This paper discussed the experimental results of the performance of an organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with an ultra-low temperature heat source.The low boiling point working medium R134a was adopted in the system.Th...This paper discussed the experimental results of the performance of an organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with an ultra-low temperature heat source.The low boiling point working medium R134a was adopted in the system.The simulated heat source temperature(SHST)in this work was set from 39.51°C to 48.60°C by the simulated heat source module.The influence of load percentage of simulated heat source(LPSHS)between 50%and 70%,the rotary valve opening(RVO)between 20%and 100%,the resistive load between 36Ωand 180Ωor the no-load of the generator,as well as the autumn and winter ambient temperature on the system performance were studied.The results showed that the stability of the system was promoted when the generator had a resistive load.The power generation(PG)and generator speed(GS)of the system in autumn were better than in winter,but the expander pressure ratio(EPR)was lower than in winter.Keep RVO unchanged,the SHST,the mass flow rate(MFR)of the working medium,GS,and the PG of the system increased with the increasing of LPSHS for different generator resistance load values.When the RVO was 60%,LPSHS was 70%,the SHST was 44.15°C and the resistive load was 72Ω,the highest PG reached 15.11 W.Finally,a simulation formula was obtained for LPSHS,resistance load,and PG,and its correlation coefficient was between 0.9818 and 0.9901.The formula can accurately predict the PG.The experimental results showed that the standard deviation between the experimental and simulated values was below 0.0792,and the relative error was within±5%.展开更多
In the present research,we proposed a scheme to address the issues of severe heat damage,high energy consumption,low cooling system efficiency,and wastage of cold capacity in mines.To elucidate the seasonal variations...In the present research,we proposed a scheme to address the issues of severe heat damage,high energy consumption,low cooling system efficiency,and wastage of cold capacity in mines.To elucidate the seasonal variations of environmental temperature through field measurements,we selected a high-temperature working face in a deep mine as our engineering background.To enhance the heat damage control cability of the working face and minimize unnecessary cooling capac-ity loss,we introduced the multi-dimensional heat hazard prevention and control method called"Heat source barrier and cooling equipment".First,we utilize shotcrete and liquid nitrogen injection to eliminate the heat source and implemented pressure equalization ventilation to disrupt the heat transfer path,thereby creating a heat barrier.Second,we establish divi-sional prediction models for airflow temperature based on the variation patterns obtained through numerical simulation.Third,we devise the location and dynamic control strategy for the cooling equipment based on the prediction models.The results of field application show that the heat resistance and cooling linkage method comply with the safety requirement throughout the entire mining cycle while effectively reducing energy consumption.The ambient temperature is maintained below 30℃,resulting in the energy saving of 10%during the high-temperature period and over 50%during the low-temperature period.These findings serve as a valuable reference for managing heat damage in high-temperature working faces.展开更多
The variability of the summer rainfall over China is analyzed using the EOF procedure with a new parameter (namely, mode station variance percentage) based on 1951-2000 summer rainfall data from 160 stations in Chin...The variability of the summer rainfall over China is analyzed using the EOF procedure with a new parameter (namely, mode station variance percentage) based on 1951-2000 summer rainfall data from 160 stations in China. Compared with mode variance friction, the mode station variance percentage not only reveals more localized characteristics of the variability of the summer rainfall, but also helps to distinguish the regions with a high degree of dominant EOF modes representing the analyzed observational variable. The atmospheric circulation diagnostic studies with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data from 1966 to 2000 show that in summer, abundant (scarce) rainfall in the belt-area from the upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River northeastward to the Huaihe River basin is linked to strong (weak) heat sources over the eastern Tibetan Plateau, while the abundant (scarce) rainfall in the area to the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River is closely linked to the weak (strong) heat sources over the tropical western Pacific.展开更多
The apparent heat sources (?Q1 ?) and moisture sinks (?Q2 ?) are calculated based on the reanalyzed data of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) from May 1 to August 31, 1998. It is found that the formation...The apparent heat sources (?Q1 ?) and moisture sinks (?Q2 ?) are calculated based on the reanalyzed data of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) from May 1 to August 31, 1998. It is found that the formation and distribution of the atmospheric heat sources are important for the monsoon onset. The earlier onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of enduring atmospheric heating in the Indo–China Peninsula and South China areas. The atmospheric heating firstly appears in the Indo–China Peninsula area and the sensible heat is the major one. The 30–50 day periodic oscillation of atmospheric heat sources between the SCS area and the western Pacific warm pool has a reverse phase distribution before the middle of July and the low frequency oscillation of heat sources in SCS area has an obvious longitudinal propagation. The 30–50 day low frequency oscillation has vital modificatory effects on the summer monsoon evolution during 1998. Key words Apparent heat sources - Apparent moisture sinks - The South China Sea monsoon - Diagnostic Study Sponsored by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research “ SCSMEX” and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education: “ Study of the Air-sea Interaction in the SCS Monsoon Region”.展开更多
