Factors inducing morphological transition in harmful algal bloom-forming species Phaeocystis globosa with emphasis on predator chemical cue

The microalga Phaeocystis globosa is recognized as a harmful alga and also one of the few keystone phytoplankton genera that shape the structure and function of marine ecosystems.P.globosa possess a complex polymorphic life cycle,exhibiting phase alternation between free-living cells of approximately 3-6μm in diameter and gelatinous colonies(palmelloid stage)reaching several millimeters.The knowledge on the factors that induced the morphological transition of P.globosa in the last two decades was reviewed.Emphasis is given to infochemicals,an additional biological factor induced by predator,with the attempt to reveal a relevant mechanism of induced morphological defense.

Characteristics of Large-Scale Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Yangtze River Estuary and the Adjacent East China Sea (ECS) from 2000 to 2010

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a serious worldwide issue which has posed great risks on marine ecosystems and public health by directly releasing toxins or indirectly leading to anoxia in marine environment. In recent years HABs have caused huge economic losses in China, particularly in the Yangtze Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea (ECS). The present study investigated the spatial-temporal and species characteristics of large-scale HABs in this area using geographic information system (GIS) Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) spatial analysis, statistical methods and satellite image interpretation. Results revealed that the Yangtze Estuary, Zhoushan island, Xiangshan bay and Jiushan island are the regions with highest frequency of large-scale HABs. HABs in the ECS reached a peak in terms of total number and area in 2003 to 2005 and occupied a high percentage (around 70% in area and 60% in occurrence) in the four Chinese coastal waters. The number of large-scale HABs (> 1000 km2) in the Yangtze Estuary and the adjacent ECS declined after 2005 while that of HABs (> 100 km2) declined after 2008. Large-scale HABs occurrences concentrated in summer (May to July), and the averaged duration increased continually from the shortest time (1.3 days) in 2001 to the longest (10.9 days) in 2010 for each HAB. 17 causative species were found with Prorocentrum dentutam as the most frequent dominant species, followed by Skeletonema costatum, Karenia mikimotoi, and Chaetoceros curvisetus. Water discoloration observed in MODIS satellite true color images was well consistent with the corresponding HABs reported by State Oceanic Administration of China (SOA). Multiple factors involving eutrophication, physical dynamics, topography and deposition conditions contributed to the formation of frequent HABs in the ECS. Three strategies including establishing a synthesized system, improving the previous database and investigating multiple contributors were proposed for future HABs monitoring and management.

I mpact of several harmful algal bloom(HAB) causing species, on life history characteristics of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller

In recent years, harmful algal blooms(HABs) have occurred frequently along the coast of China, and have been exhibiting succession from diatom- to dinofl agellate-dominated blooms. To examine the eff ects of dif ferent diatom and dinofl agellate HABs, the life history parameters of rotifers(B rachionus plicatilis Müller) were measured after exposure to dif ferent concentrations of HAB species. The HAB species examined included a diatom(S keletonema costatum) and four dinofl agellates( Prorocentrum donghaiense, Alexandrium catenella, Prorocentrum lima and Karlodinium venefi cum). Compared with the control treatment(CT), the diatom S. costatum showed no adverse impacts on rotifers. Exposure to dinofl agellates at densities equivalent to those measured in the fi eld resulted in a reduction in all the life history parameters measured. This included a reduction in: lifetime egg production(CT: 20.34 eggs/ind.) reduced to 10.11, 3.22, 4.17, 7.16 eggs/ind., life span(CT: 394.53 h) reduced to 261.11, 162.90, 203.67, 196 h, net reproductive rate(CT: 19.51/ind.) reduced to 3.01, 1.26, 3.53, 5.96/ind., fi nite rate of increase(CT: 1.47/d) reduced to 1.16, 1.03, 1.33, 1.38/d, and intrinsic rate of population increase(CT: 0.39/d) reduced to 0.15, 0.03, 0.28, 0.32/d, for the dinofl agellates P. donghaiense, A. catenella, P. lima and K. venefi cum, respectively. The results showed that the diatom S. costatum had no detrimental consequences on the reproduction and growth of B. plicatilis, however, the four dinofl agellates tested did show adverse ef fects. This suggests that dinofl agellate HABs may suppress microzooplankton, resulting in an increase in algal numbers.

