Low carbon development of blast furnaces is one of the key technological directions in the current development of ironmaking.Owing to the differences in the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and carbon,hydr...Low carbon development of blast furnaces is one of the key technological directions in the current development of ironmaking.Owing to the differences in the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and carbon,hydrogen-rich media entering a blast furnace will change the heat distribution,thus affecting the stability of production.Accordingly,a heat distribution model was proposed to study the temperature distribution in a blast furnace,simultaneously considering gas-solid heat exchange,slag and iron melting,and chemical reactions.The model was used to analyze the temperature distribution of a 2300 m^(3) blast furnace and was verified via comparison with actual production data.Subsequently,the effects of the injection rate of hydrogen-rich media,H2 concentration,and oxygen enrichment rate of the blast on the temperature distribution were investigated.Results indicated that the increase in the injection rate of the hydrogen-rich media decreased the amount of direct reduction and led to an increase in the furnace temperature.Furthermore,an increase in the oxygen enrichment rate led to a decrease in the furnace temperature,but could reduce the solid fuel ratio,while the change in H2 concentration had less effect on the temperature distribution.The combination of hydrogen-rich media injection and the increase in the oxygen enrichment rate would help to adjust the temperature distribution to the same level as the conventional blast furnace conditions.展开更多
Maintaining suitable temperature level around tomato in the greenhouse is essential for the high-quality production.However,in summer,the temperature level around the tomato is usually unclear except using a high-prec...Maintaining suitable temperature level around tomato in the greenhouse is essential for the high-quality production.However,in summer,the temperature level around the tomato is usually unclear except using a high-precision temperature imager.To solve this problem,thermal performance of 3D(three-dimensional)tomato model built based on SolidWorks was investigated by the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations.To assess the effect of temperature distribution around the tomato,a simplified 3D tomato numerical model was firstly validated by a set of field measurement data.The light intensity and indoor ventilation were regarded as the mainly environment factors in the Venlo greenhouse,thermal stratification around tomatoes at different time of day was further studied.The numerical results illustrated the different temperature distribution around tomato body under different radiation intensity.It was found that ventilation could obviously adjust the temperature gradient around the tomato,and alleviate high temperature effect particularly in summer.Suitable ventilation could create a suitable thermal environment for the tomato growth.This study clearly demonstrated 3D temperature distribution around tomatoes,which is beneficial to provide the reference for accurate detection of 3D tomato temperature and appropriate thermal environment design.展开更多
Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality.However,a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increas...Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality.However,a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increase in temperature due to high specific energy,which can lead to surface thermal damage.Therefore,ensuring control over the surface integrity of workpieces during grinding becomes a critical concern.This necessitates the development of temperature field models that consider various parameters,such as workpiece materials,grinding wheels,grinding parameters,cooling methods,and media,to guide industrial production.This study thoroughly analyzes and summarizes grinding temperature field models.First,the theory of the grinding temperature field is investigated,classifying it into traditional models based on a continuous belt heat source and those based on a discrete heat source,depending on whether the heat source is uniform and continuous.Through this examination,a more accurate grinding temperature model that closely aligns with practical grinding conditions is derived.Subsequently,various grinding thermal models are summarized,including models for the heat source distribution,energy distribution proportional coefficient,and convective heat transfer coefficient.Through comprehensive research,the most widely recognized,utilized,and accurate model for each category is identified.The application of these grinding thermal models is reviewed,shedding light on the governing laws that dictate the influence of the heat source distribution,heat distribution,and convective heat transfer in the grinding arc zone on the grinding temperature field.Finally,considering the current issues in the field of grinding temperature,potential future research directions are proposed.The aim of this study is to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for predicting workpiece temperature and improving surface integrity.展开更多
