Healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections in children in Turkey:A six-year retrospective,single-center study

Objective:To describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics,antimicrobial susceptibility and mortality-associated factors of healthcare-associated infections(HCAIs)caused by Staphylococcus(S.)aureus in children.Methods:We conducted a retrospective,single-centre study of pediatric HCAIs caused by S.aureus from a tertiary care hospital in Turkey between February 2014 and December 2019.The clinical and epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of the methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MSSA and MRSA)isolates was evaluated.Results:A total of 310 pediatric patients were examined.Overall,225(72.6%)isolates were MSSA and 85(27.4%)were MRSA.All S.aureus isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin,vancomycin,linezolid,tigecycline,mupirocin,and daptomycin.Penicillin resistance rates were high(89.0%),while fosfomycin,gentamicin,and clindamycin resistance rates were low(1.3%,1.0%,and 2.3%,respectively).Except susceptibility to fosfomycin,which was significantly lower in 2014 compared to 2018 and 2019,no significant difference was found in the antimicrobial susceptibility of S.aureus isolates between the years.Baseline characteristics and mortality rate were similar comparing MRSA and MSSA causing HCAIs.The mortality rate of HCAIs caused by S.aureus was 6.5%(20 patients).Malignancy was an independent risk factor associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis(OR 5.446,95%CI 1.573-18.849).Conclusions:Our findings demonstrate that MSSA remained the most causative agent of HCAIs caused by S.aureus.The mortality rate was 6.5%,the antibiotic resistance rate was quite high for penicillin and diagnosis of malignancy was the main risk factor for increasing mortality in children.These findings could help improve the management of HCAIs caused by S.aureus in children.

Healthcare-Associated Infections: Experiences and Perceptions of Nurses at the Ziniaré District Hospital in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a worldwide concern because of their magnitude and their human and financial cost. While nurses’ non-compliance of hygiene and asepsis measures is questioned, the rationale behind it is not fully understood. We hypothesized that nurses’ experiences and perceptions are one of the reasons for their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Also, nurses’ caring approach would play an important role in patient safety. The objective of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences and perceptions of HAIs in a district hospital in Burkina Faso with the aim of developing a culture of safety in health care practices. Methods: Qualitative data were collected through unstructured interviews with twenty nurses from the Ziniaré district hospital. Data analysis followed the qualitative phenomenological method according to Giorgi. Results: Phenomenological analysis yielded the following themes: “an ignored reality”;“a denied responsibility”;and “a vulnerable problem”. These results show that nurses’ perception of the extent and seriousness of HAIs is low, and that they deny responsibility for their occurrence. As a result, HAIs are not always perceived as a concern. However, nurses deplore the situation, but remain optimistic about resolving the problem. Conclusion: These nurses’ perceptions of HAIs could explain their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Corrective action could be redirected by raising awareness, continuing training, improving working conditions and involving all players, including patients and their families, in the fight against HAIs. .

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 2—Human Factors

A healthcare-associated infection (defined as an infection acquired within a healthcare facility), such as due to transmission via medical equipment or by healthcare providers is the most frequent adverse event in the healthcare delivery system. But why does the problem persist, when infection control measures are known, simple, and low-cost? We reviewed some biological- and treatment-factors in Part 1, and we now review some human-factors. Healthcare-associated infections are a major public health problem even in advanced healthcare systems. They affect hundreds of millions of patients each year, and are responsible for increased morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. This is perplexing, since good-hygiene practices are known and promoted. Disinfection, sterilization, handwashing, and alcohol rubs should be more effective, but human-factors interfere. The persistent high prevalence of nosocomial infections, despite known hygienic practices, is attributable to two categories of factors: biological and inherent shortcomings of some practices (considered in Part 1), and human factors (considered here). A new approach is considered in Part 3.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 1—Biological and Treatment Factors

The most frequent adverse event in the healthcare delivery system is acquisition of an infection within a healthcare facility. Since infection control measures are known, simple, and low-cost, we examine why the problem of healthcare-associated infections persists. Hundreds of millions of patients each year are affected by a healthcare-associated infection, with negative medical outcome and financial cost. It is a major public health problem even in countries with advanced healthcare systems. This is a bit perplexing, given that hygienic practices have been known and actively promoted. The objective is to address the question: doesn’t the use of disinfection, sterilization, handwashing, and alcohol rubs prevent the spread of pathogenic organisms? We conclude that the persistent high prevalence of nosocomial infections despite known hygienic practices is attributable to two categories of factors: biological and inherent shortcomings of some practices (considered in Part 1), and human factors (considered in Part 2). A new approach is presented in Part 3.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 3—Application of Human Factors Engineering to an Ozone Hand Sanitizer

