The personal protective equipment(PPE)based on individual combat:A systematic review and trend analysis

With the development of ordnance technology,the survival and safety of individual combatants in hightech warfare are under serious threat,and the Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),as an important guarantee to reduce casualties and maintain military combat effectiveness,is widely developed.This paper systematically reviewed various PPE based on individual combat through literature research and comprehensive discussion,and introduced in detail the latest application progress of PPE in terms of material and technology from three aspects:individual integrated protection system,traditional protection equipment,and intelligent protection equipment,respectively,and discussed in depth the functional improvement and optimization status brought by advanced technology for PPE,focusing on the achievements of individual equipment technology application.Finally,the problems and technical bottlenecks in the development of PPE were analyzed and summarized,and the development trend of PPE were pointed out.The results of the review will provide a forward-looking reference for the current development of individual PPE,and are important guidance for the design and technological innovation of advanced equipment based on the future technological battlefield.

医护人员对新型冠状病毒肺炎病房设置PPE室专职人员的认知与态度调查

目的调查新型冠状病毒肺炎病房设立个人防护用品(PPE)室专职人员医疗队员态度,探讨其对医务人员个人防护的作用和意义。方法设置问卷表对所在医院不同的医疗队进行调查,同时根据个人防护标准流程,设计《援鄂医疗队穿脱PPE督查表》,由中南大学湘雅医院医疗队PPE室专职人员对进出新冠病房每位医务人员进行全程防护流程执行情况的督导提示和心理积极暗示,记录、归纳、总结亟待杜绝的问题和疏导调节的心理状况,并对督导效果进行评价。结果问卷表结果显示,93%医疗队成员认为PPE专职人员设立非常重要,97%医疗队成员希望在穿戴防护用具时能有专人指导,99%医疗队成员则希望穿脱PPE时能有专人协助并检查是否穿戴合格。2020年2月9日至26日期间,共对进出新冠病房医务人员约5600人次进行督导,PPE室专职人员杜绝发生潜在问题共计106项。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎病房工作的医务人员认为,设置PPE室专职人员能有效确保医务人员自身防护安全,进一步确保实现医务人员"零感染"的目标。医疗队成员同时也支持在新冠病房及时建立PPE室并设立专职人员,明确其职责,并不断优化改进。

Management of Biohazards and Pandemics: COVID-19 and Its Implications in the Construction Sector

This paper investigates the impact of biohazards and pandemics on construction workers’ health and well-being. A proper selection of control methods for biohazards and pandemics like COVID-19 pandemic will result in improved public health conditions. Occupational risks in the construction industry are also examined, with a focus on biohazards and pandemics, their containment, and the implications for health and safety. A safer work environment in the construction industry is encouraged. In this study, some statistical methods were used to analyse the data obtained from sampled questionnaire. According to the findings, fewer people in poor developing countries get routine check-ups compared to developed countries. The construction industries studied have little or no insurance plans for staff. It also demonstrates that personal protective equipment (PPE) such as nasal masks, helmets, hand gloves, and work aprons can assist in the control of biohazards in the construction sector, such as asthma, cancer, and asbestosis. There should be safety awareness programmes, conferences, and seminars, as well as first-aid kits and HSE and qualified health workers on all building sites. In addition, the government should examine the site for the usage of PPEs and verify that records of family/personal medical history are maintained.

基于改进YOLOv5s的矿工防护装备检测模型研究

为解决井下矿工由于安全意识淡薄而不正确使用个人防护装备(PPE)的问题,提出一种实时检测矿工是否佩戴PPE的目标检测网络模型。首先,采用现场监控视频采集和数据爬取的方式收集数据,使用半监督学习方法标注图像并利用图像增强技术扩充数据,构建井下矿工PPE数据集;其次,基于深度学习的方法建立PPE检测模型,将YOLOv5s的主干网络替换为MobileOne来降低网络参数,提升检测速度;最后,在特征融合层中嵌入三维注意力机制SimAM,实现对复杂环境下的PPE检测。实验结果表明:改进的模型平均检测精度达到94.4%,在CPU端的检测速度达到67帧/s,可以满足井下实时检测的要求。

Prevalence of Occupational Injury and Knowledge of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Accessibility among Healthcare Workers in Mogadishu, Somalia