The goal of this paper is to present a versatile framework for solution verification of PDE's. We first generalize the Richardson Extrapolation technique to an optimized extrapolation solution procedure that construc...The goal of this paper is to present a versatile framework for solution verification of PDE's. We first generalize the Richardson Extrapolation technique to an optimized extrapolation solution procedure that constructs the best consistent solution from a set of two or three coarse grid solution in the discrete norm of choice. This technique generalizes the Least Square Extrapolation method introduced by one of the author and W. Shyy. We second establish the conditioning number of the problem in a reduced space that approximates the main feature of the numerical solution thanks to a sensitivity analysis. Overall our method produces an a posteriori error estimation in this reduced space of approximation. The key feature of our method is that our construction does not require an internal knowledge of the software neither the source code that produces the solution to be verified. It can be applied in principle as a postprocessing procedure to off the shelf commercial code. We demonstrate the robustness of our method with two steady problems that are separately an incompressible back step flow test case and a heat transfer problem for a battery. Our error estimate might be ultimately verified with a near by manufactured solution. While our pro- cedure is systematic and requires numerous computation of residuals, one can take advantage of distributed computing to get quickly the error estimate.展开更多
Through the comparison of calcination conditions between cement preclinkering technology and cement precalcining technology,we studied the characteristics of temperature field distribution of cement preclinkering tech...Through the comparison of calcination conditions between cement preclinkering technology and cement precalcining technology,we studied the characteristics of temperature field distribution of cement preclinkering technology systems including cyclone preheater,preclinkering furnace,and rotary kiln.We used numericalsimulation method to obtain data of temperature field distribution.Some results are found by system study.The ratio of tailcoalof cement preclinkering technology is about 70%,and raw mealtemperature can reach 1070 ℃.Shorter L/D kiln type of preclinkering technology can obtain more stable calcining zone temperature.The highest solid temperature of cement preclinkering technology is higher than 80 ℃,and high temperature region(〉1450 ℃)length is 2 times,which is beneficialfor calcining clinker and higher clinker quality.So cement preclinkering technology can obtain more performance temperature filed,which improves both the solid-phase reaction and liquid-phase reaction.展开更多
A numerical method is presented for analysing 2 dimensional quasi steady state heat transfer in high power density laser keyhole welding processes. The mathematical model is established according to the conservation...A numerical method is presented for analysing 2 dimensional quasi steady state heat transfer in high power density laser keyhole welding processes. The mathematical model is established according to the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Computation is performed by using the finite control volume method in the curvilinear coordinate system. A position prediction correction procedure is employed to identify the solid liquid interface location. This method is applied to the study of a typical keyhole welding process of an AISI 304 stainless steel plate and its feasibility is verified.展开更多
日益频繁的极端天气给电热耦合系统造成的影响愈发严重。韧性是衡量系统抵御极端事件、减少故障影响并快速恢复的核心指标。为提升电热耦合系统抵御极端灾害的能力,提出一种考虑热惯性的热电联产虚拟电厂(combined heat and power-virtu...日益频繁的极端天气给电热耦合系统造成的影响愈发严重。韧性是衡量系统抵御极端事件、减少故障影响并快速恢复的核心指标。为提升电热耦合系统抵御极端灾害的能力,提出一种考虑热惯性的热电联产虚拟电厂(combined heat and power-virtual power plant,CHP-VPP)两阶段三层韧性提升策略。第一阶段以联络开关成本最小为目标,基于最小生成树理论对系统进行重构;第二阶段以运行成本最小为目标,基于分布鲁棒优化理论制定最恶劣的故障场景下的最优决策。采用列与约束生成算法进行迭代求解。基于IEEE 33节点电力系统+6节点供热系统构建CHP-VPP测试系统,仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可有效提升CHP-VPP应对极端灾害的韧性。展开更多
风电等可再生能源的出力具有不确定性,传统的鲁棒优化和随机优化方法在处理风电等可再生能源出力不确定性时都存在一些局限与不足。基于分布鲁棒优化研究了考虑风电出力不确定性的电-气-热综合能源系统(electricity-gas-heat integrated...风电等可再生能源的出力具有不确定性,传统的鲁棒优化和随机优化方法在处理风电等可再生能源出力不确定性时都存在一些局限与不足。基于分布鲁棒优化研究了考虑风电出力不确定性的电-气-热综合能源系统(electricity-gas-heat integrated energy system,EGH-IES)日前经济调度问题。将Kullback-Leibler(KL)散度作为分布函数与参考分布之间距离的量度,建立风电出力的分布函数集合。然后以系统运行总成本作为目标函数,建立了EGH-IES日前经济调度鲁棒机会约束优化模型。将所建立的鲁棒机会约束优化模型转化为利用求解器可直接求解的确定性混合整数线性优化模型。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性,并分析了电转气技术和热网管道输送延时对风电消纳的作用。展开更多
With the advancement of clean heating projects and the integration of large-scale distributed heat pumps into rural distribution networks in northern China,power grid companies face tremendous pressure to invest in po...With the advancement of clean heating projects and the integration of large-scale distributed heat pumps into rural distribution networks in northern China,power grid companies face tremendous pressure to invest in power grid upgrades,which bring opportunities for renewable power generation integration.The combination of heating by distributed renewable energy with the flexible operation of heat pumps is a feasible alternative for dealing with grid reinforcement challenges resulting from heating electrification.In this paper,a mathematical model of the collaborative planning of distributed wind power generation(DWPG)and distribution network with large-scale heat pumps is developed.In this model,the operational flexibility of the heat pump load is fully considered and the requirements of a comfortable indoor temperature are met.By applying this model,the goals of not only increasing the profit of DWPG but also reducing the cost of the power grid upgrade can be achieved.展开更多
Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002,the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (...Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002,the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (April-May) with the method of trajectory analysis,and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow.According to the heat balance equation,we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths.The major results are summarized as follows.(1) Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog.The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April,while increases as high as 57% in May.(2) Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified.They are originated from the northwest,east,southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea,respectively.The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%,while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%.(3) The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport,longwave radiation cooling at fog top,solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces.(4) The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection,and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.展开更多
A dual-mode scramjet can operate in a wide range of flight conditions. Higher thrust can be generated by adopting suitable combustion modes. Based on the net thrust, an analysis and preliminary optimal design of a ker...A dual-mode scramjet can operate in a wide range of flight conditions. Higher thrust can be generated by adopting suitable combustion modes. Based on the net thrust, an analysis and preliminary optimal design of a kerosene-fueled parameterized dual-mode scramjet at a cru- cial flight Mach number of 6 were investigated by using a modified quasi-one-dimensional method and simulated annealing strategy. Engine structure and heat release distrib- utions, affecting the engine thrust, were chosen as analytical parameters for varied inlet conditions (isolator entrance Mach number: 1.5-3.5). Results show that different opti- mal heat release distributions and structural conditions can be obtained at five different inlet conditions. The highest net thrust of the parameterized dual-mode engine can be achieved by a subsonic combustion mode at an isolator entrance Mach number of 2.5. Additionally, the effects of heat release and scramjet structure on net thrust have been discussed. The present results and the developed analytical method can provide guidance for the design and optimization of high-performance dual-mode scramjets.展开更多
Linear Fresnel collector system as main solar energy collecting technology is widely studied.The secondary reflector has significant influence on the heat flux distribution on the linear Fresnel collector.In this work...Linear Fresnel collector system as main solar energy collecting technology is widely studied.The secondary reflector has significant influence on the heat flux distribution on the linear Fresnel collector.In this work,the heat flux and temperature distribution on linear Fresnel collector is compared with different secondary reflectors of simple trapezoidal concentrator,segmented parabolic concentrator and compound parabolic concentrator under varied incident ray angle.The uniformity index is applied to evaluate the Linear Fresnel reflector system heat flux distribution performance.The results show that the value of uniformity index increases with the increasing of incident ray angle.The compound parabolic concentrator has the highest value of uniformity index compared with simple trapezoidal concentrator and segmented parabolic concentrator in this work.The highest value of uniformity index is 0.8137 with compound parabolic concentrator.This work provides effective and practical guide to design and evaluate the secondary reflector in linear Fresnel reflector system.展开更多
The heat loss and its,distribution are of great importance for the calculation and simulation of COREX process. Based on Baosteel COREX process, a method was applied to measure the heat loss of the furnace shell, the ...The heat loss and its,distribution are of great importance for the calculation and simulation of COREX process. Based on Baosteel COREX process, a method was applied to measure the heat loss of the furnace shell, the accessory equipments and the cooling water system. Then, a static model was established based on the measured heat loss of COREX process. The results showed that the main heat loss of furnace shells took place at the dome of the COREX melter-gasifier and the reducing gas entrance position of the shaft furnace while the main heat loss caused by cooling water occurred at the tap hole area. And the heat loss caused by cooling water accounts for about 85% of the total heat loss in COREX process. The measured total heat loss for producing every 1 t hot metal was 542. 164 MJ, which accounted for about 92 % of the theoretical total heat loss.展开更多
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFC1905701)the Chongqing Young Talent Program(Grant No.cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0172).
