Experimental study on characteristics of transcritical heat pump water heater using refrigerant HFC125

To evaluate the performance of heat pumps using refrigerant HFC125,an experimental rig of a DC-inverter heat pump water heater is designed and set up,and the research on the transcritical heat pump water heater is carried out experimentally.It is found that there is a top value of the coefficient of performance（COP）when the system runs at 95 Hz of frequency.The relationships between the COP and compressor frequency,condensation pressure,evaporation pressure,condensation water temperature rise,and discharge temperature are discussed and analyzed at 95 Hz.And the COP of the HFC125 transcritical cycle is also compared with that of a R410 subcritical heat pump under the same conditions.The results indicate that there exists an optimum frequency for a better COP,and the system COP shows an increasing tendency with the decrease in condensation pressure and compressor ratio while the evaporation pressure remains invariant,and the COP decreases rapidly when cooling water temperature rises over 47.5 ℃.Compared with the R410A sub-critical cycle,the COP of HFC125 transcritical cycle significantly increases by 12% on average.

Equivalent combined cycle modelling for three-heat-reservoir thermal Brownian heat pump with heat-transfer effect and its optimal performance

Because of the important role of the absorption heat pump in low-grade thermal energy utilization,this paper extends it to micro domain and performs a finite-time thermodynamic modelling for a three-heat-reservoir(THR)thermal Brownian heat pump with heat transfer effect by using an equivalent combined cycle method,which was applied for macro endoreversible THR heat pumps.The working principle and energy transformation rule are studied,and the coefficient of performance(COP)and heating load are derived.With a fixed overall thermal conductance of three heat exchangers,the maximal heating load is determined by optimizing thermal conductance distributions among three heat exchangers and barrier height,and the optimal working temperatures are also obtained.The impact of external heat transfer is elucidated to show the difference between this model and a non-equilibrium thermodynamic one.Results indicate that external heat transfer determines the energy transformation directly,and performance characteristics are closer to reality when external heat transfer is considered.The heating load has a maximal value about thermal conductance allocation ratios.About half the overall heat exchanger inventory needs to be assigned to the heat exchanger of the heating space for maximal heating load.When the cycle is with only heat transfer effect,the net particle numbers are zero,and the cycle fails to pump heat.The research results are expected to offer an idea for thermodynamic optimization and design of micro THR thermal Brownian heat pump devices.

Theoretical Study on CO_2 Transcritical Cycle Combined Ejector Cycle Refrigeration System

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) are as main refrigerants used in traditional refrigeration systems driven by electricity from burning fossil fuels, which is regarded as one of the major reasons for ozone depletion (man-made refrigerants emission) and global warming (CO 2 emission). So people pay more and more attention to natural refrigerants and energy saving technologies. An innovative system combining CO 2 transcritical cycle with ejector cycle is proposed in this paper. The CO 2 compression sub-cycle is powered by electricity with the characteristics of relatively high temperature in the gas cooler (defined as an intercooler by the proposed system). In order to recover the waste heat, an ejector sub-cycle operating with the natural refrigerants (NH 3, H 2O) is employed. The two sub-cycles are connected by an intercooler. This combined cycle joins the advantages of the two cycles together and eliminates the disadvantages. The influences of the evaporation temperature in CO 2 compression sub-cycle, the evaporation temperature in the ejector sub-cycle, the temperature in the intercooler and the condensation temperature in the proposed system performance are discussed theoretically in this study. In addition, some unique features of the system are presented.

Experimental Evaluation of the Heat Output/Input and Coefficient of Performance Characteristics of a Chemical Heat Pump in the Periodic Operation of CaCl₂Hydration

We herein evaluate the use of a chemical heat pump (CHP) for upgrading waste heat. CaCl2 was used in the system of CHP. We evaluated the heat storage and heat releasing of CHP, and confirmed the practicality from the experimental results. The reactor module employed was an aluminum plate-tube heat exchanger with corrugated fins, and the CaCl2 powder was in the form of a packed bed. Heat storage operation and heat dissipation operation are performed at the same time and supplied to the heat demand destination. At this time, an environmental heat source can be used during the heat radiation operation, and the heat output can release more heat than the heat input during heat storage. The heat discharging and charging characteristics of the reactor module were evaluated experimentally. The coefficient of performance (COP) was calculated for the heat upgrading cycle, and the heat output in the system was determined. A COP of 1.42 and output of 650 W/L, based on the heat exchanger volume, were obtained using a 600 s change time for the heat pump.

