Analysis and calculating for preheat temperature and average convection heat change coefficient in the continue annealing furnace

The aim of the thesis is to utilize essential theory of heat transfer,to use correlative expressions to calculate average convection heat change coefficient and heating temperature of strip in Jet Preheat Furnace (JPF),make the calculating results accordant with production data,and make the calculation to be used the process of production.The method is to collect:entry temperature and speed of strip,temperature and speed of N_2 - H_2,to analyse heat transfer according to length and thickness of strip,jet hole and mutual position of jet piping in JPF,to analyse heat transfer and built the physical model.In mathematic model, Martin correlative expressions are tried to calculate using the data from production,and are modified in part properly.At the same time,heat boundary condition is analysed with theory of impact jet and production data.The conclusion is obtained that boundary condition is rarely average numerical value of temperature of strip and N_2 - H_2 with impact jet condition,instead of a relation of function of temperature of strip, temperature and speed of N_2- H_2,array of jet holes,diameter of hole,distance between hole and strip,and acquired a calculating expression.In calculation of examples,the thesis collected and calculated 15 kinds of strips.The thickness of strips are 2=0.51~1.41 mm,material DQ - IF、DDQ,EDDQ,SEDDQ and 340DDQ.Main assess numerical value is temperature value after strip is heated with certain speed and within section of time.Maximum error in 9 groups of numerical value in the thesis is 3.36%comparing with production data.The correlative expressions can be used in production to adjust temperature of strip through changing speed and temperature of N_2 - H_2 and speed of strip.The correlative expressions are compiled computer process.The process can be applied in on line control of production by rapid calculating speed.

Fabrication and testing of phase change heat sink for high power LED

A novel phase change heat sink was fabricated for packaging cooling of high power light emitting diode （LED）. 3D structures as enhanced boiling structure in the evaporation surface were composed of a spiral micro-groove along circumferential direction and radial micro-grooves which were processed by ploughing-extrusion （P-E） and stamping, respectively. Meanwhile, the cycle power of refrigerant was supplied by wick of sintered copper powder on internal surface of phase change heat sink. Operational characteristics were tested under different heat loads and refrigerants. The experimental results show that phase change heat sink is provided with a good heat transfer capability and the temperature of phase change heat sink reaches 86.8 ℃ under input power of 10 W LED at ambient temperature of 20 ℃.

Heat transfer performance testing of a new type of phase change heat sink for high power light emitting diode

In view of the limitations of solid metal heat sink in the heat dissipation of high power light emitting diode （LED）, a kind of miniaturized phase change heat sink is developed for high power LED packaging. First, the fabrication process of miniaturized phase change heat sink is investigated, upon which all parts of the heat sink are fabricated including main-body and end-cover of the heat sink, the formation of three-dimensional boiling structures at the evaporation end, the sintering of the wick, and the encapsulation of high power LED phase change heat sink. Subsequently, with the assistance of the developed testing system, heat transfer performance of the heat sink is tested under the condition of natural convection, upon which the influence of thermal load and working medium on the heat transfer performance is investigated. Finally, the heat transfer performance of the developed miniaturized phase change heat sink is compared with that of metal solid heat sink. Results show that the developed miniaturized phase change heat sink presents much better heat transfer performance over traditional metal solid heat sink, and is suitable for the packaging of high power LED.

Exact analytical solution to three-dimensional phase change heat transfer problems in biological tissues subject to freezing

Analytically solving a three-dimensional （3-D） bioheat transfer problem with phase change during a freezing process is extremely difficult but theoretically important. The moving heat source model and the Green function method are introduced to deal with the cryopreservation process of in vitro biomaterials. Exact solutions for the 3-D temperature transients of tissues under various boundary conditions, such as totally convective cooling, totally fixed temperature cooling and a hybrid between them on tissue surfaces, are obtained. Furthermore, the cryosurgical process in living tissues subject to freezing by a single or multiple cryoprobes is also analytically solved. A closed-form analytical solution to the bioheat phase change process is derived by considering contributions from blood perfusion heat transfer, metabolic heat generation, and heat sink of a cryoprobe. The present method is expected to have significant value for analytically solving complex bioheat transfer problems with phase change.