Introduction: Healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia face significant occupational injury risks, particularly needle stick injuries, with 61.1% reporting incidents. This poses a serious threat to their health, leading to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Despite the high prevalence of injuries, awareness of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) accessibility is relatively high, with 84.0% of respondents aware of it. However, there are gaps in knowledge and implementation, as evidenced by variations in availability of PEP. Improving workplace safety measures, providing comprehensive training on injury prevention and PEP protocols, and ensuring consistent availability of PEP in healthcare facilities are crucial steps to safeguard the well-being of healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among hospital workers in Mogadishu, Somalia, focusing on professionals from various healthcare facilities. The study targeted nurses, doctors, laboratory personnel, and pharmacists. Purposive sampling was employed, resulting in a sample size of 383 calculated using Fisher’s sample size formula. Data were collected using coded questionnaires entered into Microsoft Excel 2019 and analyzed with SPSS software to generate frequencies and proportions, presented through frequency tables and pie figures. Results: The study in Mogadishu, Somalia, examined the prevalence of occupational injuries and knowledge of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) accessibility among healthcare workers. Findings indicate a high prevalence of injuries, with 61.1% reporting incidents, predominantly needle stick injuries (60.6%). Despite the majority seeking prompt medical attention (72.0%), work-related illnesses affected 53.2% of respondents, notably work-related stress (59.5%). While most received training on injury and illness prevention (68.9%), gaps exist in PEP awareness, with 16.0% unaware of it. Nonetheless, 84.0% were aware, predominantly through health facilities (52.0%). Availability of PEP was reported by 71.3% in healthcare facilities, with variations in shift availability. The majority reported guidelines for PEP use (55.7%). Efforts are needed to bolster PEP awareness and ensure consistent availability in healthcare facilities to safeguard worker health. Conclusion: High prevalence of occupational injuries among healthcare workers, with needle stick injuries being the most common (60.6%). Despite this, 84.0% of respondents were aware of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP), primarily learning about it from health facilities (52.0%). While 71.3% reported the availability of PEP in their facility, 28.7% noted its unavailability. These results emphasize the need for improved education and accessibility of PEP to mitigate occupational injury risks.

木制家具生产行业的职业危害与个体防护

通过对木制家具生产工艺流程及加工过程的调研分析,归纳出木粉尘、噪声、有机挥发物、机械伤害等10种主要危害因素,将各种危害因素对安全健康的影响和致病形式进行总结,并对木制家具生产企业进行现场调查。指出企业在职业危害防护措施方面的欠缺与不足,同时对木制家具生产行业职业危害的防护措施、个体防护装备的选用以及防护装备使用中的注意事项进行说明。研究认为,木制家具生产行业中危害因素多且危害程度严重,安监部门应加强对企业的监督管理,企业应为职工提供有效防护措施和个体防护装备。

SARS定点医院医务人员防护措施探讨

目的 保护一线医务人员在工作中免受 SARS病毒的感染。方法 采用问卷和现场调研的方法 ,在发现问题 ,认真总结经验教训的基础上 ,制定一系列防护和消毒隔离指南。结果 通过采取综合防护措施 ,医务人员感染率明显降低。结论 面对突发的 SARS疫情 ,以科学的态度正视疾病 ,熟练掌握预防知识 ,采用严密的隔离技术和正确的消毒方法 ,工作中就能有效防止 SARS病毒对医务人员的侵袭。

电弧焊弧光幅射的危害与防护

在分析焊接产生的紫外线、可见光和红外线辐射特点及其危害的基础上,依据标准要求提出防护装备的使用要求以及通过培训以提高焊接操作者自我防护意识的建议,从而最大限度地减少焊接弧光对焊接操作者的危害。

