Solar cell-based hybrid energy harvesters towards sustainability

Energy harvesting plays a crucial role in modern society.In the past years,solar energy,owing to its renewable,green,and infinite attributes,has attracted increasing attention across a broad range of applications from small-scale wearable electronics to large-scale energy powering.However,the utility of solar cells in providing a stable power supply for vari-ous electrical appliances in practical applications is restricted by weather conditions.To address this issue,researchers have made many efforts to integrate solar cells with other types of energy harvesters,thus developing hybrid energy har-vesters(HEHs),which can harvest energy from the ambient environment via different working mechanisms.In this re-view,four categories of energy harvesters including solar cells,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs),piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),and thermoelectric generators(TEGs)are introduced.In addition,we systematically summar-ize the recent progress in solar cell-based hybrid energy harvesters(SCHEHs)with a focus on their structure designs and the corresponding applications.Three hybridization designs through unique combinations of TENG,PENG,and TEG with solar cells are elaborated in detail.Finally,the main challenges and perspectives for the future development of SCHEHs are discussed.

Theoretical Analysis of the Galloping Energy Harvesters under Bounded Random Parameter Excitation

In this paper,the response properties of galloping energy harvesters under bounded random parameter excitation are studied theoretically.The first-order approximate solution of the galloping energy harvester is derived by applying the multi-scales method.The expression for the largest Lyapunov exponent that determines the trivial solution is derived,and the corresponding simulation diagrams,including the largest Lyapunov exponent diagrams and time domain diagrams,verify our results.Then the steady-state response moments of the nontrivial solution are studied using the moment method,and the analytical expressions for the first-order and second-order moments of the voltage amplitude are obtained,respectively.The corresponding results show that wind speed enhances the steady-state response moments of the voltage amplitude.Meanwhile,the voltage output can be controlled by adjusting the cubic coefficient.To further verify the response characteristics of the galloping energy harvester,the stationary probability density functions of the displacement and velocity are obtained by the Monte-Carlo simulation method.The results show that the wind speed enhances the displacement of the bluff and the damping ratios should be reduced asmuch as possible to improve the performance.What’smore,the piezoelectric materials also impact the performance of the energy harvester.

Reconstructing the size of individual trees using log data from cut-to-length harvesters in Pinus radiata plantations: a case study in NSW, Australia

With their widespread utilization, cut-to-length harvesters have become a major source of ‘‘big data’’ for forest management as they constantly capture, and provide a daily flow of, information on log production and assortment over large operational areas. Harvester data afford the calculation of the total log length between the stump and the last cut but not the total height of trees. They also contain the length and end diameters of individual logs but not always the diameter at breast height overbark（DBHOB） of harvested stems largely because of time lapse, operating and processing issues and other system deficiencies. Even when DBHOB is extracted from harvester data, errors and/or bias of the machine measurements due to the variation in the stump height of harvested stems from that specified for the harvester head prior to harvesting and diameter measurement errors may need to be corrected. This study developed（1） a system of equations for estimating DBHOB of trees from diameter overbark（DOB） measured by a harvester head at any height up to 3 m above ground level and（2） an equation to predict the total height of harvested stems in P. radiata plantations from harvester data. To generate the data required for this purpose, cut-to-length simulations of more than 3000 trees with detailed taper measurements were carried out in the computer using the cutting patterns extracted from the harvester data and stump height survey data from clearfall operations. The equation predicted total tree height from DBHOB, total log length and the small end diameter of the top log. Prediction accuracy for total tree height was evaluated both globally over the entire data space and locally within partitioned subspaces through benchmarking statistics. These statistics were better than that of the conventional height-diameter equations for P. radiata found in the literature, even when they incorporated stand age and the average height and diameter of dominant trees in the stand as predictors. So this equation when used with harvester data would outperform the conventional equations in tree height prediction. Tree and stand reconstructions of the harvested forest is the necessary first step to provide the essential link of harvester data to conventional inventory, remote sensing imagery and Li DAR data. The equations developed in this study will provide such a linkage for the most effective combined use of harvester data in predicting the attributes of individual trees, stands and forests, and product recovery for the management and planning of P. radiata plantations in New South Wales, Australia.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters under simultaneous parametric and external excitations