Investigating the temporal and spatial distributions of the atmospheric heat sources(AHS)over the Tibetan Plateau-Tropical Indian Ocean(TP-TIO)region is of great importance for the understanding of the evolution and d...Investigating the temporal and spatial distributions of the atmospheric heat sources(AHS)over the Tibetan Plateau-Tropical Indian Ocean(TP-TIO)region is of great importance for the understanding of the evolution and development of the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM).This study used the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis(JRA-55)data from 1979 to 2016 and adopted statistical methods to study the characteristics of the AHS between the TP and TIO,and theirs link to the SASM on an interannual scale.The results indicated that the monthly variations of the AHS in the two regions were basically anti-phase,and that the summer AHS in the TP was obviously stronger than that in the TIO.There were strong AHS and atmospheric moisture sink(AMS)centers in both the eastern and western TP in summer.The AHS center in the east was stronger than that in the west,and the AMS centers showed the opposite pattern.In the TIO,a strong AHS center in the northwest-southeast direction was located near 10°S,90°E.Trend analysis showed that summer AHS in the TIO was increasing significantly,especially before 1998,whereas there was a weakening trend in the TP.The difference of the summer AHS between the TP and TIO(hereafter IQ)was used to measure the thermal contrast between the TP and the TIO.The IQ showed an obvious decreasing trend.After 1998,there was a weak thermal contrast between the TP and the TIO,which mainly resulted from the enhanced AHS in the TIO.The land-sea thermal contrast,the TIO Hadley circulation in the southern hemisphere and the SASM circulation all weakened,resulting in abnormal circulation and abnormal precipitation in the Bay of Bengal(BOB).展开更多
It is common sense that a deeper well implies higher temperature in the exploration of deep geothermal resources, especially with hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal resources, which are generally exploited in terms of enhan...It is common sense that a deeper well implies higher temperature in the exploration of deep geothermal resources, especially with hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal resources, which are generally exploited in terms of enhanced geothermal systems(EGS). However, temperature is always different even at the same depth in the upper crust due to different heat sources. This paper summarizes the heat sources and classifies them into two types and five sub-types: crustorigin(partial melting, non-magma-generated tectonic events and radiogenic heat production), and mantle-origin(magma and heat conducted from the mantle). A review of global EGS sites is presented related to the five sub-types of heat sources. According to our new catalog, 71% of EGS sites host mantle-origin heat sources. The temperature logging curves indicate that EGS sites which host mantle-origin magma heat sources have the highest temperature. Therefore, high heat flow(>100 m W/m^(2)) regions with mantle-origin magma heat sources should be highlighted for the future exploration of EGS. The principle to identify the heat source is elucidated by applying geophysical and geochemical methods including noble gas isotope geochemistry and lithospheric thermal structure analysis. This analytical work will be helpful for the future exploration and assessment of HDR geothermal resources.展开更多
Forward modelling of gravity and magnetic data was done simultaneously to show the correlation between gravity and magnetic anomalies on a measured heat flux region. The results were used to characterize the heat sour...Forward modelling of gravity and magnetic data was done simultaneously to show the correlation between gravity and magnetic anomalies on a measured heat flux region. The results were used to characterize the heat source structures in Eburru area. Modelling was done using Oasis montaj geosoft software which is an iteration process where the gravity and magnetic anomalies were calculated and compared to the observed residual anomaly until there was a fit. The start model was constructed based on depths from Euler deconvolution and models constrained using stratigraphy data from the existing wells in the study area. <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Forward modelling of gravity and magnetic data revealed intrusions within the Earth’s subsurface with depth to the top of the sources ranging from </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">739 m</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5811 m</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The density of the sources ranges between </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3.0 g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3.2 g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> while their magnetic susceptibility was zero. This implies that intrusions from the mantle with a magnetic susceptibility of zero have temperatures exceeding the curie temperature of rocks. The density of the intrusions modelled was higher than 2.67 </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, the average crustal density, hence it explains the observed positive gravity anomaly. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The results also revealed that areas with high heat flux have shallow heat sources and if the heat sources are deep, then there must be a good heat transfer mechanism to the surface.</span></span></span></span>展开更多
This paper deals with a two-dimensional (2D) problem for a transverselyisotropic thick plate having heat sources and body forces. The upper surface of the plate is stress free with the prescribed surface temperature...This paper deals with a two-dimensional (2D) problem for a transverselyisotropic thick plate having heat sources and body forces. The upper surface of the plate is stress free with the prescribed surface temperature, while the lower surface of the plate rests on a rigid foundation and is thermally insulated. The study is carried out in the context of the generalized thermoelasticity proposed by Green and Naghdi. The governing equations for displacement and temperature fields are obtained in the Laplace-Fourier transform domain by applying the Laplace and Fourier transforms. The inversion of the double transform is done numerically. Numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is done based on the Fourier series expansion. Numerical computations are carried out for magnesium (Mg), and the results are presented graphically. The results for an isotropic material (Cu) are obtained numerically and presented graphically to be compared with those of a transversely isotropic material (Mg). The effect of the body forces is also studied.展开更多