Compliance to hand-hygiene guidelines in healthcare facilities remains disappointingly low for a variety of human-factors (HF) reasons. A device HF-engineered for convenient and effective use even under high-workload conditions could contribute to better compliance, and consequently to reduction in healthcare-acquired infections. We present an overview of the efficacy of a passive hand-spray device that uses solubilized ozone—a strong, safe, non-irritant biocide having broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties—on glass surface, pigskin, and synthetic human skin matrix.

Healthcare-Associated Bacteremia and Urinary Tract Infections in Wards A and B of Medicine Department, CNHU-HKM of Cotonou: Characteristics and Risk Factors

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are involved in hospital long-stay and in the increase in inherent costs to patients care. Objectives: Objective was to describe the characteristics of healthcare-associated bacteremia and urinary tract infections in medical wards of CNHU-HKM of Cotonou, describe the distribution of germs identified according to admission wards and identify factors associated with onset of healthcare-associated infections. Materials and Methods: It was a cohort study conducted from 4th April to 16th September 2016. The study population included patients admitted in wards A and B of CNHU-HKM Medicine department for at least the past 48 hours, or readmitted in one of the medical wards less than 14 days after their discharge from hospital. Results: The study included 825 patients in total. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections was 9.8%. Bacteremia was the most represented group (65.4%). The most often identified germs regardless of the site were respectively: K. pneumonia (38.5%), S. aureus (23.1%) and E. coli (20.0%). HIV+ status, internal medicine department, nephrology and endocrinology, duration of admission and the use of urinary catheter represent factors statistically associated with the onset of healthcare-associated infections. Conclusion: Healthcare-associated infections are a real public health issue in CNHU-HKM Medicine Department. There is pressing need to conduct a study on clinical hygiene so as to assess healthcare staff in practice.

Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Urine and Pleural Fluid in Two Hospitals of Cameroon

Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium rank among the leading causes of nosocomial bacteremia and urinary tract infections. They often persist on hospital surfaces due to their ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions (low or high temperatures, high pH, and high salinity). The global Enterococcus faecalis-Enterococcus faecium ratio is currently shifting towards Enterococcus faecium. Enterococci present variable levels of resistance to certain families of antibiotics. This is the case for aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and cephalosporins. In 2017, WHO ranked Enterococci among priority pathogens for research and development of new antibiotics. The objective of our study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from urine and pleural fluid in two hospitals in Cameroon. This cross-sectional and analytic study was carried out between June to August 2023 on hospitalized and day patients in which a cytobacteriological test of urine and pleural fluid was done. The samples were inoculated on CLED Agar for urine and on Chocolate + polyvitex and blood agar (prepared from Columbia agar) for pleural fluid samples and incubated at 37℃ for 18 to 24 hours. Identification of isolates was carried out using the API 20 STREP micro gallery (Biomerieux, France) and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The data on socio-demographical and potential risk factors were recorded using self-administered questionnaires and data from laboratory analyses of the specimen were collected in a data capture sheet. Potential risk factors associated with the presence of Enterococci, were evaluated using the logistic regression in univariate and multivariate analysis. P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. A total of 511 patients were recruited who were predominantly females. Enterococcus spp were isolated in 27.79% of our samples with Enterococcus faecalis mostly encountered. Enterococcus spp showed a high level of resistance to penicilline (99.3% to Ampicilline), macrolides (66.2% to Erythromycin) and cyclines (85.2% to Doxycycline). Hospitalisation, access to health facilities, contact with urine specimen and hand hygiene practices were risk factors related to infection with Enterococcus spp while hospitalisation, health facility and hand hygiene were related to glycopeptide resistant Enterococcus. Strict compliance with hygiene rules and appropriate antibiotic consumption could help in the fight against these infections.