Effect of Evaporator Load on Heat Pump Operating Parameters and Performance

This work investigates the impact of varying the evaporator load on the performance and parameter characteristics of a heat pump.A series of experiments have been done on a vapor compression cycle heat pump which is run with R134a.The evaporator in this system is a coil submerged in a water/glycol bath accommodated in a thermally insulated steel container.The load of the evaporator is changed through a heater in this bath with a capacity of 1.8 kW.The glycol bath is mixed through an electric stirrer.The results showed that system pressures and temperatures generally increase and then decrease after a certain heat load has been imposed.The same trend is for COP of the refrigeration system;hence there is an optimum load point to which the COP increases to a maximum and then starts to decline.This optimum point corresponds to the best efficiency of the system.

Optimization Potentials for the Waste Heat Recovery of a Gas-Steam Combined Cycle Power Plant Based on Absorption Heat Pump

A new waste heat recovery system is presented to recover exhausted steam waste heat from the steam turbine by absorption heat pump(AHP) in a gas-steam combined cycle(GSCC) power plant. The system can decrease energy consumption and further improve the energy utilization. The performance evaluation criteria are calculated, and exergy analysis for key components are implemented in terms of the energy and exergy analysis theory. Besides, the change of these criteria is also revealed before and after modification. The net power output approximately increases by 21738 kW, and equivalent coal consumption decreases by 5.58 g/kWh. A 1.81% and 1.92% increase in the thermal and exergy efficiency is respectively obtained in the new integrated system as the heating load is 401095 kJ at 100% condition. Meanwhile, the appropriate extraction parameters for heating have been also analyzed in the two systems. The proposed scheme can not only save energy consumption but also reduce emission and gain great economic benefit, which is proven to be a huge potential for practical application.

Feasibility Study of R134a/R404a Cascade Heat Pump Cycle in Heat Pump Dryers with Electrical Heaters at Low Temperatures

Heat pump cycles have been widely applied to dryers for their high efficiency. However, low–efficiency electrical heaters are often used during early drying stage for frozen foods or winter since a standard heat pump cycle cannot operate at low temperature. This study introduced cascade heat pumps replacing electrical heaters to improve dryer performance at low temperatures. Experiments were performed to examine changes in performance of the cascade heat pump dryers in relation to ambient temperature, low-stage cycle mass flow rate, and high-stage cycle mass flow rate. The results showed a significant improvement in low-temperature dryer performance with the introduction of cascade heat pump cycles.

Study on the Performance of Organic Rankine Cycle-Heat Pump(ORC-HP) Combined System Powered by Diesel Engine Exhaust

This study presents an ORC-HP combined system driven by diesel engine exhaust. This paper focuses on the feasibility and performance of the combined system under heating mode to heat a coach. The performances of the combined system with different parameters, including condensation temperature and evaporation pressure in ORC system, gas cooler outlet pressure, gas cooler outlet temperature and evaporation temperature in HP system, have been analyzed. The results show that the combined system can fully meet the demand of heat production. The optimal flow division ratio(rp) of 0.32 is selected by analyzing the system performance. Low condensation temperature is beneficial to the combined system performance. There exists a suitable range of evaporation temperature, gas cooler outlet pressure and gas cooler outlet temperature to achieve excellent performance. The heating coefficient of performance(COP_h) shows a first increasing and then decreasing trend with gas cooler outlet pressure, namely there exists an optimal gas cooler outlet pressure that achieves the maximum COP_h. The maximum total efficiency, COP_h and heating capacity can reach up to 48.44%, 4.78 and 176.56 kW, respectively. These results show significant energy savings by applying the ORC-HP combined system.