The nonlinear dynamics of cantilevered piezoelectric beams is investigated under simultaneous parametric and external excitations. The beam is composed of a substrate and two piezoelectric layers and assumed as an Euler-Bernoulli model with inextensible deformation. A nonlinear distributed parameter model of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters is proposed using the generalized Hamilton＇s principle. The proposed model includes geometric and inertia nonlinearity, but neglects the material nonlinearity. Using the Galerkin decomposition method and harmonic balance method, analytical expressions of the frequency-response curves are presented when the first bending mode of the beam plays a dominant role. Using these expressions, we investigate the effects of the damping, load resistance, electromechanical coupling, and excitation amplitude on the frequency-response curves. We also study the difference between the nonlinear lumped-parameter and distributed- parameter model for predicting the performance of the energy harvesting system. Only in the case of parametric excitation, we demonstrate that the energy harvesting system has an initiation excitation threshold below which no energy can be harvested. We also illustrate that the damping and load resistance affect the initiation excitation threshold.

Effect of oxygen partial pressure and transparent substrates on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films and their performance in energy harvesters

Zinc oxide(ZnO) thin films were deposited onto different substrates — tin-doped indium oxide(ITO)/glass, ITO/polyethylene naphthalate(PEN), ITO/polyethylene terephthalate(PET) — by the radio-frequency(RF) magnetron sputtering method. The effect of various O2/(Ar+O2) gas flow ratios(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) was studied in detail. ZnO layers deposited onto ITO/PEN and ITO/PET substrates exhibited a stronger c-axis preferred orientation along the(0002) direction compared to ZnO deposited onto ITO/glass. The transmittance spectra of ZnO films showed that the maximum transmittances of ZnO films deposited onto ITO/glass, ITO/PEN, and ITO/PET substrates were 89.2%, 65.0%, and 77.8%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images of the film surfaces indicated that the grain was uniform. The cross-sectional SEM images showed that the ZnO films were columnar structures whose c-axis was perpendicular to the film surface. The test results for a fabricated ZnO thin film based energy harvester showed that its output voltage increased with increasing acceleration of external vibration.

A comprehensive review of miniatured wind energy harvesters

Following the current rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT)and wireless condition monitoring systems,energy harvesters which use ambient energy have become a key part of achieving an energy-autonomous system.Miniature wind energy harvesters have attracted widespread attention because of their great potential of power density as well as the rich availability of wind energy in many possible areas of application.This article provides readers with a glimpse into the state-of-the-art of miniature wind energy harvesters.The crucial factors for them to achieve high working efficiency under lower operational wind speed excitation are analyzed.Various potential energy coupling mechanisms are discussed in detail.Design approaches for broadening operational wind-speed-range given a variety of energy coupling mechanisms are also presented,as observed in the literature.Performance enhancement mechanisms including hydrodynamic configuration optimization,and non-linear vibration pick-up structure are reviewed.Conclusions are drawn and the outlook for each coupling mechanisms is presented.

Incident flow effects on the performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters from galloping vibrations

In this paper, we investigate experimentally the concept of energy har- vesting from galloping oscillations with a focus on wake and turbulence effects. The .harvester is composed of a unimorph piezoelectric cantilever beam with a square cross-section tip mass. In one case, the harvester is placed in the wake of another galloping harvester with the objective of determining the wake effects on the response of the harvester. In the second case, meshes were placed upstream of the harvester with the objective of investigating the effects of upstream turbulence on the response of the harvester. The results show that both wake effects and up- stream turbulence significantly affect the response of the harvester. Depending on the spacing between the two squares and the opening size of the mesh, wake and upstream turbulence can positively enhance the level of the harvested power.

