293、269、276 MPa的应变硬化,应变硬化随应变率增加呈衰减趋势。在应变ε<0.1时,加工硬化率随应变率的增加而减小,当ε>0.1时,不同应变率下的加工硬化率曲线趋于吻合。基于不同应变率下的应力应变曲线确定参数,采用J-C模型对材料的应变率硬化效应进行模拟,得到的屈服应力与实验最大误差仅为7 MPa,整个模拟过程平均误差最大为4.2%。

CALCULATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS FIELD IN LASER TRANSFORMATION HARDENED MoCu NODULAR IRON

In this paper,a thermal elastic-plastic 2-D finite element model of stress generation during laser transformation hardening process was developed. In this model, the mechanical properties of the material, Young's modules E, Poisson's ratio v, yield limit s, and thermal expansion coefficient α, are all change with temperature. The equivalent expansion method was used to deal with the problem with phase transformation. Based on this model, a program to calculate the residual stress field was developed using FORTRAN language. The residual stress fields in CO2 laser transformation hardened MoCu nodular iron were calculated. The calculated results showed that in the transformation hardened zone, the residual stress state is compress,whereas adjacent to this zone the residual stress state is tensile, and there is a tensile stress peak close to the transformation hardened zone. To verify this model, the residual stress fields were measured using X-ray diffraction method. The calculated results of residual stress fields are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Calculation of Transient Stress Field During Laser Transformation Hardening Process

A thermal elastic-plastic Two-D finite element model to calculate the transient stress field during laser transformation hardening process was developed in this paper. The mechanical properties of material, Young’s module E, Poisson’s ratio v, yield limit s2 and thermal expansion coefficient a are all considered to change with temperature. The equivalent expansion method was used to deal with the problem with phase transformation. A program to calculate the transient stress field was developed using FORTRAN language. The transient and residual stress fields during CO2 laser transformation hardening process of MoCu nodular iron were calculated. The residual stress fields were measured using X-ray diffraction method. The calculated residual stress field of laser transformation hardened MoCu nodular iron is in good agreement with the experimental result.

桥面铺装快硬混凝土温度应力有限元模拟与试验研究

通过有限元模拟不同龄期快硬混凝土温度和应力,研究桥面铺装快硬混凝土温度和应力变化规律,并与感测光缆实测结果进行对比分析,验证有限元模拟的正确性。结果表明:各龄期温度开裂指数均大于1.5,快硬混凝土6 h抗拉强度可抵抗水化热产生的拉应力,具有一定抗裂性能;桥面铺装快硬混凝土底层、中间层、表层温度在4 h左右达到峰值,最高温度分别为39、37、32℃,之后各层温度随时间延长而逐渐降低;在0~3 d内,随龄期延长,桥面铺装快硬混凝土中间层、底层的应变逐渐增大,在3 d时应变均达到峰值,7~28 d时应变逐渐减小;有限元模拟计算值与实测值变化规律基本一致,该模型可以为大面积桥面铺装维修用快硬混凝土的防裂及施工工艺优化提供参考。

Investigations of high-frequency induction hardening process for piston rod of shock absorber

The microhardness of piston rods treated with different induction hardening processes was tested. The experimental results reveal that the depth of the hardened zone is proportional to the ratio of the moving speed of the piston rod to the output power of the induction generator. This result is proved correct through the Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of the thermal field of induction heating. From tensile and impact tests, an optimized high frequency induction hardening process for piston rods has been obtained, where the output power was 82%×80 kW and the moving speed of workpiece was 5364 mm/min. The piston rods, treated by the optimized high frequency induction hardening process, show the best comprehensive mechanical performance.

Significance of Alloying Element Levels in Realizing the Specified Tensile Properties in 18 Wt % Nickel Maraging Steel

Among the various grades of commercially available 18 wt. % nickel maraging steels, the one with nominal 0.2% proof strength in the range 1700-1750 MPa is the most commonly used and is distinguished by an excellent combination of high strength and high fracture toughness. The main alloying elements are nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and titanium. The first three of these are present at relatively high concentrations in the chemical composition. The high cost of these metals leads to a high cost of production and this becomes a deterrent to extensive use of the steel. In the present study, an attempt was made to produce the steel by pegging the levels of these alloying elements in the lower half of the specified range. The objective was to save on the raw material cost, while still conforming to the specification. The steel so produced could not, however, attain the specified tensile properties after final heat treatment. The observed behavior is explained based on the role played by the different alloying elements in driving the precipitation hardening reaction.