Changes of Water Temperature and Harmful Algal Bloom in the Daya Bay in the Northern South China Sea

Economic development around the Daya Bay, China has profoundly affected the marine environment in the bay area in recent years, particularly since the operation of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station （DNPS） in 1994. This study analyzed the changes of water temperature and harmful algal blooms （HABs） for two periods： 1983-1993 and 1994-2004, using in situ and satellite data. Results showed that yearly mean surface water temperature （SWT） and Chl-a concentration （Chl-a） increased by 1.1 ℃ and 1.9 mg/m^3, respectively, after 1994. The monthly occurrence of HAB was found to have increased also. HABs appeared only in spring and autumn before 1994, but occurred all the year round after 1994. SWT, Chl-a and HABs all increased significantly in May. Those changes were associated with environmental changes in this area, such as thermal discharge from the DNPS and enhancement of eutrophication from human activities around the Daya Bay.

Effects of temperature, salinity, and irradiance on the growth of harmful algal bloom species Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel(Prymnesiophyceae) isolated from the South China Sea

Blooms of Phaeocystis globosa have been frequently reported in Chinese coastal waters, causing serious damage to marine ecosystems. To better understand the ecological characteristics of P. globosa in Chinese coastal waters that facilitate its rapid expansion, the effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of P. globosa from the South China Sea were examined in the laboratory. The saturating irradiance for the growth ofP. globosa （Is） was 60 μmol/（m^2·s）, which was lower than those of other harmful algal species （70-114μmol/（m^2·s））. A moderate growth rate of 0.22/d was observed at 2 μmol/（m^2·s） （the minimum irradiance in the experiment）, and photo-inhibition did not occur at 230 μmol/（m^2·s） （the maximum irradiance in the experiment）. Exposed to 42 different combinations of temperatures （10- 31 ℃） and salinities （10-40） under saturating irradiance, P. globosa exhibited its maximum specific growth rate of 0.80/d at the combinations of 24℃ and 35, and 27℃ and 40. The optimum growth rates （〉0.80/d） were observed at temperatures ranging from 24 to 27℃ and salinities from 35 to 40. While P. globosa was able to grow well at temperatures from 20℃ to 31℃ and salinities from 20 to 40, it could not grow at temperatures lower than 15℃ or salinities lower than 15. Factorial analysis revealed that temperature and salinity has similar influences on the growth of this species. This strain ofP. globosa not only prefers higher temperatures and higher salinity, but also possesses a flexible nutrient competing strategy, adapted to lower irradiance. Therefore, the P. globosa population from South China Sea should belong to a new ecotype. There is also a potentially high risk of blooms developing in this area throughout the year.

Spatio-temporal variations of harmful algal blooms along the coast of Guangdong,Southern China during 1980–2016

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a recurring problem, posing severe impacts on marine ecosystems, fisheries, mariculture industry, and even public health. In this study, the geographic information system (GIS) was utilized to determine spatial and temporal characteristics of HAB events in the coastal waters of Guangdong from 1980–2016. We analyzed distribution patterns and characteristics of HABs by dividing the coast of Guangdong into well-known bays, estuary and coastal waters. Results showed that there were a total of 337 HABs recorded in Guangdong coastal waters. Spatial and temporal distributions varied among diff erent regions. Most HABs occurred in the Mirs Bay, followed by the west coast of Daya Bay, while a few occurred in the west and east coasts of Guangdong but with an increasing trend in the past two decades. HABs occurred mostly in warmer months of March to May in the western coast of Guangdong, March and April in Mirs Bay, April in Zhujiang (Pearl) River estuary, November in eastern coast of Guangdong. For Daya Bay, most HABs were reported between March and September. The most frequently occurring HABs species were Noctiluca scintillans , Phaeocystis globosa , Skeletonema costatum and Scrippsiella trochoidea , occurring mostly in Mirs Bay, western Guangdong coast area, eastern Guangdong coast area and Zhujiang River estuary and Daya Bay, respectively. Ichthyotoxic blooms were more common than toxic blooms, and Heterosigma akashiwo , Chattonella marina , Karenia mikimotoi and P haeocystis globosa were the most common ichthyotoxic species. Our results provide baseline information useful for policy making and management of HABs in the region.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of harmful algal blooms in Qingdao Waters,China