新型低GWP制冷剂在-100~200℃的应用研究进展

制冷剂是蒸气压缩循环中必不可少的工作流体,氢氟烷烃类化合物是目前制冷、空调和热泵设备中的主要制冷剂,但该类制冷剂会引起全球变暖等问题,因此亟需开发应用性能相似、环境性能友好的新型制冷剂。介绍了不同制冷剂在-100~200℃蒸气压缩循环应用场景中的使用现状,并综述了具有前景的低GWP制冷剂替代方案研究进展;在此基础上,对HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234ze(E)、HFO-1234ze(Z)、HCFO-1233zd(E)、HFO-1336mzz(Z) 5种低GWP制冷剂在实际应用系统中的最新研究及关键问题进行总结。

光伏幕墙辅助双源热泵系统在不同地区的多目标优化配置

为克服单一可再生能源应用的局限性,提出一种光伏幕墙辅助双源热泵系统。利用TRNSYS建立仿真模型,以系统能耗和生命周期成本为目标函数,采用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ),对不同地区系统配置规模进行多目标优化设计,并利用加权和法确定均衡解。结果表明:哈尔滨、长春、沈阳3个地区优化后的系统运行能耗比优化前分别增加5.9%、5.0%和3.9%,生命周期成本降低13.6%、17.1%和12.9%;与单目标优化相比,多目标优化在兼顾性能的前提下能明显降低生命周期成本,具有明显的优势。

Electricity Generation from Low Temperature Waste Heat with Application to Hydrogen Production from Water

This paper presents an extensive study of the heat pump cycle and associated working fluids to generate electricity from low temperature industrial waste heat. An Aspen Plus simulation has been developed to evaluate the effect of various working fluids on the net heat pump efficiency over a wide range of turbine inlet temperatures between 50℃ and 250℃. One hundred eight （108） refi＇igerants were investigated from the environmental classifications of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons （HCFC）, Hydrofluorocarbons （HFC）, Chlorofluorocarbons （CFC） and Hydrocarbons （HC） with boiling points between -88.65 ℃ and 110.65℃. Net efficiency, which ranged from 0.1% to 25.8% in this work tends to increases with the temperature of the waste heat. Results of the present study demonstrate that working fluid R41 （with source temperature of 44 ℃） provides the maximum efficiency among those evaluated. Refrigerants R13B1 and R32 provide the best efficiency for waste heat source temperatures ranges 60 - 67 ℃ and 68 - 78℃ respectively. Ammonia shows the highest efficiency from 79℃ to 132 ℃. Refrigerants R31, R21, 17,30 and benzene perform well in the temperature ranges 133-151 ℃, 152-178 ℃, 179-236℃ and 237-250 ℃respectively. The optimal heat pump systems are applied to the hybrid copper sulfate-copper oxide thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production from water. 100.8 MW of electrical energy is produced, which increased the efficiency from 24.1% to 25.9%.

开式空气循环热泵干燥系统性能仿真分析

为解决能源使用效率低、HCFC/HFC等非环保制冷剂使用等问题,提出了不同于传统干燥技术的以空气为工质的空气循环热泵干燥(ACHPD)系统新技术。建立了数学仿真模型,通过所构建实验台的实验结果进行验证,干燥速率误差在±0.01%以内,系统功率误差在±7%以内。与传统的电加热器干燥(EHD)系统相比,当水质量蒸发率从0.75 kg/h增至3.45 kg/h时,ACHPD系统的节能率达到15%~27%。进气温度由10℃增至40℃和相对湿度由30%增至80%分别使单位除湿能效比(MER)降低约7%和21%。膨胀机效率由0.55增至0.8和压缩机效率由0.4增至0.9会使系统的能效分别降低17%和36%。

Constructal design of printed circuit recuperator for S-CO_(2)cycle via multi-objective optimization algorithm

Based on a constructal theory,the structure design of a printed circuit recuperator with a semicircular heat transfer channel for supercritical CO_(2)cycle is carried out.First,a complex function composed of weighted sum of the reciprocal of total heat transfer rate and total pumping power consumption is regarded as an optimization objective,and total volumes of the recuperator and heat transfer channel are regarded as constraints.The optimal heat transfer channel radius and minimum complex function of the recuperator are obtained.It turns out that heat transfer rate,pumping power consumption,and complex function under the optimal construct of recuperator are reduced by 15.10%,82.44%,and 32.33%,respectively.There exists the optimal single plate channel number which results in the double minimum complex function.Second,for the purpose of minimizing the reciprocal of heat transfer rate and pumping power consumption,NSGA-II algorithm is used to achieve multi-objective optimization,and the minimum deviation index derived by the decision-making methods is 0.076,which can be taken as multi-objective optimal design scheme for printed circuit recuperator with semicircular heat transfer channels.The findings presented here can serve as theoretical recommendations for the structure design of printed circuit recuperator.

