Integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals the potential mechanism of fruit flavor formation in wild hawthorn(Crataegus chungtienensis)

Hawthorns are important medicinal and edible plants with a long history of health protection in China.Besides cultivated hawthorn,other wild hawthorns may also have excellent medicinal and edible value,such as Crataegus chungtienensis,an endemic species distributed in the Southwest of China.In this study,by integrating the flavor-related metabolome and transcriptome data of the ripening fruit of C.chungtienensis,we have developed an understanding of the formation of hawthorn fruit quality.The results show that a total of 849 metabolites were detected in the young and mature fruit of C.chungtienensis,of which flavonoids were the most detected metabolites.Among the differentially accumulated metabolites,stachyose,maltotetraose and cis-aconitic acid were significantly increased during fruit ripening,and these may be important metabolites affecting fruit flavor change.Moreover,several flavonoids and terpenoids were reduced after fruit ripening compared with young fruit.Therefore,using the unripe fruit of C.chungtienensis may allow us to obtain more medicinal active ingredients such as flavonoids and terpenoids.Furthermore,we screened out some differentially expressed genes(DEGs)related to fruit quality formation,which had important relationships with differentially accumulated sugars,acids,flavonoids and terpenoids.Our study provides new insights into flavor formation in wild hawthorn during fruit development and ripening,and at the same time this study lays the foundation for the improvement of hawthorn fruit flavor.

Hawthorne and His Works

Nathaniel Hawthorne was a well-known and highly honored American novelist of the 19th century, who has had a positive and profound influence on the development of Western Literature, especially on novel writing. His works-The Scarlet letter is world-wide recognized as a classic, which makes him an eternal radiant in American literature. This paper aims at introducing and analysing the background against which he was brought up and also the conceptive process of his works especially The Scarlet Letter and others.

Hawthorne's Short Stories:a Journey to Explore Evil

Hawthorne was a great writer who reminds us of human limitations.He called his tales "allegories of the heart." Hawthorne's allegories are stories of how pride and isolation frustrate our capacity for love and sympathy.Isolation or "alienation" is Hawthorne's principal theme and problem,and loss of contact with reality is the ultimate penalty he envisions.Therefore,reading Hawthorne's stories is a journey to explore human being's evil.

Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves promote motor function recovery via inhibition of apoptosis after spinal cord injury

Flavonoids have been reported to have therapeutic potential for spinal cord injury.Hawthorn leaves have abundant content and species of total flavonoids,and studies of the effects of the total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves on spinal cord injury have not been published in or outside China.Therefore,Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a spinal cord injury model by Allen's method.Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 m L of different concentrations of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves(5,10,and 20 mg/kg)after spinal cord injury.Injections were administered once every 6 hours,three times a day,for 14 days.After treatment with various concentrations of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves,the Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores and histological staining indicated decreases in the lesion cavity and number of apoptotic cells of the injured spinal cord tissue;the morphological arrangement of the myelin sheath and nerve cells tended to be regular;and the Nissl bodies in neurons increased.The Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores of treated spinal cord injury rats were increased.Western blot assays showed that the expression levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were decreased,but the expression level of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was increased.The improvement of the above physiological indicators showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves.The above findings confirm that total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves can reduce apoptosis and exert neuroprotective effects to promote the recovery of the motor function of rats with spinal cord injury.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Guangxi Medical University of China(approval No.201810042)in October 2018.

Research on Extraction Process of Flavonoids from Hawthorn Fruit

[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids from hawthorn fruit. [ Method] By single-factor and orthogonal experi- ments, effects of different technological conditions on extraction efficiency of flavonoids from hawthorn fruit were analyzed to investigate the optimal extraction process and relevant parameters. [ Result] Percolation extraction was the most appropriate method for extracting flavonoids from hawthorn fruit. The optimal techno- logical conditions were ： 50% ethanol as the solvent, solid-liquid ratio 1 ： 8 （ g/ml）, soaking time 72 h, moderate flow rate （3 ml/min）. [ Conclusion ] The extrac- tion process is simple, low-cost, high-efficiency without the need for heating or harmful residues, which is suitable for mass extraction and production of hawthorn flavonoids.