A new model for predicting the total tree height for stems cut-to-length by harvesters in Pinus radiata plantations

A new model for predicting the total tree height for harvested stems from cut-to-length(CTL)harvester data was constructed for Pinus radiata(D.Don)following a conceptual analysis of relative stem profi les,comparisons of candidate models forms and extensive selections of predictor variables.Stem profi les of more than 3000 trees in a taper data set were each processed 6 times through simulated log cutting to generate the data required for this purpose.The CTL simulations not only mimicked but also covered the full range of cutting patterns of nearly 0.45×106 stems harvested during both thinning and harvesting operations.The single-equation model was estimated through the multipleequation generalized method of moments estimator to obtain effi cient and consistent parameter estimates in the presence of error correlation and heteroscedasticity that were inherent to the systematic structure of the data.The predictive performances of our new model in its linear and nonlinear form were evaluated through a leave-one-tree-out cross validation process and compared against that of the only such existing model.The evaluations and comparisons were made through benchmarking statistics both globally over the entire data space and locally within specifi c subdivisions of the data space.These statistics indicated that the nonlinear form of our model was the best and its linear form ranked second.The prediction accuracy of our nonlinear model improved when the total log length represented more than 20%of the total tree height.The poorer performance of the existing model was partly attributed to the high degree of multicollinearity among its predictor variables,which led to highly variable and unstable parameter estimates.Our new model will facilitate and widen the utilization of harvester data far beyond the current limited use for monitoring and reporting log productions in P.radiata plantations.It will also facilitate the estimation of bark thickness and help make harvester data a potential source of taper data to reduce the intensity and cost of the conventional destructive taper sampling in the fi eld.Although developed for P.radiata,the mathematical form of our new model will be applicable to other tree species for which CTL harvester data are routinely captured during thinning and harvesting operations.

Modeling and analysis of magnetic spring enhanced lever-type electromagnetic energy harvesters

This study presents a novel enhanced monostable lever-type electromagnetic energy harvester(L-EEH).According to the positions of the coil and the lever pivot,four configurations are discussed to realize a better harvesting performance of the L-EEHs.On the basis of establishing the theoretical model of the L-EEH,the corresponding analytical solutions can be obtained by applying the harmonic balance method.The effects of the nonlinear coefficient,the lever ratio,the mass ratio,and the circuit parameters on the energy harvesting performance of L-EEHs are analyzed and discussed.The numerical and experimental efforts are carried out to verify the theoretical model and the energy harvesting performance.The results demonstrate that the maximum output voltage can be achieved with an appropriate lever ratio.Furthermore,the L-EEH possesses a considerable energy harvesting performance under a smaller lever ratio compared with the other three configurations.The output power can also be improved by adjusting the tip mass of the lever.The proposed L-EEH has a considerable operating bandwidth and an output power,which can reach 146.6 mW under the excitation amplitude of 0.3 g.

Design and Analysis of MEMS Based Aluminum Nitride (AlN), Lithium Niobate (LiNbO₃) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Cantilever with Different Substrate Materials for Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesters Using COMSOL Multiphysics Software

Interest in energy harvesters has grown rapidly over the last decade. The cantilever shaped piezoelectric energy harvesting beam is one of the most employed designs, due to its simplicity and flexibility for further performance enhancement. The research effort in the MEMS Piezoelectric vibration energy harvester designed using three types of cantilever materials, Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3), Aluminum Nitride (AlN) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) with different substrate materials: aluminum, steel and silicon using COMSOL Multiphysics package were designed and analyzed. Voltage, mechanical power and electrical power versus frequency for different cantilever materials and substrates were modeled and simulated using Finite element method (FEM). The resonant frequencies of the LiNbO3/Al, AlN/Al and ZnO/Al systems were found to be 187.5 Hz, 279.5 Hz and 173.5 Hz, respectively. We found that ZnO/Al system yields optimum voltage and electrical power values of 8.2 V and 2.8 mW, respectively. For ZnO cantilever on aluminum, steel and silicon substrates, we found the resonant frequencies to be 173.5 Hz, 170 Hz and 175 Hz, respectively. Interestingly, ZnO/steel yields optimal voltage and electrical power values of 9.83 V and 4.02 mW, respectively. Furthermore, all systems were studied at different differentiate frequencies. We found that voltage and electrical power have increased as the acceleration has increased.