文摘Low carbon development of blast furnaces is one of the key technological directions in the current development of ironmaking.Owing to the differences in the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and carbon,hydrogen-rich media entering a blast furnace will change the heat distribution,thus affecting the stability of production.Accordingly,a heat distribution model was proposed to study the temperature distribution in a blast furnace,simultaneously considering gas-solid heat exchange,slag and iron melting,and chemical reactions.The model was used to analyze the temperature distribution of a 2300 m^(3) blast furnace and was verified via comparison with actual production data.Subsequently,the effects of the injection rate of hydrogen-rich media,H2 concentration,and oxygen enrichment rate of the blast on the temperature distribution were investigated.Results indicated that the increase in the injection rate of the hydrogen-rich media decreased the amount of direct reduction and led to an increase in the furnace temperature.Furthermore,an increase in the oxygen enrichment rate led to a decrease in the furnace temperature,but could reduce the solid fuel ratio,while the change in H2 concentration had less effect on the temperature distribution.The combination of hydrogen-rich media injection and the increase in the oxygen enrichment rate would help to adjust the temperature distribution to the same level as the conventional blast furnace conditions.
基金supported by Science and Technology Cooperation-Sino-Malta Fund 2019:Research and Demonstration of Real-time Accurate Monitoring System for Early-stage Fish in Recirculating Aquaculture System(AquaDetector,Grant No.2019YFE0103700)Overseas Highlevel Youth Talents Program(China Agricultural University,China,Grant No.62339001)+2 种基金China Agricultural University Excellent Talents Plan(Grant No.31051015)Major Science and Technology Innovation Fund 2019 of Shandong Province(Grant No.2019JZZY010703)National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery,and Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Internet of Things in Agriculture.The authors also appreciate constructive。
文摘Maintaining suitable temperature level around tomato in the greenhouse is essential for the high-quality production.However,in summer,the temperature level around the tomato is usually unclear except using a high-precision temperature imager.To solve this problem,thermal performance of 3D(three-dimensional)tomato model built based on SolidWorks was investigated by the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations.To assess the effect of temperature distribution around the tomato,a simplified 3D tomato numerical model was firstly validated by a set of field measurement data.The light intensity and indoor ventilation were regarded as the mainly environment factors in the Venlo greenhouse,thermal stratification around tomatoes at different time of day was further studied.The numerical results illustrated the different temperature distribution around tomato body under different radiation intensity.It was found that ventilation could obviously adjust the temperature gradient around the tomato,and alleviate high temperature effect particularly in summer.Suitable ventilation could create a suitable thermal environment for the tomato growth.This study clearly demonstrated 3D temperature distribution around tomatoes,which is beneficial to provide the reference for accurate detection of 3D tomato temperature and appropriate thermal environment design.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52205481,51975305 and 52105457)Shandong Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.ZR2020ME158,ZR2023QE057,ZR2022QE028,ZR2021QE116,ZR2020KE027,and ZR2022QE159)+1 种基金Qingdao Science and Technology Planning Park Cultivation Plan(23-1-5-yqpy-17-qy)China Postdoctral Science Foundation(2021M701810).
文摘Grinding is a crucial process in machining workpieces because it plays a vital role in achieving the desired precision and surface quality.However,a significant technical challenge in grinding is the potential increase in temperature due to high specific energy,which can lead to surface thermal damage.Therefore,ensuring control over the surface integrity of workpieces during grinding becomes a critical concern.This necessitates the development of temperature field models that consider various parameters,such as workpiece materials,grinding wheels,grinding parameters,cooling methods,and media,to guide industrial production.This study thoroughly analyzes and summarizes grinding temperature field models.First,the theory of the grinding temperature field is investigated,classifying it into traditional models based on a continuous belt heat source and those based on a discrete heat source,depending on whether the heat source is uniform and continuous.Through this examination,a more accurate grinding temperature model that closely aligns with practical grinding conditions is derived.Subsequently,various grinding thermal models are summarized,including models for the heat source distribution,energy distribution proportional coefficient,and convective heat transfer coefficient.Through comprehensive research,the most widely recognized,utilized,and accurate model for each category is identified.The application of these grinding thermal models is reviewed,shedding light on the governing laws that dictate the influence of the heat source distribution,heat distribution,and convective heat transfer in the grinding arc zone on the grinding temperature field.Finally,considering the current issues in the field of grinding temperature,potential future research directions are proposed.The aim of this study is to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for predicting workpiece temperature and improving surface integrity.