住院AD并发肺部感染患者TLR4、NF-κB的表达及其预后评估价值

目的 探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)、抑制核因子κB(NF-κB)在住院阿尔茨海默病(AD)并发肺部感染患者外周血中的表达及其预后价值。方法 选取2020年10月至2022年9月于邯郸市第一医院住院治疗的324例AD患者作为研究对象,根据是否并发肺部感染分为未感染组(214例)与感染组(110例),比较两组患者外周血TLR4、NF-κB水平。对AD并发肺部感染患者随访12个月,依据预后情况分为预后良好组(81例)和预后不良组(29)例,收集患者相关资料,对影响AD并发肺部感染患者预后进行单、多因素分析,绘制ROC曲线验证TLR4、NF-κB对其预后价值。结果 感染组患者外周血TLR4、NF-κB水平均高于未感染组,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.318、10.233,P均<0.05);预后不良组与预后良好组年龄、AD病程、是否有吸烟史、是否长期卧床、PSI评分、PCT、中性粒细胞、WBC计数、TLR4、NF-κB差异均具有统计学意义(χ^(2)/t=9.628、8.670、4.116、4.252、8.951、5.921、2.455、4.108、4.907、5.884,P均<0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄、吸烟史、肺炎严重指数(PS)I评分、外周血TLR4、NF-κB水平为影响AD并发肺部感染患者预后的独立影响因素(P<0.05);ROC曲线结果显示:外周血TLR4、NF-κB及两项联合预测的AUC分别为0.828(0.742~0.914)、0.819(0.728~0.911)及0.900(0.841~0.959)(P均<0.05)。结论 AD患者外周血TLR4、NF-κB水平与患者并发肺部感染密切相关,外周血TLR4、NF-κB水平及两者联合对AD并发肺部感染患者预后具有良好预测效能。

纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗对肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者呼吸功能和血清IL-6、TNF-α和hs-CRP水平的影响

目的探讨纤维支气管镜(FOB)吸痰联合肺泡灌洗对肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者呼吸功能和血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的影响。方法选取2018年9月至2021年9月自贡市第一人民医院接受治疗的肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者96例,以随机数字表法分为两组,每组48例。对照组接受机械通气联合吸痰管吸痰治疗,实验组在对照组基础上予以FOB吸痰联合肺泡灌洗治疗。比较两组治疗1周后总有效率;对比两组治疗前、治疗1周后血气指标[二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、氧分压(PaO_(2))、血氧饱和度(SpO_(2)%)、酸碱度(pH值)]、呼吸功能指标[呼吸做功(WOB)、气道阻力(RAW)、动态顺应性(Cdyn)、气道峰压(PIP)]、临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)、炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平;对比两组治疗过程中不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,实验组的总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.031,P<0.05);实验组血气指标、临床肺部感染CPIS评分、呼吸功能指标结果较对照组更优,差异有统计学意义(t=3.032,5.530,2.008,5.136,9.344,8.549,3.681,3.557,7.778,P<0.05);实验组治疗后的血清炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=21.327,17.291,16.748,P<0.05)。治疗期间两组不良反应发生率比较无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.274,P>0.05)。结论FOB吸痰联合肺泡灌洗用于肺癌术后肺部感染患者能够显著提高治疗效果,促进患者呼吸功能恢复,有效抑制炎症,具有较高的安全性。

Healthcare Associated Infection in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of King Abdl Aziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, KSA

Healthcare-associated infection is a common problem of newborn in neonatal intensive care units. It results in high mortality rate and serious complications. The Aim: to assess the incidence, etiology and the mortality of healthcareassociated infections of patients in neonatal intensive care unit at King Abdl Aziz Specialist Hospital (KAASH), Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study including 8033 neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit during period between April, 2006 and December, 2012. The health-care associated infection rate, mortality rate, causative organism and risk factors were studied. Results: The prevalence of health-care associated infection was found to be 6.03%;the mortality rate was 27.1%. The highest prevalence was among children with the birth weight below 1000 g. The most frequent causative pathogen was klebseilla spp, followed by other gram negative bacilli. Conclusion: The rate of healthcare-associated infections in neonatal intensive care unit at KAASH was relatively high. In addition, the mortality rate was observed to be high (27.1%) owing to the high virulence of the causative organisms.

