Quantization Heat Capacity Equations at Constant Volume According to Energy Levels and Planck Constant

The quantization thermal excitation isotherms based on the maximum triad spin number (G) of each energy level for metal cluster were derived as a function of temperature by expanding the binomial theorems according to energy levels. From them the quantized geometric mean heat capacity equations are expressed in sequence. Among them the five quantized geometric heat capacity equations, fit the best to the experimental heat capacity data of metal atoms at constant pressure. In the derivations we assume that the triad spin composed of an electron, its proton and its neutron in a metal cluster become a basic unit of thermal excitation. Boltzmann constant (kB) is found to be an average specific heat of an energy level in a metal cluster. And then the constant (kK) is found to be an average specific heat of a photon in a metal cluster. The core triad spin made of free neutrons may exist as the second one additional energy level. The energy levels are grouped according to the forms of four spins throughout two axes. Planck constant is theoretically obtained with the ratio of the internal energy of metal (U) to total isotherm number (N) through Equipartition theorem.

Anomalous low-temperature heat capacity in antiperovskite compounds

The low-temperature heat capacities are studied for antiperovskite compounds AX M_3（A = Al, Ga, Cu, Ag, Sn, X = C,N, M = Mn, Fe, Co）. A large peak in（C- γ T）/T^3 versus T is observed for each of a total of 18 compounds investigated,indicating an existence of low-energy phonon mode unexpected by Debye T^3 law. Such a peak is insensitive to the external magnetic field up to 80 k Oe（1 Oe = 79.5775 A·m-1）. For compounds with smaller lattice constant, the peak shifts towards higher temperatures with a reduction of peak height. This abnormal peak in（C- γ T）/T^3 versus T of antiperovskite compound may result from the strongly dispersive acoustic branch due to the heavier A atoms and the optical-like mode from the dynamic rotation of X M_6 octahedron. Such a low-energy phonon mode may not contribute negatively to the normal thermal expansion in AX M_3 compounds, while it is usually concomitant with negative thermal expansion in open-structure material（e.g., ZrW_2O_8, Sc F_3）.

Research on Operation of Electrothermal Integrated Energy System Including Heat Pump and Thermal Storage Units Based on Capacity Planning

In view of the Three North areas existing wind power absorption and environment pollution problems,the previous scholars have improved the wind abandon problem by adding electrothermal coupling equipment or optimizing power grid operation.In this paper,an electrothermal integrated energy system including heat pump and thermal storage units was proposed.The scheduling model was based on the load data and the output characteristics of power units,each power unit capacity was programmed without constraints,and the proposed scheduling model was compared with the traditional combined heat and power scheduling model.Results showed that the investment and pollutant discharge of the system was reduced respectively.Wind power was fully absorbed.Compared with the traditional thermal power unit,the proportion of the output was significantly decreased by the proposed model.The proposed system could provide a new prospect for wind power absorption and environment protection.

Calculation of the Heat Energy Needed for Melting of the Ice Formed from Bounded Water in the Wood

An engineering approach for the calculation of the specific heat energy needed for melting of the ice, which is created from the freezing of hygroscopically bounded water in the wood, qbw, has been suggested. The approach, together with the equation that presents it, includes mathematical descriptions of the density of frozen wood in the hygroscopic diapason, Pw, and of the specific heat capacity of the ice formed from the bounded water in the wood, cbw for the calculation of Pw, cbw and qbw according to the suggested approach a software program has been prepared in the calculation environment of Visual Fortran. Using the program computations have been carried out for the determination ofpw, cbw and qbw, of oak, pine, beech and poplar frozen wood with initial temperature in the range from -20℃ to -2℃, at which the thawing of the ice from the bounded water is completed, and with moisture content in the hygroscopic range during wood defrosting. Based on the obtained results, a very simple and easy for use equation for the calculation of qbw depending only on the wood moisture content and on the content of non-frozen water in the wood at given initial wood temperature has been suggested.

Energy Efficiency Classification for Agricultural Heater

Classification of energy efficiency system for agricultural heater was discussed and analyzed in order to derive an energy efficiency classification scheme for agricultural heater. Current practices of energy efficiency programs for other products such as residential gas boiler were investigated and analyzed. Test items including energy efficiency and standby power for agricultural heater were analyzed. With the data of residential gas boiler, grade distribution of energy efficiency system was made and evaluated. An energy efficiency classification scheme for agricultural heater was proposed and applied to agricultural heaters, and the scheme was justified. Introducing a new energy efficiency classification system to the agricultural heater industry, it is expected that considerable amount of fossil fuels can be reduced by adopting energy efficiency classification system.