Flexible multilayer MEMS coils and their application in energy harvesters

Electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters are promising for the power supply of wireless sensor nodes,small electronic devices,and wearable electronics.Conventional electromagnetic harvesters usually increase output by increasing the size of coils and magnets,limiting the improvement of energy conversion efficiency and power density.In this study,multilayer microelectromechanical system(MEMS)coils were prepared using flexible electronics,and their high integration performance in arbitrary space was utilized to greatly improve the utilization of the space magnetic field by the electromagnetic harvester.The core magnet of the generator was magnetically balanced to achieve levitation,which improved the sensitivity and reduced fatigue damage compared with traditional spring structures.The wound coils on the top and bottom of the magnet and the flexible coils on the sides worked together to improve the energy efficiency and output of the devices.The output performance of the device with different number distributions was simulated using mathematical models to obtain the optimal structural parameters.The results show that by introducing flexible multilayer MEMS coils on the side surface of the energy harvester,the open-circuit voltage of the energy generators increased from 7 to 10 V by more than 43%.Flexible multilayer MEMS coils can enhance energy conversion rates and possess compact dimensions,making them suitable for integration onto complex surfaces.After the vibration energy harvesting system testing,the maximum peak power of the harvester was 7.1 m W at an acceleration of1 g and a resonant frequency of 11 Hz with a resistor of 3.5 kΩinternal resistance.Moreover,a 470μF capacitor can be charged to 3.5 V within 10 s to drive a hygrothermograph to work for more than 80 s and can supply a light bulb continuously.This strategy shows the great potential of vibration-energy-driven electromagnetic generators for powering small electronics in limited spaces.

Typical dampers and energy harvesters based on characteristics of ferrofluids

Ferrofluids are a type of nanometer-scale functional material with fluidity and superparamagnetism.They are composed of ferromagnetic particles,surfactants,and base liquids.The main characteristics of ferrofluids include magnetization,the magnetoviscous effect,and levitation characteristics.There are many mature commercial ferrofluid damping applications based on these characteristics that are widely used in numerous fields.Furthermore,some ferrofluid damping studies such as those related to vibration energy harvesters and biomedical devices are still in the laboratory stage.This review paper summarizes typical ferrofluid dampers and energy harvesting systems from the 1960s to the present,including ferrofluid viscous dampers,ferrofluid inertia dampers,tuned magnetic fluid dampers(TMFDs),and vibration energy harvesters.In particular,it focuses on TMFDs and vibration energy harvesters because they have been the hottest research topics in the ferrofluid damping field in recent years.This review also proposes a novel magnetic fluid damper that achieves energy conversion and improves the efficiency of vibration attenuation.Finally,we discuss the potential challenges and development of ferrofluid damping in future research.

Artificial neural network-based repair and maintenance cost estimation model for rice combine harvesters

This research proposes an artificial neural network(ANN)-based repair and maintenance(R&M)cost estimation model for agricultural machinery.The proposed ANN model can achieve high estimation accuracy with small data requirement.In the study,the proposed ANN model is implemented to estimate the R&M costs using a sample of locally-made rice combine harvesters.The model inputs are geographical regions,harvest area,and curve fitting coefficients related to historical cost data;and the ANN output is the estimated R&M cost.Multilayer feed-forward is adopted as the processing algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation learning as the training algorithm.The R&M costs are estimated using the ANN-based model,and results are compared with those of conventional mathematical estimation model.The results reveal that the percentage error between the conventional and ANN-based estimation models is below 1%,indicating the proposed ANN model’s high predictive accuracy.The proposed ANN-based model is useful for setting the service rates of agricultural machinery,given the significance of R&M cost in profitability.The novelty of this research lies in the use of curve-fitting coefficients in the ANN-based estimation model to improve estimation accuracy.Besides,the proposed ANN model could be further developed into web-based applications using a programming language to enable ease of use and greater user accessibility.Moreover,with minor modifications,the ANN estimation model is also applicable to other geographical areas and tractors or combine harvesters of different countries of origin.