基金Sandia Nat.Lab.Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation,a Lockheed Martin Company,for the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000
文摘The goal of this paper is to present a versatile framework for solution verification of PDE's. We first generalize the Richardson Extrapolation technique to an optimized extrapolation solution procedure that constructs the best consistent solution from a set of two or three coarse grid solution in the discrete norm of choice. This technique generalizes the Least Square Extrapolation method introduced by one of the author and W. Shyy. We second establish the conditioning number of the problem in a reduced space that approximates the main feature of the numerical solution thanks to a sensitivity analysis. Overall our method produces an a posteriori error estimation in this reduced space of approximation. The key feature of our method is that our construction does not require an internal knowledge of the software neither the source code that produces the solution to be verified. It can be applied in principle as a postprocessing procedure to off the shelf commercial code. We demonstrate the robustness of our method with two steady problems that are separately an incompressible back step flow test case and a heat transfer problem for a battery. Our error estimate might be ultimately verified with a near by manufactured solution. While our pro- cedure is systematic and requires numerous computation of residuals, one can take advantage of distributed computing to get quickly the error estimate.
基金Funded by the Major State Basic Research Perelopment Program of China(973 Program)(No.2009CB623102)the Key Fund Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education(No.14ZA0086)the Key Fund Project of Professional Scientific Research Innovation Team of Southwest University of Science and Technology(No.14tdfk01)
文摘Through the comparison of calcination conditions between cement preclinkering technology and cement precalcining technology,we studied the characteristics of temperature field distribution of cement preclinkering technology systems including cyclone preheater,preclinkering furnace,and rotary kiln.We used numericalsimulation method to obtain data of temperature field distribution.Some results are found by system study.The ratio of tailcoalof cement preclinkering technology is about 70%,and raw mealtemperature can reach 1070 ℃.Shorter L/D kiln type of preclinkering technology can obtain more stable calcining zone temperature.The highest solid temperature of cement preclinkering technology is higher than 80 ℃,and high temperature region(〉1450 ℃)length is 2 times,which is beneficialfor calcining clinker and higher clinker quality.So cement preclinkering technology can obtain more performance temperature filed,which improves both the solid-phase reaction and liquid-phase reaction.
文摘A numerical method is presented for analysing 2 dimensional quasi steady state heat transfer in high power density laser keyhole welding processes. The mathematical model is established according to the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Computation is performed by using the finite control volume method in the curvilinear coordinate system. A position prediction correction procedure is employed to identify the solid liquid interface location. This method is applied to the study of a typical keyhole welding process of an AISI 304 stainless steel plate and its feasibility is verified.
文摘日益频繁的极端天气给电热耦合系统造成的影响愈发严重。韧性是衡量系统抵御极端事件、减少故障影响并快速恢复的核心指标。为提升电热耦合系统抵御极端灾害的能力,提出一种考虑热惯性的热电联产虚拟电厂(combined heat and power-virtual power plant,CHP-VPP)两阶段三层韧性提升策略。第一阶段以联络开关成本最小为目标,基于最小生成树理论对系统进行重构;第二阶段以运行成本最小为目标,基于分布鲁棒优化理论制定最恶劣的故障场景下的最优决策。采用列与约束生成算法进行迭代求解。基于IEEE 33节点电力系统+6节点供热系统构建CHP-VPP测试系统,仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可有效提升CHP-VPP应对极端灾害的韧性。
文摘风电等可再生能源的出力具有不确定性,传统的鲁棒优化和随机优化方法在处理风电等可再生能源出力不确定性时都存在一些局限与不足。基于分布鲁棒优化研究了考虑风电出力不确定性的电-气-热综合能源系统(electricity-gas-heat integrated energy system,EGH-IES)日前经济调度问题。将Kullback-Leibler(KL)散度作为分布函数与参考分布之间距离的量度,建立风电出力的分布函数集合。然后以系统运行总成本作为目标函数,建立了EGH-IES日前经济调度鲁棒机会约束优化模型。将所建立的鲁棒机会约束优化模型转化为利用求解器可直接求解的确定性混合整数线性优化模型。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性,并分析了电转气技术和热网管道输送延时对风电消纳的作用。
文摘With the advancement of clean heating projects and the integration of large-scale distributed heat pumps into rural distribution networks in northern China,power grid companies face tremendous pressure to invest in power grid upgrades,which bring opportunities for renewable power generation integration.The combination of heating by distributed renewable energy with the flexible operation of heat pumps is a feasible alternative for dealing with grid reinforcement challenges resulting from heating electrification.In this paper,a mathematical model of the collaborative planning of distributed wind power generation(DWPG)and distribution network with large-scale heat pumps is developed.In this model,the operational flexibility of the heat pump load is fully considered and the requirements of a comfortable indoor temperature are met.By applying this model,the goals of not only increasing the profit of DWPG but also reducing the cost of the power grid upgrade can be achieved.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40675013 and 40906010the China Meteorological Administration project for popularizing new techniques under contract No.CMATG2007M23+1 种基金the scientific and technological planning project from Guangdong Province under contract No.2006B37202005The work of Wang Xin is supported by City University of Hong Kong Research Scholarship Enhancement Scheme and the City University of Hong Kong Strategic Research Grants 7002329
