The Generalized Pythagorean Comma Harmonic Powers of a Fundamental Frequency Are Equivalent the Standing Wave Harmonic Fraction System

Purpose: The Pythagorean Comma refers to an ancient Greek musical, mathematical tuning method that defines an integer ratio of exponential coupling constant harmonic law of two frequencies and a virtual frequency. A Comma represents a physical harmonic system that is readily observable and can be mathematically simulated. The virtual harmonic is essential and indirectly measurable. The Pythagorean Comma relates to two discrete frequencies but can be generalized to any including infinite harmonics of a fundamental frequency, vF. These power laws encode the physical and mathematical properties of their coupling constant ratio, natural resonance, the maximal resonance of the powers of the frequencies, wave interference, and the beat. The hypothesis is that the Pythagorean power fractions of a fundamental frequency, vF are structured by the same harmonic fraction system seen with standing waves. Methods: The Pythagorean Comma refers to the ratio of (3/2)12 and 27 that is nearly equal to 1. A Comma is related to the physical setting of the maximum resonance of the powers of two frequencies. The powers and the virtual frequency are derived simulating the physical environment utilizing the Buckingham Π theorem, array analysis, and dimensional analysis. The powers and the virtual frequency can be generalized to any two frequencies. The maximum resonance occurs when their dimensionless ratio closest to 1 and the virtual harmonic closest to 1 Hz. The Pythagorean possible power arrays for a vF system or any two different frequencies are evaluated. Results: The generalized Pythagorean harmonic power law for any two different frequencies coupling constant are derived with a form of an infinite number of powers defining a constant power ratio and a single virtual harmonic frequency. This power system has periodic and fractal properties. The Pythagorean power law also encodes the ratio of logs of the frequencies. These must equal or nearly equal the power ratio. When all of the harmonics are powers of a vF the Pythagorean powers are defined by a consecutive integer series structured in the identical form as standard harmonic fractions. The ratio of the powers is rational, and all of the virtual harmonics are 1 Hz. Conclusion: The Pythagorean Comma power law method can be generalized. This is a new isomorphic wave perspective that encompasses all harmonic systems, but with an infinite number of possible powers. It is important since there is new information: powers, power ratio, and a virtual frequency. The Pythagorean relationships are different, yet an isomorphic perspective where the powers demonstrate harmonic patterns. The coupling constants of a vF Pythagorean power law system are related to the vFs raised to the harmonic fraction series which accounts for the parallel organization to the standing wave system. This new perspective accurately defines an alternate valid physical harmonic system.

Propagation characteristics of power line harmonic radiation in the ionosphere

Theoretical model and solutions on power line harmonic radiation （PLHR） propagating in the ground, air, and anisotropic homogeneous ionosphere are presented, The theoretical model is verified by the PLHR events observed by the DEMETER satellite. Some propagation characteristics of PLHR based on the model are obtained. This paper is bene- ficial to quantitatively interpret the formation mechanism of PLHR phenomenon.

Design and Analysis of the Poloidal Field Grid Power Supply System for the HT-7 Tokamak

This paper reports a new project - the poloidal field （PF） grid power supply system to replace the ac flywheel generator power supply system on the basis of the present running parameters of the HT-7 poloidal field and the short-circuit capacity of our transformer substation. The designed parameters of the PF grid power supply system have been verified to meet the requirements of the heating field （HF） and the vertical field （VF）. In the meantime, in order to reduce the disturbance to the local power grid, the device of reactive power and harmonic current compensation has been added. Experimental results have confirmed the feasibility of the PF grid power supply system. Compared with the ac flywheel generator, the PF grid power supply system has the advantages of lower noise, precise control, convenient maintenance, simple operation and cost savings.

A Liability Division Method for Harmonic Pollution Based on Line-Transferred Power Components

The existing liability division methods for harmonic pollution are either inexplicit or incomplete in physical meaning. To compensate these defects, two new methods are proposed based on line-transferred power components in this paper. At first, all harmonic sources are represented by ideal equivalent current source, line current components and bus voltage components of a source are determined by stimulation of this source with all other sources disabled. Then, the line-trans- ferred power component owing to a source under all sources action together is determined by the theory of line-transferred power components, and called source’s line-transferred power component. At last, the liability of a source for line-end harmonic pollution is divided by two methods: the ration of the source’s line-transferred active power component to the total line-transferred power, and the ration of projection of the source’s line-transferred complex power component to absolute value of the total line-transferred complex power. These two methods are taken into account not only harmonic voltage but also harmonic current in the liability division. Simulation results show that the proposed liability division method based on active power component is the most effective and ideal one.