Design and experiment of the bionic disc cutter for kenaf harvesters

Aiming to ease the cutting of kenaf stalks via bionics,the bionic disc cutter was designed.The upper jaw of the Batocera horsfieldi was used as a bionic prototype.Further,to explore its dynamic performance,an indoor multi-stalk cutting experimental bench was used to simulate the field operation process.A three-factor and two-level interaction orthogonal experiment was carried out;cutting speed,stalk conveying speed(machine forward speed),and blade type(ordinary disc cutter and bionic disc cutter)were used as experiment factors.The cutting pass rate and cutting specific energy consumption were selected as evaluation indexes.The range,variance,and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation analysis were carried out on the experiment results.Moreover,the main order factors affecting the bionic cutter performance were determined-blade type,conveying speed,the interaction between the cutter speed and conveying speed,and cutter speed.The optimal parameter combination scheme had a cutter speed of 1000 r/min,conveying speed of 0.4 m/s,and included bionic blades.Under this condition,the best index was the 92%cutting pass rate,with a specific energy consumption of 4.38 J/stalk.The variance analysis has shown that,with 95%confidence,the blade type has a rather significant influence on the comprehensive index.Additionally,the conveying speed also significantly influenced it,while other factors and interactions had no notable effect.The experimental comparison under the same working condition shows that the bionic blade has better cutting effect.This study provides a reference for the development of cutter and the selection of kenaf harvester operational parameters.

The underlying mechanism of variety–water–nitrogen–stubble damage interactions on yield formation in ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting

Agronomic measures are the key to promote the sustainable development of ratoon rice by reducing the damage from mechanical crushing to the residual stubble of the main crop, thereby mitigating the impact on axillary bud sprouting and yield formation in ratoon rice. This study used widely recommended conventional rice Jiafuzhan and hybrid rice Yongyou 2640 as the test materials to conduct a four-factor block design field experiment in a greenhouse of the experimental farm of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, China from 2018 to 2019.The treatments included fertilization and no fertilization, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and continuous water flooding irrigation, and plots with and without artificial crushing damage on the rice stubble. At the same time, a 13C stable isotope in-situ detection technology was used to fertilize the pot experiment. The results showed significant interactions among varieties, water management, nitrogen application and stubble status.Relative to the long-term water flooding treatment, the treatment with sequential application of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with moderate field drought for root-vigor and tiller promotion before and after harvesting of the main crop, significantly improved the effective tillers from low position nodes. This in turn increased the effective panicles per plant and grains per panicle by reducing the influence of artificial crushing damage on rice stubble and achieving a high yield of the regenerated rice. Furthermore, the partitioning of 13C assimilates to the residual stubble and its axillary buds were significantly improved at the mature stage of the main crop, while the translocation rate to roots and rhizosphere soil was reduced at the later growth stage of ratooning season rice. This was triggered by the metabolism of hormones and polyamines at the stem base regulated by the interaction of water and fertilizer at this time. We therefore suggest that to achieve a high yield of ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting, the timely application of nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental,coupled with moderate field drying for root-vigor preservation and tiller promotion before and after the mechanical harvesting of the main crop.

A Self-Healing Optoacoustic Patch with High Damage Threshold and Conversion Efficiency for Biomedical Applications

Compared with traditional piezoelectric ultrasonic devices,optoacoustic devices have unique advantages such as a simple preparation process,anti-electromagnetic interference,and wireless long-distance power supply.However,current optoacoustic devices remain limited due to a low damage threshold and energy conversion efficiency,which seriously hinder their widespread applications.In this study,using a self-healing polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS,Fe-Hpdca-PDMS)and carbon nanotube composite,a flexible optoacoustic patch is developed,which possesses the self-healing capability at room temperature,and can even recover from damage induced by cutting or laser irradiation.Moreover,this patch can generate high-intensity ultrasound(>25 MPa)without the focusing structure.The laser damage threshold is greater than 183.44 mJ cm^(-2),and the optoacoustic energy conversion efficiency reaches a major achievement at 10.66×10^(-3),compared with other carbon-based nanomaterials and PDMS composites.This patch is also been successfully examined in the application of acoustic flow,thrombolysis,and wireless energy harvesting.All findings in this study provides new insight into designing and fabricating of novel ultrasound devices for biomedical applications.