水冷冷水机组热回收的节能分析

本文首先介绍了夏热冬暖地区生活热水系统常用的三种热水供给方案,并对其所用的热源机组进行能效分析及能耗分析,把空调制冷与生活热水作为一个整体,具体计算了三种方案热源机组的单位制热量耗电指标,这一指标的计算结果表明了回收水冷冷水机组的冷凝余热用于生活热水系统节能效果明显,且在此基础上推导出不同环境温度下运行经济性最佳的水冷冷水机组热回收温度,进而通过工程实例广东佛山某酒店项目的生活热水系统热源机组年能耗计算佐证之。本文量化分析了水冷冷水机组热回收的节能效果以及热回收温度对节能效果的影响,以期为水冷冷水机组热回收的应用及运行提供有益的参考和指导。

基于风电场景概率的电热混合储能优化配置

为有效提高风电入网的经济性和可行性,文中提出一种考虑风电典型场景概率的电热混合储能优化配置方案。首先通过场景分析,利用K-means聚类法将大量风机历史出力数据简化为6个典型出力场景,确定各场景发生的概率,其中聚类数目由肘部曲线法和Dunn指数法综合确定;其次提出电热混合储能系统控制策略,建立适用于多场景的风储联合系统模型;最后,以经济性成本最低与弃风量最小为目标,建立包含电、热负荷综合响应的容量配置优化模型,并将场景概率以权值的形式加入到目标函数中,采用粒子群算法求解模型。通过仿真分析和与其他储能配置场景对比,发现所提配置策略能够提高风电利用率约16.12%,同时减少系统综合成本约43.76%,验证了所提策略的合理性和有效性。

聚氨酯型固-固相变储能材料对沥青调温效果的影响研究

聚氨酯型固-固相变储能材料可以有效提高沥青的相变储能能力,从而在调节路面温度的同时,减小温度波动。基于上述背景,针对聚氨酯型固-固相变储能材料对沥青调温效果的影响展开研究。确定相变材料的分类标准,并分别研究其储能原理及具体应用情况,完成对聚氨酯型固-固相变储能材料特性的分析。在此基础上,定义周期性储热边界条件,根据沥青调温过程中内聚能密度的变化形式,推导相变储能材料的能量变化规律,从而确定聚氨酯型固-固相变储能材料对沥青调温效果的影响能力。

Simulation of heat transfer performance using middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchangers by FEFLOW

Due to its large heat transfer area and stable thermal performance,the middledeep coaxial borehole heat exchanger(CBHE)has become one of the emerging technologies to extract geothermal energy.In this paper,a numerical modeling on a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model of a CBHE was conducted by using software FEFLOW,in which the model simulation was compared with the other studies and was validated with experimental data.On this basis,a further simulation was done in respect of assessing the influencing factors of thermal extraction performance and thermal influence radius of the CBHE.The results show that the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger decreases rapidly at the initial stage,and then tended to be stable;and the thermal influence radius increases with the increase of borehole depth.The heat extraction rate of the borehole increases linearly with the geothermal gradient.Rock heat capacity has limited impact on the heat extraction rate,but has a great influence on the thermal influence radius of the CBHE.When there is groundwater flow in the reservoir,the increase of groundwater velocity will result in the rise of both outlet temperature and heat extraction rate.The heat affected zone extends along with the groundwater flow direction;and its influence radius is increasing along with flow velocity.In addition,the material of the inner pipe has a significant effect on the heat loss in the pipe,so it is recommended that the material with low thermal conductivity should be used if possible.

基于新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略研究

随着配电网中新能源渗透率的增加,配电网新能源承载能力受到挑战。电采暖负荷有一定的可调节性,具有参与配电网负荷调度的潜力,如何通过负荷调度提升配电网新能源承载能力具有重要现实意义。文章提出一种考虑新能源承载能力的配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度策略。首先,构建了蓄热式电采暖负荷的调控模型;然后,以配电网台区新能源承载能力为目标,以配电网负荷波动平抑、配电网稳态安全运行和电采暖负荷用户舒适性为约束,建立了配电网电采暖负荷动态优化调度模型,并提出基于量子遗传算法的求解策略。采用拉丁超立方抽样法生成典型应用场景,进行配电网新能源承载能力调度策略的适用性分析。算例结果表明,所提方法能够充分考虑电采暖负荷的调控潜力,提高配电网新能源的应用水平。

