Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(HS-SPME-GC/MS)-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis for Comparing the Volatile Components from 12 Panax Herbal Medicines

Quality control of ginseng currently is mainly based on ginsenoside analysis,but rarely focuses on the volatile organic components.In the current work,an untargeted metabolomics approach,by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(HS-SPME-GC/MS),was elaborated and further employed to holistically compare the compositional difference of the volatile components simultaneously from 12 Panax herbal medicines,which included P.ginseng(PG),P.quinquefolius(PQ),P.notoginseng(PN),red ginseng(PGR),P.ginseng leaf(PGL),P.quinquefolius leaf(PQL),P.notoginseng leaf(PNL),P.ginseng flower(PGF),P.quinquefolius flower(PQF),P.notoginseng flower(PNF),P.japonicus(PJ),and P.japonicus var.major(PJvm).Chromatographic separation was performed on an HP-5MS elastic quartz capillary column using helium as the carrier gas,enabling good resolution within 1 h.We were able to characterize totally 259 volatile compounds,including 82 terpenes(T),46 alcohols(Alc),29 ketones(K),25 aldehydes(Ald),21 esters(E),and the others.By analyzing 90 batches of ginseng samples based on the untargeted metabolomics workflows,236 differential ions were unveiled,and accordingly 36 differential volatile components were discovered.It is the first report that simultaneously compares the compositional difference of volatile components among 12 Panax herbal medicines,and useful information is provided for the quality control of ginseng aside from the well-known ginsenosides.

Effects of different dietary lipid levels on physiological metabolism and odor quality of hepatopancreas in adult female Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis)

Objectives:This study aimed to investigate the impact of different dietary lipid levels on the physiological metabolism and odor quality of adult female Eriocheir sinensis during the fattening phase.Materials and Methods:Five dietary schemes,each containing different total lipid levels(4%,7%,10%,13%,and 16%),were administered over a 60-d fattening period for adult female crab(approximately 50 g,n=60).Chromatography and spectroscopy techniques were used for the detection of aroma and key aroma precursors.Results:Dietary lipids had no significant effect on growth performance and hepatopancreas index(P<0.05).The carotenoid content showed an increasing and then decreasing trend,with a significant increase to 1312.51 mg/kg(P<0.05)at 7%lipid content of the diet.In contrast,a diet with a 13%lipid level led to a significant increase in total unsaturated fatty acids(115.3 mg/g,P<0.05),which maximized the contents of major fatty acids(oleic,linoleic,and linolenic,among others),and presented a fluctuating trend.A diet with higher lipid levels(16%)inhibited fatty acid accumulation.Moreover,a 13%dietary lipid level enhanced characteristic aroma compounds(for example,nonanal,octanal,hexanal,3-methylbutanal,and 2-heptanone)in E.sinensis cooked hepatopancreas.Through an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis model,it becomes evident that lipids and carotenoids together promote aroma formation in hepatopancreas.Conclusions:Based on the current findings,the optimal dietary lipid level for enhancing the odor quality of hepatopancreas in adult female E.sinensis during the fattening phase was 13%.This study provides more precise options for the high-quality cultivation of E.sinensis.