Qingdao waters,including both the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay(JB) and the adjacent water out of JB(OJB),have been the areas that are most frequently affected by harmful algal blooms(HABs) in the western Yellow Sea(west of 124°E).In this research,HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters from 1990 to 2009 were investigated using spatial tools in geographic information system(GIS) and are discussed in terms of their connection to temporal variation.Additionally,the effects of each HAB occurrence were further evaluated using a simple model.The calculated results were then visualized using a GIS software to indicate the effects of HABs in Qingdao waters during the entire period.As a result,the OJB was proven to be responsible for the frequent HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters after 2000,although JB was traditionally believed to be the principle source of HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters.In addition,increasing nitrogen and N/P structure imbalance were essential for increasing HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters throughout the entire period,especially for the recent HAB occurrences in the OJB.The results of this research would improve the current understanding on HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters,which would benefit HAB monitoring and the implementation of a control strategy in China as well.

A numerical model study on multi-species harmful algal blooms coupled with background ecological fields

Based on systematized physical, chemical, and biological modules, a multi-species harmful algal bloom （HAB） model coupled with background ecological fields was established. This model schematically embod-ied that HAB causative algal species and the background ecological system, quantified as total biomass, were significantly different in terms of the chemical and biological processes during a HAB while the inter-action between the two was present. The model also included a competition and interaction mechanism between the HAB algal species or populations. The Droop equation was optimized by considering tempera-ture, salinity, and suspended material impact factors in the parameterization of algal growth rate with the nutrient threshold. Two HAB processes in the springs of 2004 and 2005 were simulated using this model. Both simulation results showed consistent trends with corresponding HAB processes observed in the East China Sea, which indicated the rationality of the model. This study made certain progress in modeling HABs, which has great application potential for HAB diagnosis, prediction, and prevention.

Sustainable Utilization of Agricultural Straw for Harmful Algal Blooms Control:A Review

The use of agricultural straw for algal bloom control has been studied for more than 30 years.In this article,we have reviewed the promising potentials of using agricultural straw as source of anti-algal agents,including the effectiveness of each major straw type so far used in this regard,and the investigated algal species.Various pre-treatment methods have also been widely reviewed.Significant progress has been made in natural product chemistry and molecular biology with regards to agricultural straw,especially in relation to the extraction of antialgal allelochemicals,degradation processes of agricultural straws and the mechanisms through which these inhibitions occur.The development of biotechnologies using agricultural straw to successfully inhibit growth of bloom forming algae has been generally accepted as environmentally friendly.The current research status and that of the future should include isolation and discovery of antialgal allelochemicals,development of models that would illustrate the sequence of physiologic events that match the species-specific inhibitor phenomenon,and products fit in the field applications.

Harmful algal bloom-forming dinofl agellate Prorocentrum donghaiense inhibits the growth and photosynthesis of seaweed Sargassum fusiformis embryos

Harmful algal bloom(HAB)is an ecological disaster to local mariculture.At present,its impact on macrophytes has not been well studied.In this study,we cultivated sexually propagated embryos of S argassum fusiformis-an edible seaweed-in Prorocentrum donghaiense suspensions at different cell densities(0,0.50×10^(5),0.75×10^(5),1.00×10^(5),and 1.50×10^(5) cells/mL)for 10 days,during which growth and photosynthetic activities of the embryos were determined,and a monocultivation was set up for comparison.Results show that the relative growth rate and photosynthetic activities of the embryos co-cultivated with P.donghaiense were inhibited mostly and significantly in the cell densities of 0.75×10^(5),1.00×10^(5),and 1.50×10^(5) cells/mL,and the inhibitory effects increased in overall with increased cell densities.The maximum relative electron transport rates(rETR max)and apparent photosynthetic efficiency(a)of co-cultivated embryos were all significantly lower than monocultivation ones on the 10 th day.Furthermore,the photosynthetic activity detected by chlorophyll-a fluorescence transient(i.e.,OJIP),the electron transport among electron transfer accepters of PSII(photosystem II)and that from PSII to PSI(photosystem I)was restricted,which is probably responsible for the decreases of rETR max andain the co-cultivated embryos.In addition,parts of the photosynthetic reaction centers of PSII in the co-cultivated embryos were inactivated.Therefore,P.donghaiense bloom could restrain the development and photosynthetic activities of S.fusiformis embryos,reduce the seedlings stock,and eventually hinder the development of S.fusiformis production industry.