消纳弃风的风电混合储能供热系统容量配置优化

为解决“三北”地区冬季建筑能耗较高且弃风严重的问题,设计了由锂电池、固体蓄热装置和热泵设备组成的风电混合储能供热系统。首先基于BP神经网络预测了风电机组输出功率,采用k-means聚类分析得到了供热典型日负荷曲线;然后提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法的风电混合储能供热系统容量配置优化方法,以系统总成本最小和弃风量最低为约束条件构建了目标函数;最后比较了考虑和不考虑弃风条件下,风电混合储能供热系统的容量配置优化结果。研究表明,所提出的优化方法不但可以有效降低弃风率,场景适用性强,还能够满足严寒地区冬季清洁供热需求,为可再生能源高效利用提供参考。

燃气热水锅炉供热系统节能减排措施及效果探究

随着城镇供热的快速发展,在国家能源结构转型,主张清洁供热,力推碳达峰、碳中和的挑战背景下,如何积极主动将终端烟气治理转变成源头燃料治理思维就显得尤为重要,燃气锅炉进入了新的发展时期。为有效保障燃气锅炉安全、经济、清洁、高效运行,就如何合理调整运行方式、有效回收利用工业低品位余热能源及配合设备升级改造以优化锅炉及配套辅机系统运行工况等方面进行了节能减排措施介绍,并付诸可行性效果探究,以提升清洁、经济供热服务能力,指导热源精细化高效产能。

西安中深层U型对接换热井取热能力及热影响半径

中深层地热能井下换热技术是一种环保的地热能开发利用技术,U型对接换热井为重要类型之一,取热能力和热影响半径是这一技术应用推广的关键问题。文章以西安某2500 m深、水平段长200 m的U型对接换热井为研究对象,基于实测地层温度和围岩热物性参数,通过原位测试及数值模拟技术,分析换热井的取热能力,探讨换热过程中围岩地层温度变化特征及范围。结果表明:目标换热井30 a可持续取热功率达750 kW,平均换热功率为144 W/m;围岩地温衰减程度和范围随着取热功率增大而增大;换热井不同深度热影响半径不同,深部地层整体大于浅部,750 kW取热功率下取热30 a最大热影响半径超过100 m,换热井进、出水井间存在一定程度的热干扰。

西安中深层同轴套管换热井取热能力及热影响半径

深井换热技术是目前公认最环保的地热能开发利用技术,以同轴套管换热井最常见,取热能力和影响半径是这一技术推广过程中存在争议且急需解决的问题。以西安草滩2500 m深同轴套管换热井为研究对象,基于实测地层温度和围岩热物性参数,通过原位测试及数值模拟技术,分析换热井的取热能力,探讨换热过程中围岩地层温度变化特征及范围。结果表明:目标换热井30年可持续取热功率可达350 kW,平均延米140 W/m;围岩地温衰减程度和范围随着取热功率增大而增大;换热井不同深度热影响半径不同,深部地层整体大于浅部,350 kW取热功率下取热30年最大热影响半径可达110 m。

Low-temperature heat capacities and standard molar enthalpy of formation of N-methylnorephedrine C11H17NO（s）

This paper reports that low-temperature heat capacities of N-methylnorephedrine C11H17NO（s） have been measured by a precision automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from T=78K to T=400K. A solid to liquid phase transition of the compound was found in the heat capacity curve in the temperature range of T=342-364 K. The peak temperature, molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion of the substance were determined. The experimental values of the molar heat capacities in the temperature regions of T=78-342 K and T=364-400 K were fitted to two poly- nomial equations of heat capacities with the reduced temperatures by least squares method. The smoothed molar heat capacities and thermodynamic functions of N-methylnorephedrine C11H17NO（s） relative to the standard refer- ence temperature 298.15 K were calculated based on the fitted polynomials and tabulated with an interval of 5 K. The constant-volume energy of combustion of the compound at T=298.15 K was measured by means of an isoperibol precision oxygen-bomb combustion calorimeter. The standard molar enthalpy of combustion of the sample was calculated. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of the compound was determined from the combustion enthalpy and other auxiliary thermodynamic data through a Hess thermochemical cycle.