Helicobacter pylori infection in bleeding peptic ulcer patients after non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug consumption

AIM:To establish the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) infection in patients with a bleeding peptic ulcer after consumption of non-steroidal antiinflamma- tory drugs (NSAIDs). METHODS:A very early upper endoscopy was performed to find the source of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and to take biopsy specimens for analysis of H. pylori infection by the rapid urease (CLO) test, histological examination, and bacterial culture. IgG anti-CagA were also sought. The gold standard for identifying H. pylori infection was positive culture of biopsy specimens or contemporary positivity of the CLO test and the presence of H. pylori on tissue sections. RESULTS:Eighty patients, 61 males (76.3%), mean age 61.2 ± 15.9 years, were consecutively enrolled. Forty-seven (58.8%) patients occasionally consumed NSAIDs, while 33 (41.3%) were on chronic treatment with low-dose aspirin (LD ASA). Forty-four (55.0%) patients were considered infected by H. pylori . The infection rate was not different between patients who occasionally or chronically consumed NSAIDs. The culture of biopsy specimens had a sensitivity of 86.4% and a specificity of 100%; corresponding figures for histological analysis were 65.9% and 77.8%, for the CLO test were 68.2% and 75%, for the combined use of histology and the CLO test were 56.8% and 100%, and for IgG anti-CagA were 90% and 98%. The highest accuracy (92.5%) was obtained with the culture of biopsy specimens.CONCLUSION:Patients with a bleeding peptic ulcer after NSAID/LD ASA consumption frequently have H. pylori infection. Biopsy specimen culture after an early upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy seems the most efficient test to detect this infection.

缺陷管理改进模式在提高消毒供应中心器械清洗消毒灭菌效果和管理质量中的应用

目的:探究缺陷管理改进模式在提高消毒供应中心器械清洗消毒灭菌效果和管理质量中的应用效果。方法:随机选择2021年11月至2023年10月消毒供应中心器械2000件为研究对象。根据时间点将其分为对照组1000件器械(2021年11月到2022年10月)与研究组1000件器械(2022年11月到2023年10月),对照组实施常规管理模式,研究组实施缺陷管理改进模式,比较两组干预后管理质量、器械合格情况、器械不良事件发生率、满意度的差异。结果:与对照组相比,研究组设备管理、包装质量、清洗质量、消毒质量、环境管理更高(P<0.05);研究组清洗消毒合格率、包装合格率、灭菌合格率、发放合格率更高(P<0.05)。两组在灭菌包内器械缺失率、延迟发放物品率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但与对照组相比,研究组灭菌包标识错误率、灭菌方式错误率、物品发放错误率、湿包发生率、总不良事件发生率更低(P<0.05)。结论:缺陷管理改进模式应用于消毒供应中心器械管理具有较好应用效果,可有效达到消毒灭菌合格率,减少器械不良事件发生率。

Impact of relocation and environmental cleaning on reducing the incidence of healthcare-associated infection in NICU

Background:Hospital environment remains a risk for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).This was a prospective study to evaluate the comprehensive impact of relocating a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to a new facility and improved environmental cleaning practice on the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on inanimate surfaces and the incident rate of HAIs.Methods:New environmental cleaning measures were adopted after the NICU was moved to a new and better-designed location.The effect of moving and the new environmental cleaning practice was investigated by comparing the positive number of MRSA on ward surfaces and the incidence density of HAIs between the baseline and intervention periods.Results:Only 2.5% of environmental surfaces were positive for MRSA in the intervention period compared to 44.0% in the baseline period (P<0.001).Likewise,the total incident rate of HAIs declined from 16.8 per 1000 cot-days to 10.0 per 1000 cot-days (P<0.001).Conclusion:The comprehensive measures of relocating the NICU to a new facility design with improved environmental cleaning practice are effective and significantly reduce the incidence of HAIs.