Isolation and characterization of the secondary wall-related SND1 gene in hawthorn

Secondary wall-associated NAC domain protein1 （SND1） is a key regulator directly regulating the expression levels of MYB46 and MYB83 in the regulation network for secondary wall synthesis, especially in plant fibres. In this study, a SND1 gene was isolated from hawthorn （Crataegus pinnatifida） and named as CpSND 1 because it has a conservative N-terminal DNA- binding domain with AtSNDI. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CpSND1 had similar phenotypes as plants overexpressing AtSND1, including inhibited growth, upward-curling leaves, sepal dysplasia and sterility. In addition, overexpressing CpSNDI in Arabidopsis also induced the expression of downstream genes, including lignin, cellulose and xylan biosynthesis genes as well as MYB genes. Our results provided functional information of CpSND1 for future genetic engineering in hawthorn.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Sugars and Acid Components in ’Xintai Tianhong’ Hawthorn Fruit

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide basic information for the utilization,quality control and deep processing of‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit resources.[Methods]The contents of sugar and acid components in‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit contained such four kinds of sugar components as fructose,sorbitol,glucose and sucrose,and such six kinds of organic acid components as oxalic acid,tartaric acid,malic acid,acetic acid,citric acid and succinic acid.The fruit had the highest sucrose content,accounting for 70.53%of the total sugar content,followed by fructose,glucose and sorbitol.For the organic acid components,the content of succinic acid was the highest,accounting for 47.32%of the total acid content,followed by citric acid,malic acid,oxalic acid and tartaric acid,and acetic acid had the lowest content.[Conclusions]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn should be a succinic acid-type hawthorn variety,which can be used as a parent in genetic research and breeding practice.

Hawthorn Nectar Enhances Gastrointestinal Motility as Well as Stimulates Intestinal Am-ylase and Lipase Activities in Mice

Gastrointestinal (GI) digestion, which facilitates the decomposition of ingested food into absorbable small molecules for further utilization in the body, necessitates both neural- and hormonal-regulated coordination of GI motility and secretion of digestive enzymes in the GI tract. The dysregulation of such coordination is likely associated with a wide range of disorders in the digestive system. Hawthorn Nectar (HN) is a health supplement for improving the wellness of the gastrointestinal digestive system in humans. The ingredients of HN, which include hawthorn, citrus, germinated barley and honeysuckle, are commonly prescribed to increase appetite and to treat digestive disorders in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacological studies have also shown that these herbs can produce beneficial effects on the GI digestive system. In the present study, HN was first examined for its effects on gastric emptying and postprandial intestinal motility in mice. The activities of digestive enzymes in gastric and pancreatic juice were also measured in HN-pretreated mice. Our results showed that long-term HN treatment increased the extents of gastric emptying and postprandial intestinal motility in mice. HN pretreatment also stimulated the activities of intestinal amylase and lipase in mice, while gastric pepsin and intestinal chymotrypsin activities remained unchanged. However, intestinal trypsin activity was suppressed by HN pretreatment. In conclusion, long-term HN consumption may produce beneficial effect on GI digestive function in humans.

Sucrose-free hawthorn leathers formulated with fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides ameliorate high-fat diet induced inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism in liver of mice

High sucrose content in traditional hawthorn leathers limits the potential consumption, particularly for elders and diabetics. In this study, sucrose-free hawthorn leathers were formulated with 75% fructooligosaccharides(FOS) and 25% xylooligosaccharides(XOS)(HLF75), which exhibited comparable morphology and sensory properties to the traditional ones. Then, the anti-obesity activity of HLF75 was investigated using high-fat diet(HFD) fed C57BL/6J mice. Comparing with traditional hawthorn leathers, HLF75 supplementation in HFD significantly decreased the levels of blood glucose and serum lipid. The histomorphologies of liver and subcutaneous fat tissues were ameliorated by HLF75, as well as the down-regulated m RNA expression levels of IL-1β, Nos2 and Cox-2 in the liver. M oreover, the protein levels of M y D88 and NF-κB in the liver were suppressed by HLF75 treatment with decreased F4/80-positive macrophage number. Ho wever, the expression levels of PI3K, phosphorylated-AKT(Thr308), and phosphorylated-m TOR(Ser2448) proteins related to glucose metabolism were increased in the liver. Moreover, fat synthesis-related gene expression in HLF75-fed mice was suppressed while expressions of lipolysis genes were improved. Thus, HLF75 supplementation alleviated HFD-induced obesity through the alleviation of inflammation and restoration of the disturbed glucose and lipid metabolism. Functional oligosaccharides could be effective sucrose substitutes in hawthorn leathers and enable their potential utilization as functional foods.

Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter─A Psychoanalytic Research

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A Study on Hypolipidemic Effect of Hawthorn Flavonoids Extract

[Objectives] To research the hypolipidemic effect of hawthorn flavonoids extract. [Methods] The hawthorn flavonoids were extracted by percolation method. The SD rats were used for the experiment,and after the formation of high blood lipids in rats,the low,middle and high doses of hawthorn flavonoids extracts were used for intragastric administration. After 30 d,the changes of blood lipid in rats were detected. [Results] Hawthorn flavonoids significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL,and adjusted triglycerides and HDL in the blood of SD rats. [Conclusions] Hawthorn flavonoids extract had significant hypolipidemic effect.

A Pietist, or A Sceptic——On Hawthorne' s The Scarlet Letter and Puritanism Thought

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a classical novel in American literature in the 19th century.Hawthorne is deeply influenced by Puritanism.His representative work, The Scarlet Letter, reflects the Calvinistic thought of "Original Sin".His novel also expresses his pious attitude with skepticism for ethics and morality of Puritanism.On one hand,Hawthorne strongly criticizes Calvinism for constraining human nature, and on the other hand, regards some social problems as the sake of evil human nature.He advocates the believers to clear themselves of guilt and to purify their hearts by penitence and kindness.

The Psychological Reflection of Hawthorn in the Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter is Nathaniel Hawthorne's masterpiece, representing the height of Hawthorne's literary genius. This thesis tries to reveal part of the author's psychological activities, repressed feelings from his childhood from analyzing the main characters, especially Hester, the mother and Pearl, the daughter.

Analysis of the Origin of Hawthorne's Ecofeminist Consciousness in The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne is considered as one of the greatest American novelists in 19th century and his reputation has been on the increase with the publication of The Scarlet Letter. This paper concentrates on the origin of Hawthorne's ecofeminist consciousness from three aspects for the hope that readers can get a fuller understanding of his complex attitude towards nature and women.

Allegory and Symbolism——On Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown

Hawthorne is at his best when dealing with the topics of the sin, the supernatural, and the New England past. As a great symbolist, Hawthorne made good use of symbols to express his ideas. Some important symbols in his "Young Goodman Brown", such as the pink ribbons, the fellow traveler’s staff, are closely associated with the theme, relating to man’s sins. This paper briefly discusses the use of allegory and symbolism in his "Young Goodman Brown" with a view to contributing to a better understanding of the whole story.

An Analysis of “Hawthorne Effect” in College English Teaching

College English teaching faces many problems nowadays,which lead to a lack of learning motivation for students and a lack ofteaching effectiveness for teachers.Therefore,"Hawthorne Effect"must be adopted to improve the teaching effect in English class.Thetwo approaches:concern of learning goals and concern of learning environment are explained in details in this study.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Humans and Nature Through Emerson,Thoreau and Hawthorne's Views

Although Emerson, Thoreau and Hawthorne were all influenced by transcendentalism, they have different understanding of and attitudes towards nature and the concept of transcendentalism because of their cultural background. Through analyzing similarities and differences of their points of view of nature, people can find that they understand nature with an increasingly deeper tendency. Firstly, Emerson only knew that people could get comfort from nature in the spiritual world, and then Thoreau found out that people could make use of nature from a more substantial way. At last, Hawthorne set a dialectical view of how people should live with nature. As a result, people learn what kind of relationship people should set with nature. Not only can people benefit from nature in their spiritual world, but also they make use of resources in it. This is the reason why people should protect nature during the process of utilizing it.

Psychoanalysis and Symbolism——on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown

Nathaniel Hawthorne,a 19th-century American writer of novels and short stories,is considered an important representative of Puritanism;symbolism and romanticismin American literature.He was imbued with an inquiring imagination,a meditativemind,and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man’s being.He was interestedin the lonely and dark side of man,and in the man’s need to look into his own soul.Throughout his 1ife,he wrote many works which espoused the complexities and senseof guilt of the human being.On first perusal of his tales and romances,one

Nathaniel Hawthorne, a Good Fighter for Bible.——On his Christian Thoughts in The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne,one of the most famous writers in America in 19th century,lived in the circumstance of Puritanism.As the complicated condition in Puritanism,Hawthorne treated it with a complicated attitude.The Scarlet Letter is one of Hawthorne's best novels.Through his positive attitude towards some Biblical principles,we can see his desire for real belief;through the characters'tragedies in The Scarlet Letter,we can see his negative attitude towards Puritanism.This thesis discusses Hawthorne's attitude towards Biblical principles in The Scarlet Letter to show he is a good fighter for Bible.