考虑置信容量和调峰能力的新能源基地光热电站配置方法

光热电站具有清洁低碳、长时间储能的友好并网特性,能有效平抑新能源出力波动。相比于传统火电机组,光热电站的调节能力依然存在不足,可能会降低新能源基地外送能力。为此,基于光热电站接入前后外送可靠性不变原则,建立针对光热电站置信容量及调峰能力的评估方法和模型。在此基础上,以新能源基地综合发电经济性为目标,考虑机组约束、外送约束、光热电站置信容量和调峰能力约束建立模型。通过算例仿真,采用时序模拟技术,对光热电站的储热时长和容量优化配置模型进行求解,给出典型场景下的光热电站配置方案,得到风光容量配比最优的容量配置方案,并分析不同风光容量配比下的经济性情况。所提的光热电站储热时长和容量配置方法能够有效提升新能源基地的低碳性,优化光热电站的投资收益。

一体式多能源耦合热泵机组的性能研究

传统空气源热泵机组在低环境温度中运行的能效低,随环境温度的降低,制热量衰减严重,且存在潮湿天气下运行时结霜严重、化霜时影响用户采暖效果等问题。以一体式多能源耦合热泵机组为研究对象,建立了实验平台,通过测试对该热泵机组的性能系数(COP)进行分析研究。研究结果表明:1)一体式多能源耦合热泵机组采用模块化设计,安装快捷方便,系统控制简单,且初始投资较低。2)通过全流道双效集热板和风冷换热器可吸收自然环境中的太阳能、空气能、水汽能等多种能源,实现了一机多能源互补,有效解决了传统空气源热泵机组在环境温度低时能效低、在极端寒冷天气下不能正常运行的问题。3)在环境温度为2.2~3.8℃,日均太阳辐照度为476 W/m^(2)的条件下,一体式多能源耦合热泵机组的输出功率为72.3~76.1k W,COP在3.4~3.5之间,比传统空气源热泵机组的COP提高了22%左右。

多热源供能系统储能装机占比对系统经济性影响分析

燃气锅炉与热泵技术、储能技术结合,构成的多热源供能系统将在可再生能源供热领域发挥重要作用。但与常规供能系统相比,多热源供能系统存在初投资较高、系统结构复杂、资源不稳定等问题。提出一种多热源供能系统优化及性能分析的简便方法,采用WPS?办公软件进行规划求解。以某多热源供能项目为例,对系统配置和策略进行优化;对多种供能方案进行技术经济、污染物排放及综合指标测算。结果表明:储能有利于降低热泵装机容量、减少峰价用电量;通过对可再生能源供能进行投资补贴、冷热联供、系统配置和运行策略优化,可进一步改善多热源供能系统的综合性能,使其内部收益率与燃气锅炉供热系统相当;根据本文提出的综合评价指标及内部收益率、供能成本、CO_(2)排放、供热效率等单项指标,适宜的储能装机占比为17.6%~20%。

Thermodynamic Equilibrium of the Saturated Fluid with a Free Surface Area and the Internal Energy as a Function of the Phase-Specific Volumes and Vapor Pressure

This study is concerned with describing the thermodynamic equilibrium of the saturated fluid with and without a free surface area A. Discussion of the role of A as system variable of the interface phase and an estimate of the ratio of the respective free energies of systems with and without A show that the system variables given by Gibbs suffice to describe the volumetric properties of the fluid. The well-known Gibbsian expressions for the internal energies of the two-phase fluid, namely for the vapor and for the condensate (liquid or solid), only differ with respect to the phase-specific volumes and . The saturation temperature T, vapor presssure p, and chemical potential are intensive parameters, each of which has the same value everywhere within the fluid, and hence are phase-independent quantities. If one succeeds in representing as a function of and , then the internal energies can also be described by expressions that only differ from one another with respect to their dependence on and . Here it is shown that can be uniquely expressed by the volume function . Therefore, the internal energies can be represented explicitly as functions of the vapor pressure and volumes of the saturated vapor and condensate and are absolutely determined. The hitherto existing problem of applied thermodynamics, calculating the internal energy from the measurable quantities T, p, , and , is thus solved. The same method applies to the calculation of the entropy, chemical potential, and heat capacity.

计及弃电转热的IES系统设计及运行特性研究

针对可再生能源的消纳问题,建立一种耦合电转热设备的综合能源系统,利用负载跟随和循环充电2种日前运行策略,结合网格搜索法对系统进行优化,分析太阳辐照度、风速条件、碳税成本和天然气价格这4种约束条件的敏感性。结果表明,耦合电转热设备系统的综合能源系统(IES)在全周期生命成本、能源成本、可再生能源渗透率和年二氧化碳排放量方面均有较好的表现;负载跟随策略下,系统可再生能源渗透率为30.92%,耦合电转热设备后,可再生能源消纳能力提升4.97%~5.69%。