Shaped Insulating Refractory Products——Determination of Permanent Linear Change on Heating

1 Scope This standard covers the definition, technical requirement, apparatus, specimen, test procedure, calculation and test report on permanent linear change of shaped insulating refractory products.

Impacts of different drying strategies on drying characteristics,the retention of bio-active ingredient and colour changes of dried Roselle

The drying kinetics of Roselle （Hibiscus sabdariffa L） of variety Terengganu （UMKL-1） and the quality attribution of Roselle were studied. The experiments were conducted using four different drying methods, including solar greenhouse drying （SD）, solar greenhouse with intermittent heat pump drying （SIHP）, hot air drying （HA） and heat pump drying （HP）. Among the four drying methods, HP achieved the highest drying rate at a range from 0.054 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain-1 to 0.212 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain 1 while SD had the lowest drying rate, measured at 0.042 g H2O. （g DM） 1.min- 1. The analysis on colour kinetics revealed that there is no significant colour loss （p 〉 0.05） observed from HP＇s dried Roselle. Greater amount of flavonoid compounds i.e. protocatechuic acid was found in SD and SIHP dried finished product whereas HP＇s dried Roselle contains higher percentage of catechin as compared to other drying methods.

Composition change and capacitance properties of ruthenium oxide thin film

Ru O2·n H2O film was deposited on tantalum foils by electrodeposition and heat treatment using Ru Cl3·3H2O as precursor.Surface morphology, composition change and cyclic voltammetry from precursor to amorphous and crystalline RuO2·n H2O films were studied by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer, differential thermal analyzer, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical analyzer, respectively. The results show that the precursor was transformed gradually from amorphous to crystalline phase with temperature. When heat treated at 300 °C for 2h, RuO2·n H2O electrode surface gains mass of2.5 mg/cm2 with specific capacitance of 782 F/g. Besides, it is found that the specific capacitance of the film decreased by roughly20% with voltage scan rate increasing from 5 to 250 m V/s.

Heat Transfer Performance and Structural Optimization of a Novel Micro-channel Heat Sink

With the advent of the 5G era,the design of electronic equipment is developing towards thinness,intelligence and multi-function,which requires higher cooling performance of the equipment.Micro-channel heat sink is promising for the heat dissipation of super-thin electronic equipment.In this study,thermal resistance theoretical model of the micro-channel heat sink was first established.Then,fabrication process of the micro-channel heat sink was introduced.Subsequently,heat transfer performance of the fabricated micro-channel heat sink was tested through the developed testing platform.Results show that the developed micro-channel heat sink has more superior heat dissipation performance over conventional metal solid heat sink and it is well suited for high power LEDs application.Moreover,the micro-channel structures in the heat sink were optimized by orthogonal test.Based on the orthogonal optimization,heat dissipation performance of the micro-channel radiator was further improved.

Enhanced Phase Change Heat Storage of Layered Backfill Body under Different Boundary Conditions

In view of the high temperature problem faced by mining activities,the coordinated mining of ore deposit and geothermal energy is a solution in line with the concept of green mining.The layered backfill body with finned double-pipe heat exchanger continuously exchanges heat with the surrounding thermal environment,which plays an effective role in gathering geothermal energy.In this paper,the heat storage process of each layered backfill body under different boundary conditions is simulated by Fluent.The results show the heat storage characteristic of layered backfill body can be significantly improved by adding fins to the double-pipe heat exchanger.On the whole,the heat storage effect of bottom layer backfill body(BLBB)is the best.The total heat storage capacity of top layer backfill body(TLBB),middle layer backfill body(MLBB)and BLBB with the finned double-pipe heat exchanger is 666.3 kJ,662.2 kJ,1003.0 kJ;1639.0 kJ,1760.8 kJ,1911.2 kJ and 1731.1 kJ,1953.3 kJ,1962.8 kJ respectively at 1 h,8 h and 24 h.This study explores the law of heat storage of layered backfill body under different boundary conditions and also expands the idea for layered backfill body to efficiently accumulate geothermal energy.