中国埃博拉诊疗中心隔离病房个人防护装备的流程优化与经验总结

埃博拉病毒病(Ebola virus disease,EVD)是一种由生物安全四级的埃博拉病毒引起的急性烈性传染病,工作在一线的医护人员,必须完全掌握正确的个人防护装备(personal protective equipment,PPE)穿脱流程和注意事项,才能最大程度的保护自身安全,完成诊疗工作。我们第三批援利医疗队在学习前两批流程规范基础上,重点参照WHO个人防护装备穿脱指南及中国疾病预防控制中心(center for disease control andprevention,CDC)个人防护装备穿脱指南,结合我们第三批援利医疗队的自身特点以及经验体会,对个人防护装备的穿脱流程进行了优化,并对其中一些主要步骤的注意事项进行了归纳总结。希望对我国今后应对类似烈性传染病,提供个人防护方面具有实践意义的参考。

生物安全实验室的个体防护装备

实验室生物安全防护的内容包括安全设备、个体防护装置和措施,实验室的特殊设计和建设要求,严格的管理制度和标准化的操作程序及规程。安全设备、个体防护是是隔离实验室工作人员和致病微生物及其毒素接触的一级屏障。GB19489-2008《实验室生物安全通用要求》的建设原则除了规定生物安全分级,还规定了实验室设施设备的配置、个人防护和实验室安全行为的要求。

个体防护装备鞋靴的受限物质研究

通过对欧盟、美国等国家和我国的相关法律法规的调查,针对受限物质的管理制度,分析了化学品管控上的要求;对比国内、外法规和标准对受限物质的限制要求,总结我国个体防护装备鞋靴标准的差异,探讨了我国个体防护装备鞋靴的化学安全性,阐述了对我国个体防护装备鞋靴标准体系及标准的看法,提出了建议。为保护作业人员的健康和安全,提高和完善我国个体防护装备标准体系,制定个体防护装备鞋靴的有害物质限制标准提供依据。

医疗保健行业中的纳米材料:职业风险和预防

欧洲职业健康安全署近期发布电子纪要,解释了保健行业工作者在他们工作场所的日常活动中如何与纳米材料发生可能的接触,并提供了预防潜在接触可以采取的措施。这些措施包括国家层面的法律监管、消除与替代、工程控制、管理措施以及个体防护装备(PPE)。作者特编译此文,为国内相关领域提供参考。

关于新国标GB/T 29510-2013的思考

本文对2014年2月刚生效的新国标GB/T29510-2013《个体防护装备配备基本要求》的一些背景情况及内容做了介绍,主要包括PPE配备基本原则和以作业现场职业危害因素辨识与危害水平评估为基础制定PPE配备方案的工作程序,并探讨了新标准的应用价值,即标准在推动用人单位依据作业现场实际情况开展PPE配备和使用管理中所发挥的作用,和帮助职业健康监管部门监督企业选好、用好PPE,进而落实用人单位保护劳动者健康的主体责任过程中可发挥的功能。

基于HFACS模型的化工事故致因分析

为探究我国化工企业安全管理应重点防范的问题,首先,基于化工事故特点,识别人因分析和分类系统(HFACS)中各致因类别在化工领域的具体表现形式;然后,完善HFACS模型,并以某化工企业2012--2016年的102起事故为样本,应用该模型分析事故致因,针对具体致因提出相应的控制与改善措施。结果表明:员工的不安全行为主要包括习惯性违规和技能型失误,其主要形式为未对设备/工艺进行风险评估;不安全行为的前提条件主要源于操作者注意力不集中、警惕性不强以及作业时未穿戴个人保护设备(PPE);不安全监管的主要形式为未进行监督和风险评估;组织影响主要形式为安全氛围未形成。

新冠肺炎疫情医用个人防护用品英译探微

2019年底到2020年初暴发的新冠肺炎疫情打乱了无数人正常的工作和生活节奏。广大医务人员响应国家号召,义无反顾地奔赴抗疫前线,英勇奋战。然而,疫情传播速度快,防护服、口罩等医院防护用品需求激增,一时供应紧张。英语中医用防护用品相关词汇专业性强,对外交流时若不能正确使用,易致误判,给本来就较为紧张的医疗物资供应增添额外的麻烦。本文围绕新冠肺炎疫情期间几种常用医院防护用品的英译展开探讨,希望借此引起对医疗领域汉英翻译的重视。