Does reduced sediment load contribute to increased outbreaks of harmful algal blooms off the Changjiang Estuary?

Harmful algal blooms（HABs） have been increasingly frequent in coastal waters around the world over the last several decades. Accelerated coastal eutrophication, resulting from the increased anthropogenic loadings of nutrients, is commonly assumed to be the primary cause of this increase. However, although important,accelerated coastal eutrophication may not be the only explanation for the increasing blooms or toxic outbreaks in estuarine waters. Changes in riverine material fluxes other than nutrients, such as sediment load, may significantly affect biological activities and HAB incidence in estuarine and coastal waters. A case study off the Changjiang（Yangtze River） Estuary indicated that with the increasing riverine loadings of nutrients, the sediment load from the Changjiang River has been reduced by 70% over the past four decades. A comparison of long-term data revealed that the phytoplankton biomass maximum has expanded to a region of much lower salinity due to the drastic reduction in riverine sediment load and the subsequent improvement in light penetration in the Changjiang River plume. Furthermore, there was an apparent mirror-image relationship between the sediment load from the Changjiang River and the HAB incidence off the Changjiang Estuary over the past four decades, and the number of HAB incidents was significantly negatively correlated with the sediment load. Therefore, it is argued that the drastic decline in sediment load from the Changjiang River reduced turbidity in the Changjiang Estuary and thus contributed to the increased frequency of HABs in the buoyant discharge plumes.

Prevention of Harmful Algal Blooms by Control of Growth Parameters

Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) were investigated to prevent the outbreak of HAB in both freshwater and seawater. Parameters inducing HAB were volcanic eruption, sunlight, aeolian dust, environmental factors (current, pH, dissolved oxygen, food web, turbulence, growth phase), enzyme, iron, nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, minerals) while the critical growth parameter for the outbreak of HAB was iron (Fe). HAB development was halted in freshwater and seawater due to the sulfur compounds (H2S, sulfates) inducing the deficiency of the dissolved Fe in the water. The atomic ratio of N/P is commonly known to be 16/1 in freshwater and 176/1 in seawater for HAB. Therefore, nitrogen can be a relatively limiting factor in seawater while phosphorus in freshwater. HAB could be prevented by control of growth parameters such as pH, temperature, sunlight, turbulence, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur compounds prior to reaching the early exponential phase of algal growth.

Identification of dissolved and particulate carbonyl compounds produced by marine harmful algal bloom species

Carbonyl compounds, especially polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), are increasingly reported as teratogenic to grazers and deleterious to phytoplankton. While PUAs have been considered to be mainly produced by diatoms after cell wounding, little is known about whether microalgae other than diatoms, particularly harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming species, produce carbonyl compounds. In this study, we analyzed the carbonyl compounds from eight common HAB-forming species ( Akashiwo sanguinea , Karenia mikimotoi , Karlodinium venefi cum , Margalefi dinium polykrikoides , Prorocentrum donghaiense , P . minimum , Scrippsiella trochoidea , and Heterosigma akashiwo ) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in full scan and selected ion monitoring (SIM) modes. Our results show a ubiquitous presence of carbonyl compounds in both dissolved and particulate forms in all species we examined. In the full scan mode, 133 chromatographic peaks were detected from 51 samples altogether. Both the varieties of carbonyl compounds and their quantities were algal species dependent, although most of the carbonyl compounds could not be fully identifi ed according to the mass spectral database only due to the unavailability of enough standards for all analytes. Aided with nine standards in SIM mode, we further identifi ed and quantifi ed all nine aldehydes (2-methyl-2-pentenal, trans-2-nonenal, cis-6-nonenal, 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2- decenal, 2,4-heptadienal, trans-trans-2,4-octadienal, and trans-trans-2,4-decadienal). Four of these nine aldehydes were detected in particulate form, which confi rmed that trans-2-nonenal could be produced by K . mikimotoi , Karl . venefi cum , P . donghaiense , P . minimum , S . trochoidea , and H . akashiwo , 2,4-heptadienal and trans-trans-2,4-decadienal by A . sanguinea , M . polykrikoides , and S . trochoidea , and trans, trans-2,4- octadienal by S . trochoidea , respectively. We proved that some dinofl agellate and raphidophyte species could contribute to the pool of carbonyl compounds including PUAs in a marine ecosystem. Some carbonyl compounds, particularly those in high cell quota and/or dissolved concentration, may be related to fi shkilling or allelopathy which needs further identifi cation and quantifi cation.