Energy Harvesting in the Wake of An Inverted C-Shaped Bluff Body

This paper proposes a novel wake-induced vibration(WIV)-based energy harvesting system consisting of two bluff bodies.An inverted C-shaped bluff body is stationary installed at the upstream position to generate an interference wake street,and a cylinder bluff body equipped with a transducer is elastically suspended at the downstream position to harness WIV energy.The hydrodynamics and energy harvesting(EH)performance of the proposed system are investigated via experimental studies.The reduced velocity(U*)ranging from 2 to 14(the corresponding Reynolds number ranging from 15100 to 106200)is considered in the present study.It is found that the wake generated by the inverted C-shaped bluff body significantly affects the EH performance.Enlarging the opening angle(α)of the C-shaped bluff body increases the vibration amplitude of the downstream cylinder,thereby increasing the harvested power.When the spacing(L)between two bluff bodies is two times the cylinder diameter(D),the wake-induced vibration(WIV)mode is observed,while the combined WIV and wake galloping(WG)mode occurs whenαis 150°,and L equals 3D or 4D.The average drag coefficient becomes negative when L is 2D,3D,or 4D.By carefully configuring a C-shaped bluff body,the wake generated by it can bring an augmenting effect on the vibration of the downstream EH cylinder.For example,the RMS power output of the proposed EH system reaches a maximum of 0.31 W at U*=8 and L=4D,which is 300%greater than that of its traditional counterpart.Furthermore,after a number of case stud-ies,it is identified that the proposed EH system can achieve the best performance whenαis 150°and L=2D.

Review of the Tuned Mass Damper Inerter(TMDI)in Energy Harvesting and Vibration Control:Designs,Analysis and Applications

Tuned mass damper inerter(TMDI)is a device that couples traditional tuned mass dampers(TMD)with an inertial device.The inertial device produces resistance proportional to the relative acceleration at its two ends through its“inertial”constant.Due to its unique mechanical properties,TMDI has received widespread attention and application in the past twenty years.As different configurations are required in different practical situations,TMDI is still active in the research on vibration control and energy harvesting in structures.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research status of TMDI.This work first examines the generation and important vibration control characteristics of TMDI.Then,the energy harvesting performance of electromagnetic tuned mass damper inerter(EM-TMDI)is discussed.This work emphasizes the formation of a passive dynamic vibration absorber by coupling traditional TMD with inertial devices.This paper also summarizes the design and implementation of optimal vibration control and energy harvesting for TMDI.Furthermore,this paper details the applications of TMDI in the fields of bridges and building engineering.Finally,this paper summarizes the necessity of research on tuned mass-damper-inertia,the challenges faced currently,and future research directions,such as control of parameters in electromagnetic energy harvesting TMDI systems and low-cost TMDI.

Dynamic analysis of a novel multilink-spring mechanism for vibration isolation and energy harvesting

Due to technical limitations,existing vibration isolation and energy harvesting(VIEH)devices have poor performance at low frequency.This paper proposes a new multilink-spring mechanism(MLSM)that can be used to solve this problem.The VIEH performance of the MLSM under harmonic excitation and Gaussian white noise was analyzed.It was found that the MLSM has good vibration isolation performance for low-frequency isolation and the frequency band can be widened by adjusting parameters to achieve a higher energy harvesting power.By comparison with two special cases,the results show that the MLSM is basically the same as the other two oscillators in terms of vibration isolation but has better energy harvesting performance under multistable characteristics.The MLSM is expected to reduce the impact of vibration on high-precision sensitive equipment in some special sites such as subways and mines,and at the same time supply power to structural health monitoring devices.

Performance enhancement of a viscoelastic bistable energy harvester using time-delayed feedback control

This paper focuses on the stochastic analysis of a viscoelastic bistable energy harvesting system under colored noise and harmonic excitation, and adopts the time-delayed feedback control to improve its harvesting efficiency. Firstly, to obtain the dimensionless governing equation of the system, the original bistable system is approximated as a system without viscoelastic term by using the stochastic averaging method of energy envelope, and then is further decoupled to derive an equivalent system. The credibility of the proposed method is validated by contrasting the consistency between the numerical and the analytical results of the equivalent system under different noise conditions. The influence of system parameters on average output power is analyzed, and the control effect of the time-delayed feedback control on system performance is compared. The output performance of the system is improved with the occurrence of stochastic resonance(SR). Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio expression for measuring SR is derived, and the dependence of its SR behavior on different parameters is explored.