Assessing Micro-generation＇s and Non-linear Loads＇ Impact in the Power Quality of Low Voltage Distribution Networks

Distribution networks face an increasing penetration of solar PV （photovoltaic） and small WTG （wind turbine generator） as well as other forms of micro-generation. To this scenario, one must add the dissemination of non-linear loads such as EV （electric vehicles）. There is something in common between those loads and sources： the extensive use of power electronic converters with commutated switches. These devices may be a source of medium-to-high frequency harmonic distortion and their impact on the local distribution grid must be carefully assessed in order to evaluate their negative impacts on the network, on the existing conventional loads and also on other active devices. In this paper, methodologies to characterize effects such as： harmonics, network unbalances, damaging power line resonance conditions, and over/under voltages are described and applied to a real local grid configuration.

Connection Technology of HPTO Type WECs and DC Nano Grid in Island

Wave energy fluctuating a great deal endangers the security of power grid especially micro grid in island. A DC nano grid supported by batteries is proposed to smooth the output power of wave energy converters（WECs）. Thus, renewable energy converters connected to DC grid is a new subject. The characteristics of WECs are very important to the connection technology of HPTO type WECs and DC nano grid. Hydraulic power take-off system（HPTO） is the core unit of the largest category of WECs, with the functions of supplying suitable damping for a WEC to absorb wave energy, and converting captured wave energy to electricity. The HPTO is divided into a hydraulic energy storage system（HESS） and a hydraulic power generation system（HPGS）. A primary numerical model for the HPGS is established in this paper. Three important basic characteristics of the HPGS are deduced, which reveal how the generator load determines the HPGS rotation rate. Therefore, the connector of HPTO type WEC and DC nano grid would be an uncontrollable rectifier with high reliability, also would be a controllable power converter with high efficiency, such as interleaved boost converter-IBC. The research shows that it is very flexible to connect to DC nano grid for WECs, but bypass resistance loads are indispensable for the security of WECs.

An Intelligent Intrusion Detection System in Smart Grid Using PRNN Classifier

Typically,smart grid systems enhance the ability of conventional power system networks as it is vulnerable to several kinds of attacks.These vulnerabil-ities might cause the attackers or intruders to collapse the entire network system thus breaching the confidentiality and integrity of smart grid systems.Thus,for this purpose,Intrusion detection system(IDS)plays a pivotal part in offering a reliable and secured range of services in the smart grid framework.Several exist-ing approaches are there to detect the intrusions in smart grid framework,however they are utilizing an old dataset to detect anomaly thus resulting in reduced rate of detection accuracy in real-time and huge data sources.So as to overcome these limitations,the proposed technique is presented which employs both real-time raw data from the smart grid network and KDD99 dataset thus detecting anoma-lies in the smart grid network.In the grid side data acquisition,the power trans-mitted to the grid is checked and enhanced in terms of power quality by eradicating distortion in transmission lines.In this approach,power quality in the smart grid network is enhanced by rectifying the fault using a FACT device termed UPQC(Unified Power Quality Controller)and thereby storing the data in cloud storage.The data from smart grid cloud storage and KDD99 are pre-pro-cessed and are optimized using Improved Aquila Swarm Optimization(IASO)to extract optimal features.The probabilistic Recurrent Neural Network(PRNN)classifier is then employed for the prediction and classification of intrusions.At last,the performance is estimated and the outcomes are projected in terms of grid voltage,grid current,Total Harmonic Distortion(THD),voltage sag/swell,accu-racy,precision,recall,F-score,false acceptance rate(FAR),and detection rate of the classifier.The analysis is compared with existing techniques to validate the proposed model efficiency.

Power Quality Consideration for Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems

Necessity of electricity access in remote area is the main reason for expanding decentralized energy system such as stand-alone power systems. The best electrical power supply must provide a constant magnitude and frequency voltage. Therefore, good power quality is an important factor for the reliable operation of electrical loads in a power system. However, the current drawn by most of electronic devices and non-linear loads are non-sinusoidal, which can result in a poor power quality, especially in off-grid power systems. Poor power quality is characterized by electrical disturbances such as transients, sags, swells, harmonics and even interruptions in the power supply. Off-grid power systems worldwide often struggle with system failures and equipment damage due to poor power quality. In this paper, MAT- LAB/Simulink is used to model and analyses power quality in an off-grid renewable energy system. The results show high voltage transient when the inductive loads were switched OFF. The voltage and current harmonics are also determined and compared for various types of loads.