Effects of modified clay on cysts of Scrippsiella trochoidea for harmful algal bloom control

We present results on the effect of modified clay on cyst formation of Scrippsiella trochoidea in harmful algal bloom （HAB）. Modified clay （in concentration of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L） were added to cultures, and observations were made on cysts of S. trochoidea under controlled laboratory conditions. Results indicate that the removal rate of algal cells reached 97.7% at the clay concentration of 1.0 g/L. The cyst formation rate increased from 4.6% to 24.6% when the concentration of clay was increased from 0 to 1.0 g/L. Two cyst metamorphs were observed： spinal calcareous cysts and smooth noncalcareous ones. The proportion of the spinal cysts decreased from 76.9% to 24.1% when clay concentration increased from 0 to 1.0 g/L. In addition, modified clay affected cyst germination. The germination rate decreased with the increases in the clay concentrations. Non-calcareous cysts had a lower germination rate with a longer germination time. We conclude that modified clay could depress algal cell multiplication and promote formation of temporal cysts of S. trochoidea, which may help in controlling HAB outbreaks.

Increased diversity and environmental threat of harmful algal blooms in the Southern Yellow Sea,China

Harmful algal blooms(HABs)in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS)have shown a trend of increasing diversity and detrimental ef fects.While the Bohai Sea,East China Sea,and South China Sea have experienced a high incidence of HABs since the 1980s,the Yellow Sea provides a relatively healthy ecological environment in which fewer HABs have been documented before the 21s t century.Yet largescale blooms of the green macroalga Ulva prolifera(so-called“green tides”)have occurred annually since 2007 in the Yellow Sea.Six people were poisoned and one person died in Lianyungang in 2008 due to ingestion of algal toxins.Moreover,the Yellow Sea experienced co-occurrence of harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides in 2017.This combination of events,rare worldwide,indicates the potential for further deterioration of the marine environment in the Yellow Sea,which may be related to climate change,aquaculture,and other human activities.Using the SYS as an example,we collected data of the frequency and scale of HABs over the years,as well as that of marine algal toxins,and analyzed the trend in the diversity of HABs in the SYS,to explore the causes and impacts of HABs,as well as the interrelationships among dif ferent types of HABs,including harmful red tides,green tides,and golden tides.We also attempted to improve our understanding of HAB evolution under the influence of global climate change and intensified human activities.

Overview of harmful algal blooms(red tides)in Hong Kong during 1975–2021

Hong Kong has a long historical record of harmful algal blooms(HABs).In the 1980s-1990s,HABs were mainly pollution-related and most of the events happened in estuaries and enclosed embayment such as Tolo Harbour and Port Shelter.The major cause of HABs in 1980s-1990s was closely related to nutrients enrichment;included but not limited to changes in the concentration and ratio of soluble N and P in seawater.The major causative organisms of HABs in Hong Kong by then were meso-plankton such as selected species of diatoms and dinofl agellates.Sometimes,zooplankton was also a cause of red tides(the common name of HABs).There has been gradual change after the 2000s.It is attributed to higher and higher influences from the region,namely the Zhujiang(Pearl)River delta.There are increasing influences from Chinese mainland due to extraordinary social and economic growths during the past 20 years.In the past10 years,HABs in Hong Kong was mainly subject to regional impacts in the Zhujiang River delta.Both the duration period and covered areas have been enlarged which overwhelmed the localized influences of stream pollution and self-contamination of aquaculture zones.More flagellates of uncommon happening become dominant species in HAB now.Nevertheless,the seasonal impact of Noctiluca scintillans in late winter to mid spring remained.