Real-Time Safety Helmet Detection Using Yolov5 at Construction Sites

The construction industry has always remained the economic and social backbone of any country in the world where occupational health and safety(OHS)is of prime importance.Like in other developing countries,this industry pays very little,rather negligible attention to OHS practices in Pakistan,resulting in the occurrence of a wide variety of accidents,mishaps,and near-misses every year.One of the major causes of such mishaps is the non-wearing of safety helmets(hard hats)at construction sites where falling objects from a height are unavoid-able.In most cases,this leads to serious brain injuries in people present at the site in general and the workers in particular.It is one of the leading causes of human fatalities at construction sites.In the United States,the Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)requires construction companies through safety laws to ensure the use of well-defined personal protective equipment(PPE).It has long been a problem to ensure the use of PPE because round-the-clock human monitoring is not possible.However,such monitoring through technological aids or automated tools is very much possible.The present study describes a systema-tic strategy based on deep learning(DL)models built on the You-Only-Look-Once(YOLOV5)architecture that could be used for monitoring workers’hard hats in real-time.It can indicate whether a worker is wearing a hat or not.The proposed system usesfive different models of the YOLOV5,namely YOLOV5n,YOLOv5s,YOLOv5 m,YOLOv5l,and YOLOv5x for object detection with the support of PyTorch,involving 7063 images.The results of the study show that among the DL models,the YOLOV5x has a high performance of 95.8%in terms of the mAP,while the YOLOV5n has the fastest detection speed of 70.4 frames per second(FPS).The proposed model can be successfully used in practice to recognize the hard hat worn by a worker.

头面部医用防护用品一体化的设计与应用

目的:设计一体化头面部医用防护用品,以解决个人防护用品存在舒适度不高、穿脱时间过长以及穿脱步骤过多等问题。方法:将面屏、护目镜、医用防护口罩及防护服头部部分设计为一体,并与防护服无缝连接,口罩边缘采用气囊结构使密封更加完好,面屏采用阔视野,高清晰,防雾效果好的材料。结果:经检测,一体化头面部医用防护用品增强了防护效果和新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)有效滤过率;减少了穿脱防护用具时间约18 min,约占4种穿脱流程总时间的32.7%;避免了面部口罩压痕和护目镜长期佩戴带来的不适,有效解决了视野不清晰、压痕及护目复消等不利后果;提高了医护人员工作舒适度和有效工作时间。结论:一体化头面部医用防护用品可增强防护效果,减少穿脱防护用具的时间,避免面部口罩压痕和护目镜长期佩戴带来的头晕、视野不清晰及压痕等,能够提高医护人员工作舒适度和有效工作时间,对目前的全球新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情防控有很好的支持作用。

工程机械行业涂装车间的个体防护

在工程机械行业中,涂装车间存在呼吸危害、眼面部危害和听力危害等职业危害,也是比较容易造成职业病的作业场所,做好涂装车间的职业危害防护对此行业企业管理者和ESH工程师至关重要,直接关系到员工和企业的切身利益,而个体防护装备又是职业危害控制的最后一道防线。本文介绍了工程机械企业必须为涂装车间做好职业危害的识别,选择适合的个体防护装备,培训接触职业危害的人员正确地使用和维护个体防护装备。

多作业场景下个体防护装备自动检测研究

为实现对企业作业现场人员个体防护装备(Personal Protective Equipment,PPE)正确穿戴的精准监管,采用YOLOv5模型和单阶段目标检测算法,设计并开发了一种辅助作业现场PPE自动检测与研判的管理系统。通过对某企业工作全流程的调研和分析,明确了存在遮挡物、密集多目标、远距离目标及光照不均匀4类典型的作业场景及检测环境特征。基于不同作业场景下的监控设备完成数据采集,并建立了4种PPE的数据集。通过YOLOv5目标检测模型的训练和测试,融合现有的监控平台,实现了作业过程人员PPE使用情况的动态、快速研判。研究表明,系统对目前企业典型作业场景PPE使用情况的检测平均精确度为99.5%,同时兼顾了检测速度和运行成本,有效提升了企业现场安全管理效能。

工厂弧闪危险分析和个人防护——解读IEEE Std 1584—2002《弧闪危害计算执行指南》

弧闪是电气危险的一种,可造成人员和设备的严重损失,进行弧闪分析意义重大。本文详细介绍了弧闪危害的计算方法,同时介绍了几种有效的个人防护措施。