Numerical Investigation of Laser Surface Hardening of AISI 4340 Using 3D FEM Model for Thermal Analysis of Different Laser Scanning Patterns

Laser surface hardening is becoming one of the most successful heat treatment processes for improving wear and fatigue properties of steel parts. In this process, the heating system parameters and the material properties have important effects on the achieved hardened surface characteristics. The control of these variables using predictive modeling strategies leads to the desired surface properties without following the fastidious trial and error method. However, when the dimensions of the surface to be treated are larger than the cross section of the laser beam, various laser scanning patterns can be used. Due to their effects on the hardened surface properties, the attributes of the selected scanning patterns become significant variables in the process. This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations of four scanning patterns for laser surface hardening of AISI 4340 steel. The investigations are based on exhaustive modelling and simulation efforts carried out using a 3D finite element thermal analysis and structured experimental study according to Taguchi method. The temperature distribution and the hardness profile attributes are used to evaluate the effects of heating parameters and patterns design parameters on the hardened surface characteristics. This is very useful for integrating the scanning patterns’ features in an efficient predictive modeling approach. A structured experimental design combined to improved statistical analysis tools is used to assess the 3D model performance. The experiments are performed on a 3 kW Nd:Yag laser system. The modeling results exhibit a great agreement between the predicted and measured values for the hardened surface characteristics. The model evaluation reveals also its ability to provide not only accurate and robust predictions of the temperature distribution and the hardness profile as well an in-depth analysis of the effects of the process parameters.

堤坝软土碎石桩复合地基计算参数研究

目前确定碎石桩复合地基参数时,工程界常采用碎石与原状土参数按平面面积占比叠加的简化方法进行计算,对其适用条件较少关注。以卢旺达那巴龙格河二号水电站高土石坝深厚覆盖层软弱地基处理项目为背景,基于PLAXIS有限元平台,对不同面积置换率下含碎石芯软黏土复合试样进行三轴固结排水试验数值模拟,经室内三轴试验验证了数值模拟方案的合理性。对软土碎石桩复合地基的桩-土作用机制和土体硬化模型计算参数进行研究,将所获参数应用于坝基的变形分析,并与传统参数叠加法和碎石桩墙法进行对比。结果表明:采用数值复合试样法确定的土石坝软土碎石桩复合地基参数是合理的,在计算复合地基沉降时误差小;传统参数叠加法低估了软土碎石桩复合地基的沉降,仅适用于低应力水平、高面积置换率的情况,并且会高估复合地基的强度参数。采用数值复合试样法参数对坝基变形的二维有限元分析表明,根据坝体高度不同采取不同置换率的碎石桩分区加固地基的优化方案是可行的。

低面积与低延迟开销的三节点翻转容忍锁存器设计

随着纳米级CMOS集成电路的不断发展,锁存器极易受恶劣的辐射环境影响,由此引发的多节点翻转问题越来越严重。该文提出一种基于双联互锁存储单元(DICE)和2级C单元的3节点翻转(TNU)容忍锁存器,该锁存器包括5个传输门、2个DICE和3个C单元。该锁存器具有较小的晶体管数量,大大减小了电路的硬件开销,实现低成本。每个DICE单元可用来容忍并恢复单节点翻转,而C单元具有错误拦截特性,可屏蔽由DICE单元传来的错误值。当任意3个节点翻转后,借助DICE单元和C单元,该锁存器可容忍该错误。基于集成电路仿真程序(HSPICE)的仿真结果表明,与先进的TNU加固锁存器设计相比,该锁存器的延迟平均降低了64.65%,延迟功耗面积积平均降低了65.07%。

汽车安全碰撞仿真的材料断裂卡片对比研究

为研究不同硬化和断裂模型对汽车材料仿真精度的影响,设计并进行了DP590板材在多种应力状态下的材料级别力学试验。根据试验结果标定了路德维克(Ludwik)、斯威夫特(Swift)、沃斯(Voce)、霍克特-谢尔比(H-S)、斯威夫特-霍克特谢尔比(S-HS)5种硬化模型和修正摩尔库仑(MMC)、损伤起始和演化模型(DIEM)、约翰逊-库克(J-C)3种断裂模型。使用上述模型进行了试样级仿真和防撞梁落锤试验及仿真。对比结果表明,S-HS硬化模型和MMC断裂模型对于材料的变形行为和断裂行为的预测结果最精确。结合其他研究成果,推荐使用S-HS硬化模型结合MMC断裂模型预测高强钢板材塑性变形和断裂行为。

低屈服点钢材LYP100循环加载试验

为了准确模拟低屈服点钢材LYP100的弹塑性地震反应,需要对材料的循环本构关系进行研究.采用16种不同加载制度对LYP100的20个试件进行试验,分析单调曲线、滞回曲线、破坏形态、延性特点等.基于Ramberg-Osgood模型对逐级加载下的循环骨架曲线进行拟合.利用试验数据标定LYP100钢材的等向强化和随动强化参数,通过ABAQUS有限元数值模拟进行参数数值的验证.结果表明,LYP100钢材表现出明显的循环硬化特征;LYP100经历过循环荷载加载以后仍具有良好的延性;采用Ramberg-Osgood模型可以较好地模拟LYP100在逐级循环加载下的骨架曲线;标定的强化模型参数,应用到ABAQUS有限元软件中时,计算结果与试验结果接近.

1.0wt%Li对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金时效硬化的影响

对含1.0wt%Li和不含Li的5.6wt%Zn,1.9wt%Mg,1.6wt%Cu,0.3wt%Er合金在110℃,120℃和160℃进行单级时效,并对含Li的铝合金进行110℃ 5h+160℃ 40h两级时效。由于合金中Li对GP区的抑制作用,与不含Li合金相比,含Li合金的单级时效硬化效果差。双级时效时,含Li铝合金具有较好的强化硬化效果,这与形成了η′相和T′相有关。