基于瞬时无功功率理论的电力系统谐波检测的Simulink仿真

介绍了瞬时无功功率理论及其应用于电力系统检测谐波的基本原理和方法，并详细说明了应用Simulink仿真工具进行矩形谐波的建模和仿真全过程，同时给出了仿真的结果波形。通过这一过程，有利于加深学生对理论知识的了解和进一步培养学生的科学研究和实践的能力。

基于小波变换和加Hanning窗FFT的谐波检测新方法

采用一种基于小波变换与加Hanning窗的傅立叶算法相结合的谐波检测新方法,对大石桥市宏贺钢厂的10kV线路实测数据的检测分析,获得预期计算结果,证明该方法在电网谐波检测领域具有可行性和实用性。

Using Inverter-Based Renewable Generators to Improve the Grid Power Quality-A Review

With the increasing penetration of renewable power in the grid,renewable generators are expected to play more important roles rather than merely working as active power sources.Considering the high controllability and considerable idle capacity of the inverter-based renewable generators,various auxiliary functions for them have been studied to benefit the grid.Among these auxiliary functions,the grid power quality improvement is very promising.This paper presents a review of the emerging control strategies for inverter-based renewable generators to improve grid power quality.The related papers are classified with different power quality issues and technical routes,and a comprehensive comparison is presented.The future trends of this research area are also discussed.

基于Simulink的谐波电流检测的仿真

随着各种非线性负载在电力系统中的大量应用,电网产生了日益严重的谐波问题。电网中谐波治理的基础是谐波的检测,在各种检测方法中,基于瞬时无功功率的pq法具有良好的检测效果。介绍了pq法的基本原理,对基于该方法的谐波电流检测进行了Simulink建模仿真,并对仿真结果进行了分析。

Smart Boilers: Grid Support Services from Non-Critical Loads

The aim of this paper is to present the concept of a simple and cheap upgrade for electric water boilers, allowing them to provide power quality services to the distribution grid. The upgrade requires only minimum additional hardware and it is easily installable. “Smart Boilers”, as the upgraded boilers are named, perform precise active and reactive power control, but most significantly mitigate line current harmonics. Αctive and reactive power control is implemented by appropriate regulation of the modulation sinewave amplitude and phase, respectively. This type of control is easily customizable in order to accommodate a variety of power quality targets, depending on the required level of services and available grid monitoring equipment. The method used for line current harmonic compensation is based on the injection of mirror harmonics created at the modulation stage of the converter. It is indifferent of harmonic source: it is equally successful at mitigating harmonics caused by the power electronic converter of the Smart Boiler, other sources of current harmonics or loads. The achieved grid services are clearly beyond the “on/off” operation of electric boilers, currently implemented by Demand Side Management (DSM) in order to shift load away from peak hours. It has been demonstrated through simulations, that Smart Boilers can assist voltage regulation at terminal buses, compensate reactive power and suppress harmonic currents at lines.

Harmonic Resonance Analysis of Shale Gas Distribution Network with Phased Load

Based on the background of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the development and application of new high-power compressors, electric grid drilling RIGS and electric fracturing pump system provide new equipment support for the electric, green and intelligent development of shale gas fields in China. However, the harmonic pollution of shale gas grid becomes more serious due to the converter and frequency conversion device in the system, which easily causes harmonic resonance problem. Therefore, the harmonic resonance of shale gas grid is comprehensively analyzed and treated. Firstly, the working mechanism of compressor, electric drilling RIGS of the harmonic impedance model of electric fracturing pump system is established. Secondly, the main research methods of harmonic resonance analysis are introduced, and the basic principle of modal analysis is explained. Modal analysis method was used to analyze. Finally, harmonic resonance is suppressed. The results show that there may be multiple resonant frequency points in the distribution network changes, but these changes are relatively clear;if the original resonant frequency point of the resonant loop does not exist, the resonant frequency point disappears. The optimal configuration strategy of passive filter can effectively suppress harmonic resonance of distribution network in shale gas field.

