Seasonal Evolution of Subtropical Anticyclones in the Climate System Model FGOALS-s2

The simulation characteristics of the seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the Northern Hemisphere are documented for the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 （FGOALS-s2）, developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics. An understanding of the seasonal evolution of the subtropical anticyclones is also addressed. Compared with the global analysis established by the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts, the ERA-40 global reanalysis data, the general features of subtropical anticyclones and their evolution are simulated well in both winter and summer, while in spring a pronounced bias in the generation of the South Asia Anticyclone（SAA） exists. Its main deviation in geopotential height from the reanalysis is consistent with the bias of temperature in the troposphere. It is found that condensation heating （CO） plays a dominant role in the seasonal development of the SAA and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific （SAWP） in the middle troposphere. The CO biases in the model account for the biases in the establishment of the SAA in spring and the weaker strength of the SAA and the SAWP from spring to summer. CO is persistently overestimated in the central-east tropical Pacific from winter to summer, while it is underestimated over the area from the South China Sea to the western Pacific from spring to summer. Such biases generate an illusive anticyclonic gyre in the upper troposphere above the middle Pacific and delay the generation of the SAA over South Asia in April. In mid- summer, the simulated SAA is located farther north than in the ERA-40 data owing to excessively strong surface sensible heating （SE） to the north of the Tibetan Plateau. Whereas, the two surface subtropical anticyclones in the eastern oceans during spring to summer are controlled mainly by the surface SE over the two continents in the Northern Hemisphere, which are simulated reasonably well, albeit with their centers shifted westwards owing to the weaker longwave radiation cooling in the simulation associated with much weaker local stratiform cloud. Further improvements in the related parameterization of physical processes are therefore identified.

Optimum Heating of Thick-Walled Pressure Components Assuming a Quasi-steady State of Temperature Distribution

As a result of the development of wind farms,the gas- steam blocks,which shall quickly ensure energy supply in case the wind velocity is too low,are introduced to the energy system.To shorten the start-up time of the gas-steam and conventional blocks,the structure of the basic components of the blocks are changed,e.g.by reducing the diameter of the boiler,the thickness of its wall is also reduced.The attempts were also made to revise the currently binding TRD 301 regulations,replacing them by the EN 12952-3 European Standard,to reduce the allowable heating and cooling rates of thick walled boiler components.The basic assumption,on which the boiler regulations allowing to calculate the allowable temperature change rates of pressure components were based,was the quasi- steady state of the temperature field in the simple shaped component,such as a slab,cylindrical or spherical wall.

Manufacturing of Long Products Made of Innovative Lightweight Materials

The processing of innovative lightweight materials to sheet metal components and assemblies with globally or locally defined properties is the object of this work. It takes a load-dependent design of components and assemblies, for example, based on the composition of different construction materials or a targeted setting of component areas with specified characteristics to fully exploit the lightweight potential when substituting conventionally used materials. Different process chains for the manufacturing of roll-formed long products made of magnesium alloys and high-strength steels with locally defined properties will be presented in this paper. Depending on the kind of material to be formed and the desired product characteristics, different temperature managements are needed for capable processes. Due to limited formability at room temperature, magnesium alloys require a heating of the forming zones above 200–225 °C throughout the bending process in order to activate additional gliding planes and to avoid any failures in the radii. The realization of local hardening effects requires at least one process-integrated heat treatment when roll forming manganese–boron steels. For both processes, it is imperative to realize a heating and cooling down or quenching appropriate for the manufacturing of long products with the required quality. Additionally, proper line speeds that allow a continuously operated economical production have to be considered. Research results including design, FEA, realization and experimentation of the mentioned process chains and strategies will be described in detail.