CO_(2)跨临界高温热泵干燥系统优化设计

干燥工艺在工、农业生产中被广泛使用但耗能巨大,通过CO_(2)热泵干燥技术有望降低其能耗并减缓环境问题。文中在CO_(2)跨临界基本热泵干燥系统的基础上,提出CO_(2)跨临界复叠式热泵干燥系统和CO_(2)跨临界双级压缩并联加热热泵干燥系统。并且通过建立热力学模型将其最优性能系数C_(OPh)和单位能耗除湿率R_(SME)与R134a双循环热泵干燥系统进行了比较。研究发现,它们相较于CO_(2)基础系统性能均有提升,尤其是双级并联加热系统,其C_(OPh)与R_(SME)均超过R134a系统。进一步的分析显示,增加蒸发温度、降低气冷器出口温度对CO_(2)跨临界热泵干燥系统的性能提升起到了关键作用。此外,文中也探究了补气系数和干燥出风温度对CO_(2)跨临界热泵干燥系统的影响。研究结果表明:经过优化改进的CO_(2)跨临界热泵干燥在高效节能方面表现出色,展现了替代R134a热泵干燥系统的潜力,同时也为解决干燥工艺高能耗的问题提供了创新性和可行性的解决途径。

CO_(2)/R1233zd(E)混合工质回热热泵系统性能优化分析

空气源热泵作为一种新型的节能环保技术,在多种供暖场景中得到了广泛应用,其在低环境温度下的运行可靠性和效率是重要的关注点。采用二元混合工质CO_(2)/R1233zd(E)构建了兼顾环保性、安全性和高效性的回热热泵系统,并通过优化分析得到该系统的COP、单位容积制热量、吸气压力和排气压力等系统性能在-30~-10℃环境温度下的变化规律。通过与目前常用的传统补气增焓系统和复叠系统进行对比,探明了该混合工质回热系统在低环境温度下可以保持较高效率运行。在-30~-10℃环境温度下,与R134a补气增焓系统相比其COP和单位容积制热量分别减小了9.8%~20.6%和增大了3.5%~56.1%,并且压缩机压比以及压比随环境温度的变化幅度低于其他方案。二元混合工质回热系统结构简单,CO_(2)和R1233zd(E)安全环保,因此提出的混合工质回热系统方案在低环境温度采暖的应用中具有独特优势。

电动汽车CO_(2)热泵空调系统优化及制冷性能分析

为提升电动汽车CO_(2)热泵空调系统的制冷性能,文章构建了中间补气+回热器的跨临界CO_(2)系统,通过仿真研究了气体冷却器出口温度(T_(go))、气体冷却器压力(P_(g))、中间补气压力(P_(m))、相对补气量(β)、回热器过热度(ΔT)对系统制冷系数(EER)、制冷量(Q_(e))和压缩机排气温度(Tco)的影响及中间补气对回热器优化能力的提升。研究表明:存在最佳气体冷却器压力和最佳中间补气压力使得EER达到最大值,并得到两者与气体冷却器出口温度的关系式;气体冷却器出口温度上升会使系统性能下降,中间补气量和回热器过热度的增加能提升系统性能,EER提升了15.64%和6.07%,制冷量提升了27.88%和4.78%;回热器过热度的增加会导致压缩机排气温度上升,中间补气可降低压缩机排气温度,当限定压缩机排气温度时,中间补气可使回热器对EER和制冷量的优化能力分别提升了203%和173.87%;相对于基础跨临界CO_(2)系统,文章构建的优化系统在所研究工况内可使系统EER和制冷量分别提升18.38%和35.03%。