光伏多功能并网逆变器不同出力状态下无功和谐波优化方法

利用光伏多功能并网逆变器所具有的电能质量治理、谐波谐振抑制的主动优势,结合逆变器在不同出力状态下光伏发电系统的输出特性,构建光伏多功能并网逆变器不同出力状态下的无功和谐波优化方法。在所提3层优化策略中,上层优化策略以光伏并网有功功率最大化为目标函数,中层优化策略以电压谐波总畸变率和电压偏差达到相应电能质量规定指标为目标函数,下层优化策略以电压谐波总畸变率和电压偏差最小为目标函数,并采用自适应蚁群算法进行求解。基于IEEE 33节点系统进行算例分析,结果表明:基于逆变器不同出力状态的优化方法可以有效改善电网的电能质量,较好地提升电网运行的经济性;在系统稳定运行的基础上,光伏多功能并网逆变器在不同出力状态下分阶段、分主次地治理谐波和调整电压偏差,治理效果更佳。

弱电网下光伏并网系统锁相环参数自适应控制

针对弱电网下PLL(phase-looked loop,PLL)会使并网逆变器的稳定性下降问题,提出一种锁相环带宽自适应控制策略来实现锁相环参数依据电网实时阻抗值来获得最优的控制参数,保证系统最佳控制性能和稳定运行,从而提升跟网型逆变器在弱电网下的对电网阻抗的适应能力。利用PSCAD/EMTDC进行仿真验证,仿真结果证明自适应控制策略正确、有效。

Wind Energy Conversion System from Electrical Perspective—A Survey

This paper focuses on the wind energy conversion system (WECS) with the three main electrical aspects: 1) wind turbine generators (WTGs), 2) power electronics converters (PECs) and 3) grid-connection issues. The current state of wind turbine generators are discussed and compared in some criteria along with the trends in the current WECS market, which are ‘Variable Speed’, ‘Multi-MW’ and ‘Offshore’. In addition, the other crucial component in the WECS, PECs will be discussed with its topologies available in the current WECS market along with their modulation strategies. Moreover, three main issues of the WECS associating with the grid-connection, fault-ride through (FRT) capability, harmonics/interharmonics emission and flicker, which are the power quality issues, will be discussed due to the increasing responsibility of WECS as utility power station. Some key findings from the review such as the attractiveness of BDFRG are presented in the conclusion of this paper.

海上风电中频汇集不控整流系统谐波抑制

目前,深远海上风电换流站采用不控整流器的直流送出方案极大地提高了送出系统的可靠性和经济性。然而,不控整流器会产生大量谐波进而降低风电汇集系统输电能力。针对上述问题,这里提出一种改进电压控制策略,即在风机网侧变换器传统控制策略基础上增加抑制谐波电流的附加控制环,实现对谐波电流的主动抑制。此外,这里分析了谐波电流对变压器和换流器的功率损耗,通过抑制谐波电流进而减小功率损耗,提高输电能力。最后,通过仿真计算和实验验证,证实了改进电压控制策略的正确性和有效性。

基于机网变流器协同的波浪发电系统控制策略

为实现波浪发电系统的高效平稳入网,以直驱式波浪发电装置为例,建立其数学模型和并网结构。将装置输出功率分解为平均分量和波动分量,从发电系统主动式控制的角度,进一步提出了阻尼控制和阻尼弹力控制下的最优策略,以使其高效运行。通过直流侧储能配置及机侧和网侧变流器的协同控制,实现电能的平稳入网。仿真结果表明,阻尼弹力控制较于阻尼控制,发电效率更高同时波动更大,直流侧储能及机网侧协同控制可有效平抑功率波动,为波浪发电系统的入网控制设计提供参考。

基于LADRC和准PR控制的风电并网逆变器控制策略

为了稳定风电并网逆变器直流母线电压的波动,提高其动态响应速度并减少并网电流中的谐波含量,本文提出了LADRC+准PR双环控制策略.首先根据两电平风电并网逆变器的拓扑结构建立其数学模型;然后,根据数学模型设计电压外环二阶LADRC控制器和电流内环准PR控制器代替传统的PI控制器,同时对两种控制器的参数进行了设计并整定;最后,在Matlab软件中构建仿真模型,进行了仿真分析和波形对比.结果表明:相较于传统的双闭环PI控制策略,新型控制策略不仅能够快速地稳定直流母线电压,而且交流侧电流的总谐波失真小;并且在电网电压发生扰动的工况下,仍有较好的控制性能.综上所述,基于LADRC和准PR控制的风电并网逆变器控制策略具有较好的抗扰性和优越的鲁棒性.