Optimization of three-dimensional boiling enhancement structure at evaporation surface for high power light emitting diode

A theoretical model of phase change heat sink was established in terms of thermal resistance network. The influence of different parameters on the thermal resistance was analyzed and the crucial impact factors were determined. Subsequently, the forming methods including ploughing-extrusion and stamping method of boiling enhancement structure at evaporation surface were investigated, upon which three-dimensional microgroove structure was fabricated to improve the efficiency of evaporation. Moreover, the crucial parameters related to the fabrication of miniaturized phase change heat sink were optimized. The heat transfer performance of the heat sink was tested. Results show that the developed phase change heat sink has excellent heat transfer performance and is suitable for high power LED applications.

Response of Northern Hemispheric Air Temperature to Arctic Sea Ice Decline

Two numerical experiments were performed by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 （CAM3） with different sea ice datasets to assess the con- tribution of the decline of Arctic sea ice to warming in the Northern Hemisphere. One observed sea ice cover data; experiment was driven by for the other one, the authors used the sea ice data of the 4xCO2 scenario simulated by the fourth-generation European Centre Hamburg atmos- pheric general circulation Model of Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy （1NGV ECHAM4）. The comparison of the two experiments indicates that the de- cline of the Arctic sea ice leads to a dramatic wanning over the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, char- acterized by a maximum warming of more than 26~C over the Arctic region. The significant warming is closely re- lated to the enhanced atmospheric heat source. A 40-60 W m-2 increase in the apparent heat source was simulated in winter due to the decline of Arctic sea ice. In contrast, no significant change was found in the atmospheric ap- parent heat source in summer. As a result, the summer temperature change induced by the decline of Arctic sea ice appears to be weak. This study suggests that accurate sea ice cover data is crucial for future climate projection of air temperature in high latitudes.

Ka-Band CTDRSS Terminal Technology for Meeting the Needs of Launch Vehicle TT&C

To meet the application requirements for a Ka-band space-based TT&C terminal for a launch vehicle,this paper proposes the implementation scheme of a space-based TT&C terminal,analyzes and solves the miniaturized design of equipment and the key technology for high-efficiency heat dissipation.The phased array antenna test shows that without external heat dissipation measures,the phased array antenna can work for a long time to meet the working requirements of launch vehicle,which has been verified in the LM-8 mission,and has wide engineering application prospects.

Giant isothermal entropy change In(111)-oriented PMN-PT thin film

An isothermal entropy change of 240 nm(111)-oriented PMN–PT 65/35 film near the ferroelectric Curie temperature,relative cooling power(RCP)and change of heat capacity have been investigated.The extracted data characterized giant isothermal entropy change of more than 16 J/kgK in electric field shift△E of 455 kV cm^(-1),which is nearly twice than that found for PbZr_(0.9)5Ti_(0.05)O_(3)thin film at 492 kV cm^(-1)near the Curie point.Furthermore,the RCP≈700 J/kg and change of heat capacity≈233 J/kgK in electric field shift△E of 747 kV cm^(-1).

The effect of differential temperatures on the latent heat in the nucleation of CdSe quantum dots

This work studied the effect of differential temperatures on the latent heat in the nucleation of CdSe quantum dots（QDs）.The result showed that,by the formula of phase change,with increasing the reaction temperature,the latent heat in the nucleation of QDs reduced.CdSe QDs with the size-dispersion from 2.7 to 3.6 nm were synthesized via oleic acid-paraffin liquid system by controlling the reaction temperature from 180 to 220℃.Synthesized QDs were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectra and X-ray diffraction（XRD）.The result of UV-vis absorption spectra showed that with increasing of reaction temperature,the first absorption peak was red-shifted and the size of QD increased.The result of XRD showed that the synthesized QDs were zinc-blende structure.