文摘Using the observations from ICOADS datasets and contemporaneous NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets during 1960-2002,the study classifies the airflows in favor of sea fog over the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea in boreal spring (April-May) with the method of trajectory analysis,and analyzes the changes of proportions of warm and cold sea fogs along different paths of airflow.According to the heat balance equation,we investigate the relationships between the marine meteorological conditions and the proportion of warm and cold sea fog along different airflow paths.The major results are summarized as follows.(1) Sea fogs over the Huanghai Sea in spring are not only warm fog but also cold fog.The proportion of warm fog only accounts for 44% in April,while increases as high as 57% in May.(2) Four primary airflow paths leading to spring sea fog are identified.They are originated from the northwest,east,southeast and southwest of the Huanghai Sea,respectively.The occurrence ratios of the warm sea fog along the east and southeast airflow paths are high of 55% and 70%,while these along the southwest and northwest airflow paths are merely 17.9% and 50%.(3) The key physical processes governing the warm/cold sea fog are heat advection transport,longwave radiation cooling at fog top,solar shortwave warming and latent heat flux between airsea interfaces.(4) The characteristics of sea fog along the four airflow paths relate closely to the conditions of water vapor advection,and the vertical distribution of relative humidity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11002148)
文摘A dual-mode scramjet can operate in a wide range of flight conditions. Higher thrust can be generated by adopting suitable combustion modes. Based on the net thrust, an analysis and preliminary optimal design of a kerosene-fueled parameterized dual-mode scramjet at a cru- cial flight Mach number of 6 were investigated by using a modified quasi-one-dimensional method and simulated annealing strategy. Engine structure and heat release distrib- utions, affecting the engine thrust, were chosen as analytical parameters for varied inlet conditions (isolator entrance Mach number: 1.5-3.5). Results show that different opti- mal heat release distributions and structural conditions can be obtained at five different inlet conditions. The highest net thrust of the parameterized dual-mode engine can be achieved by a subsonic combustion mode at an isolator entrance Mach number of 2.5. Additionally, the effects of heat release and scramjet structure on net thrust have been discussed. The present results and the developed analytical method can provide guidance for the design and optimization of high-performance dual-mode scramjets.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(51906003)Hebei province key research and development program(19214303D)Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Major Project(2021SZD0036)。
文摘Linear Fresnel collector system as main solar energy collecting technology is widely studied.The secondary reflector has significant influence on the heat flux distribution on the linear Fresnel collector.In this work,the heat flux and temperature distribution on linear Fresnel collector is compared with different secondary reflectors of simple trapezoidal concentrator,segmented parabolic concentrator and compound parabolic concentrator under varied incident ray angle.The uniformity index is applied to evaluate the Linear Fresnel reflector system heat flux distribution performance.The results show that the value of uniformity index increases with the increasing of incident ray angle.The compound parabolic concentrator has the highest value of uniformity index compared with simple trapezoidal concentrator and segmented parabolic concentrator in this work.The highest value of uniformity index is 0.8137 with compound parabolic concentrator.This work provides effective and practical guide to design and evaluate the secondary reflector in linear Fresnel reflector system.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1260202)Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20120006110002)
文摘The heat loss and its,distribution are of great importance for the calculation and simulation of COREX process. Based on Baosteel COREX process, a method was applied to measure the heat loss of the furnace shell, the accessory equipments and the cooling water system. Then, a static model was established based on the measured heat loss of COREX process. The results showed that the main heat loss of furnace shells took place at the dome of the COREX melter-gasifier and the reducing gas entrance position of the shaft furnace while the main heat loss caused by cooling water occurred at the tap hole area. And the heat loss caused by cooling water accounts for about 85% of the total heat loss in COREX process. The measured total heat loss for producing every 1 t hot metal was 542. 164 MJ, which accounted for about 92 % of the theoretical total heat loss.