滇西南景洪大勐龙地区蓝片岩岩石学、变质作用及其对古特提斯构造响应

【研究目的】蓝片岩为古洋壳的俯冲及洋-陆和陆-陆碰撞拼贴的产物,对深入探索洋壳或陆壳俯冲变质过程以及造山带的形成演化具有十分重要的意义。本文选择以滇西景洪大勐龙地区新发现的蓝片岩为研究对象,探讨其对昌宁—孟连古特提斯洋俯冲-造山背景的制约。【研究方法】通过岩相学与矿物化学分析,根据矿物组合的不同,识别出研究区内两种不同类型的蓝片岩,初步建立变质演化P-T轨迹,并结合区域地质资料分析蓝片岩的成因机制与就位的动力学背景,约束昌宁—孟连古特提斯洋俯冲-造山演化。【研究结果】获得白云母石榴蓝闪石英片岩峰期变质温压条件为T=450~490℃,P=0.90~1.45 GPa,绿泥绿帘阳起蓝闪片岩具有较低的峰期变质温压条件为T=430~470℃,P=0.69~0.73 GPa,并初步建立了两种不同类型蓝片岩变质演化P-T轨迹。【结论】两类峰期变质条件的差异可能为俯冲隧道中不同俯冲深度的蓝片岩,这一研究成果为进一步探索昌宁—孟连古特提斯洋的俯冲消减-闭合的构造演化过程提供重要依据。

消毒供应室全程质量控制管理对消毒的质量影响分析

目的探究分析全程质量控制管理应用在消毒供应室对消毒质量的影响。方法抽取2020年1—12月东营市河口区中医院消毒供应室实施常规管理模式的1800件消毒灭菌物品以及18名工作人员,纳入对照组。另外抽取2021年1—12月消毒供应室实施全程质量控制管理的1800件消毒灭菌物品以及相同的18名工作人员,纳入观察组。分析实施全程质量控制管理前后消毒灭菌物品合格率以及工作人员护理管理知识知晓率。结果观察消组毒合格率、灭菌合格率、无菌包装合格率、无菌发放合格率分别为98.44%、98.39%、98.56%、98.50%均高于对照组的91.94%、92.06%、92.22%、92.44%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组工作人员护理管理知识知晓率较对照组显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全程质量控制管理应用在消毒供应室,可明显提升消毒灭菌工作质量,增加工作人员护理管理知识知晓率。

珠江三角洲不同地区淡水鱼华支睾吸虫感染情况

目的了解目前珠江三角洲淡水鱼华支睾吸虫感染情况。方法使用直接压片法和消化法对从顺德、南海、三水、广州和番禺等地采集的各种淡水鱼进行检查。结果从上述5个地区采集的淡水鱼中均检出了华支睾吸虫囊蚴,其中来自三水小塘的淡水鱼感染最严重,广州地区的淡水鱼感染最轻。在不同鱼种中,以麦穗鱼感染率和感染度最高,主要食用鱼种如鲩鱼、大头鱼和非洲鲫鱼也有一定程度的感染。结论广东珠江三角洲地区淡水鱼华支睾吸虫的感染较为普遍和严重,防治工作有待加强。

气管切开并发肺部感染相关危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的了解气管切开并发医院肺部感染的相关危险因素和病原菌。方法采用回顾性调查方法收集132例气管切开患者的病历资料,以非条件多因素Logistic回归法分析相关的危险因素。结果 132例气管切开患者发生肺部感染84例,发病率为63.64%。非条件多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,<14岁或>65岁、输血、晚期气管切开、前5年内吸烟、意识障碍和使用抗酸药物是气管切开后并发医院肺部感染的危险因素。共分离病原菌178株,最常见的是革兰阴性(G-)细菌(141株,79.21%)。分离的14株金黄色葡萄球菌中,有12株(85.71%)是耐甲氧西林株。结论气管切开并发医院肺部感染的发病率高,病原菌以G-菌为主。应采取针对性的措施对相关危险因素进行控制。

肝胆手术手术部位感染相关危险因素研究

目的探讨肝胆手术手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)的危险因素,为制定SSI的控制措施提供依据。方法采用目标性监测的方法,研究肝胆手术SSI的发生情况,并对其相关危险因素:术前住院日、有无糖尿病、外周血血浆清蛋白、手术持续时间、手术方式、ASA评分、切口方向、切口长度、术中失血量、术后引流管留置天数及有无术后并发症等24个变量进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果肝胆手术SSI发生率为11.74%(35/298),其中住院期问感染24例(68.57%),出院后随访发现感染11例(31.43%)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,术后出现脂肪液化和切口裂开等并发症、手术持续时间及术后引流天数是SSI的独立危险因素。结论肝胆手术SSI的发生是多因素共同作用的结果,必须采取综合性的预防措施才能有效地降低SSI的发生率。