Study of ZrO_2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials

ZrO2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials （PCMS） were prepareo oy mgn-energy milling. The concept of heat capacity factor （HCF） was used to analyze the thermal properties of the materials. The heat storage property of PCMs, containing the same content of stearic acid （23~ by mass） in the starting materials but synthesized by different technical processes, was investigated by using HCE It was found that there were vast influences of different dispersants on the heat capacity. The samples orelaared with chloroform provided the best heat storage ability in all samples tested.

Theoretical work on magnetocaloric effect in La_(0.75)Ca_(0.25)MnO_(3)

In this work,a phenomenological model is applied to describe the magnetocaloric effect for the La_(0.75)Ca_(0.25)MnO_(3)system near a second-order phase transition from a ferromagnetic to a paramagnetic state.Based on this model,it can predict the values of the magnetocaloric properties from calculation of magnetization as a function of temperature under different external magnetic fields.The magnetic entropy change reaches a peak of about 5.39 J/(kg·K)at 257 K upon 4 T applied field variation.TheΔSM distribution is much more uniform than that of gadolinium,which is desirable for an Ericson-cycle magnetic refrigerator.

Interpreting the sea surface temperature warming trend in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Previous studies have demonstrated that the low-frequency sea surface temperature(SST) variability in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea(YECS) is linked to large-scale climate variability, but explanations on the mechanisms vary. This study examines the low-frequency variability and trends of some atmospheric and oceanic variables to discuss their different effects on the YECS warming. The increasing temperature trend is also observed at a hydrographic section transecting the Kuroshio.The increasing rate of ocean temperature decreases with depth, which might result in an increase in vertical stratification and a decrease in vertical mixing, and thus plays a positive role on the YECS warming. The surface net heat flux(downward positive)displays a decreasing trend, which is possibly a result of the YECS warming, and, in turn, inhibits it. Wind speeds show different trends in different datasets, such that its role in the YECS warming is uncertain. The trends in wind stress divergence and curl have large uncertainties, so their effects on SST warming are still unclear. The Kuroshio heat transport calculated in this study,displays no significantly increasing trend, so is an unlikely explanation for the SST warming. Limited by sparse ocean observations,sophisticated assimilative climate models are still needed to unravel the mechanisms behind the YECS warming.

Theoretical investigations on electrocaloric properties of(111)-oriented PbMg_(1/3)Nb_(2)/3O_(3) single crystal

The electrocaloric(EC)effect accompanied with the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition in(111)-oriented PbMg_(1/3)Nb_(2)/3O_(3)(PMN)is investigated.It is shown that the largest change TDis 0.37 K in 3 kV/cm electric field shift near the Curie temperature of 221 K;that is,the cooling TDper unit field(MV/m)is 1.23×10^(-6) m·K/V.This value is significantly larger,and comparable with the value of 0.254×10^(-6) m·K/V for PbZr_(0.95)Ti_(0.05)O_(3)thin film under larger electric field shift ED=30 kV/cm.Thus,the EC effect of(111)PMN single crystal provides cooling solutions at low temperatures,and opens more opportunities for practical application in cooling systems.

Electrocaloric properties of Zr-modified Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3) polycrystalline ceramics

In this work,electrocaloric properties of Pb(Mg_(1/3)Zr_(2x/3)Nb_(2(1-x)3))O_(3-x/3) polycrystalline ceramics for different stoichiometric compositions have been investigated.The results show that largest changes(ΔT)are in range of 1.07 to 4.84 K in 10 kV cm^(-1) electric field change.These values are significantly large,and are comparable with values of other lead-containing ceramics under the same or larger electric field shift.The conclusion is that these materials are excellent candidates for working materials in refrigeration and liquefaction devices in a wide temperature range.