Harmful Algal Blooms Associated with Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia and Philippines for Korean Fishery Damage

Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) were analyzed to trace the outbreak of dinoflagellate Cochlonidium polykrikoides on the Korean coast from 1993 to 2019 along with relationship to volcanic eruptions. Parameters associated with blooms and fishery damage were sunspot number, El Ni?o/La Ni?a events, Kuroshio Current, and volcanic eruptions in the South China Sea including Indonesia and the Philippines. HAB development was halted in seawater due to the sulfur compounds (H2S, SO2, sulfates) from volcanic eruptions inducing the deficiency of the dissolved iron (Fe) in the seawater. Cochlonidium polykrikoides blooms could be predicted by the minimal sunspot number during La Ni?a event or weak volcanic eruptions in Indonesia and the Philippines. On line monitoring of HAB was suggested using a prototype detector of Cochlonidium polykrikoides at wavelength of 300 nm with the concentration linearity (R2 = 0.9972) between 1000 and 6000 cells/ml. HABs on the Korean coast were negligible when there were volcanic eruptions in either Indonesia or Philippines from May to August. Fishery damage was linearly proportional (R2 = 0.2986) to the maximal concentration of HAB while 5000 cells/ml was the minimal concentration of HAB with high linearity (R2 = 0.7629), caused by old cysts of Cochlonidium polykrikoides on the Korean coast rather than the fresh ones carried by the Kuroshio Current from the Philippines. Fishery damage was reversely proportional to the number of sunspots;the maximal number of sunspots induced frequent volcanic eruption in Indonesia and the Philippines for retardation of HAB with less fishery damage in Korea while the minimal number of sunspots caused less volcanic eruptions for thereby enhancing HAB resulting in more fishery damage. It was proposed that a yellow LED be used at 590 nm as a photochemical expellent as well as H2S gas bubbling at a 0.5 meter depth on the surface of the fish cage to inactivate chemically Cochlonidium polykrikoides due to the deficiency of essential iron in the seawater. In addition, the physical method of blanketing the cage cloth with smaller pore diameter than that of HAB was used for prevention of Cochlonidium polykrikoides penetrating into the fish cage.

HPLC Pigment Profiles of 31 Harmful Algal Bloom Species Isolated from the Coastal Sea Areas of China

Chemotaxonomy based on diagnostic pigments is now a routine tool for macroscopic determination of the composition and abundance of phytoplankton in various aquatic environments. Since the taxonomic capability of this method depends on the relationships between diagnostic pigments and chlorophyll a of classified groups, it is critical to calibrate it by using pigment relationships obtained from representative and/or dominant species local to targeted investigation area. In this study, pigment profiles of 31 harmful algal bloom(HAB) species isolated from the coastal sea areas of China were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Pigment compositions, cellular pigment densities and ratios of pigments to chlorophyll a were determined and calculated. Among all these species, 25 kinds of pigments were detected, of which fucoxanthin, peridinin, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and antheraxanthin were diagnostic pigments. Cellular pigment density was basically independent of species and environmental conditions, and therefore was recommended as a bridge to compare the results of HPLC-CHEMTAX technique with the traditional microscopy method. Pigment ratios of algal species isolated from the coast of China, especially the diagnostic pigment ratios, were higher than those from other locations. According to these results, pigment ratio ranges of four classes of phytoplankton common off the coast of China were summarized for using in the current chemotaxonomic method. Moreover, the differences of pigments ratios among different species under the same culturing conditions were consistent with their biological differences. Such differences have the potential to be used to classify the phytoplankton below class, which is meaningful for monitoring HABs by HPLC-CHEMTAX.

Harmful Algal Bloom Research in China

Proliferations of harmful algae in coastal waters, i.e., harmful algal blooms (HABs), popularly known as 'red tides,' have attracted the concern of governments and scientists worldwide. In recent years, HABs have occurred in China with increasing frequency and scope. These outbreaks have seriously affected the economy along the coast through fish kills, heavy losses in aquaculture, threats to human health, and other effects detrimental to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to pay special attention to the ecology and oceanography studies related to the outbreak of HABs. Only through the combination of the advancement of such knowledge with the strengthening of the monitoring network can we develop a HAB warning system for the sustainable development of the coastal economy.