基于有机朗肯循环的卡诺电池热储能系统性能分析

为了进一步提高钢铁行业低温余热利用率,本文将烧结环冷机出口低温烟气余热引入由热泵(HP)循环、蓄热系统和有机朗肯循环(ORC)组成的热泵储电(PTES)系统,并构建PTES系统热力循环过程的计算模型,研究不同ORC循环工质条件下HP冷凝温度、ORC蒸发温度和ORC过热度对PTES系统热力性能的影响。研究结果表明,降低HP冷凝温度和提高ORC蒸发温度均可以提高PTES系统的制热系数(COPnew)和功率效率(ηptp)。当ORC工质为isobutane(异丁烷)时,HP冷凝温度每增加2℃,系统COPnew和ηptp分别平均减小0.16和0.88%,而ORC蒸发温度每增加2℃,系统COPnew、ORC热效率(ηORC)和ηptp分别平均增加0.034、0.26%和0.68%。与ORC蒸发器相比,HP冷凝器内循环工质与储热介质的温度匹配对PTES系统热力性能的影响更为明显,但HP冷凝温度对ηORC的变化没有影响。当HP冷凝温度和ORC蒸发温度不变时,采用较小的ORC过热度能够有效提高PTES系统的热力性能。综合考虑PTES系统的COPnew、ηORC和ηptp,采用R245fa作为ORC循环工质时系统性能最好,其次是isobutane和R236ea。在低温烧结烟气余热驱动的PTES系统中,应优先选择R245fa作为ORC系统的循环工质。

用于极寒地区的空气透平循环热泵可行性分析

南极的气候极端,最低温度可达-80℃,平均低温约为-40℃,为科考人员提供适宜生活环境成为挑战。传统的取暖方式在这种极端环境下存在问题,尤其是蒸气压缩式热泵在-40℃极寒温区下蒸发压力过低,无法正常运行。提出了空气透平循环热泵作为解决方案。该热泵以空气为工质,通过气体压缩和膨胀转移热量,没有相变,不存在蒸发压力低无法运行的情况。并且开式空气循环可以方便的切换为新风模式。研究结果显示,空气透平循环热泵新风系统在-40℃极寒温区制热时,仍然能正常运行并保持1.5以上的COP。空气透平循环热泵的优势包括适应极端低温、可提供新风、采用自然工质不存在环境污染和泄漏问题、系统简单可靠、低维护成本等。

新型宽温域热电双驱压缩-吸收型热泵循环特性分析

针对传统热泵在处理宽温度范围余热时的局限性,如常规压缩式热泵难以实现超过50℃的升温,以及吸收式热泵对热源的适应能力有限,提出了一种新型的宽温域热电双驱压缩-吸收型热泵循环方案。将吸收式热泵循环中的发生器与压缩式热泵循环中的冷凝器耦合成双相变换热器,利用约60℃工业余热制取130℃左右的高温热水或蒸汽。通过分析耦合热泵机组的运行原理,构建了完整的热力学模型,并使用EES软件进行仿真模拟。通过模拟计算得出,余热出口温度、热水进出口温度、双相变换热器的冷凝温度和水蒸气压缩机的压缩比对性能系数(COP)、系统制热量、2个压缩机功率和各个部件换热量的影响规律,并确定了最优工况即当水蒸气压缩机压缩比为6,双相变换热器的冷凝温度为70℃时,该循环可将15℃水加热到122℃,COP为1.614。在保证机组性能的前提下,该循环最高可将水温提高100~110℃,这在利用低品位余热制取高温热水或蒸汽领域具有一定的应用潜力。

跨临界CO_(2)热泵系统最优风量实验研究

为探究在压缩机固定转速下风量对跨临界CO_(2)循环系统性能的影响,以及确定使系统达到最大COP的最优风量,搭建了跨临界CO_(2)热泵系统实验台。研究了室内、外风量对系统制热性能的影响,并总结出确定最优风量的方法。结果表明:跨临界CO_(2)热泵系统在制热模式下运行,当室内风量固定时,随着室外风量的增大,排气压力与室内出风温度均呈现出先升高后趋于平稳,系统制热COP随着室外风量的增大存在一个最优值;为准确预测最优室外风量,引入最优排气压力偏离度σ和参数变化率δ作为最优室外风量的判断依据,当σ=0.48%,δ=1.4%时,系统处于最优室外风量,即对应系统在最大的COP下运行。经过实验验证,最优室外风量预测值误差在5%以内,该方法具有较高的准确性。