The two-dimensional(2D)transient heat conduction problems with/without heat sources in a rectangular domain under different combinations of temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are studied by a novel symplect...The two-dimensional(2D)transient heat conduction problems with/without heat sources in a rectangular domain under different combinations of temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are studied by a novel symplectic superposition method(SSM).The solution process is within the Hamiltonian system framework such that the mathematical procedures in the symplectic space can be implemented,which provides an exceptional direct rigorous derivation without any assumptions or predetermination of the solution forms compared with the conventional inverse/semi-inverse methods.The distinctive advantage of the SSM offers an access to new analytic heat conduction solutions.The results obtained by the SSM agree well with those obtained from the finite element method(FEM),which confirms the accuracy of the SSM.展开更多
This study examines the behavior of a micropolar nanofluidflowing over a sheet in the presence of a transverse magneticfield and thermal effects.In addition,chemical(first-order homogeneous)reactions are taken into accoun...This study examines the behavior of a micropolar nanofluidflowing over a sheet in the presence of a transverse magneticfield and thermal effects.In addition,chemical(first-order homogeneous)reactions are taken into account.A similarity transformation is used to reduce the system of governing coupled non-linear partial differ-ential equations(PDEs),which account for the transport of mass,momentum,angular momentum,energy and species,to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The Runge-Kutta method along with shoot-ing method is used to solve them.The impact of several parameters is evaluated.It is shown that the micro-rota-tional velocity of thefluid rises with the micropolar factor.Moreover,the radiation parameter can have a remarkable influence on theflow and temperature profiles and on the angular momentum distribution.展开更多
This study discusses the magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow over an inclined permeable surface influenced by mixed convection, and Cattaeo-Christov heat flux. The heat transfer analysis is performed in the presence of...This study discusses the magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow over an inclined permeable surface influenced by mixed convection, and Cattaeo-Christov heat flux. The heat transfer analysis is performed in the presence of a heat source/sink and thermal stratification. To gauge the energy loss during the process, an irreversibility analysis is also performed. A numerical solution to the envisaged problem is obtained using the bvp4c package of MATLAB. Graphs are drawn to assess the consequences of the arising parameters against the associated profiles. The results show that an augmentation in the magnetic field and nanomaterial volume fraction results in an enhancement in the temperature profile. A strong magnetic field can significantly reduce the fluid velocity. The behavior of the Skin friction coefficient against the different estimates of emerging parameters is discussed. .展开更多
High temperature heat hazard at mineral mine becomes more and more serious as the increase of mining depth.Heat sources at working faces of mineral mines are complex and are of different characteristics,presenting new...High temperature heat hazard at mineral mine becomes more and more serious as the increase of mining depth.Heat sources at working faces of mineral mines are complex and are of different characteristics,presenting new challenges for air conditioning systems.In this paper,heat sources at four types of working faces are summarized and their characteristics are investigated.Based on this,simplified equations,which are linear with length of working faces,are proposed to calculate heat dissipation rates.So that the main heat sources of different working faces can be found,and cooling load of air conditioning systems can be calculated.Then,considering main heat sources of coal mines,a typical working face is designed to investigate performances of different ventilation systems and air conditioning systems.Simulation results show that segmented ventilation systems(SC)and heat shield assisted centralized ventilation systems(CCHS)can realize much better temperature distributions at working faces.However,cooling load can be greatly reduced for CCHS,when untreated air is supplied to the coal seam side.Based on this,free cooling assisted air conditioning systems are designed,and annual average energy efficiency ratio(EERann)of the systems are investigated and compared between direct evaporate cooling and indirect evaporate cooling(IEC).For SC,as compared with scenarios without free-cooling,IEC can increase EERann by 15%-23%and 22%-32%under Benxi and Datong ambient conditions,respectively.Besides,to ensure high EERann,CCHS is preferred and it is essential to increase thermal insulation of air ducts.展开更多
The heat source of an air-conditioned room has an important effect on the indoor environment. The release rates of heat sources are related to the comfort of the designed thermal environment, so they must be determine...The heat source of an air-conditioned room has an important effect on the indoor environment. The release rates of heat sources are related to the comfort of the designed thermal environment, so they must be determined. Traditional design methods rely on iterative guess-and-correct, which consumes resources and time and cannot meet the needs of modern design. This study aims to establish an inverse model of Tikhonov regularization and least square optimization by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), so that researchers can accurately determine the time release rate of multiple heat sources with known parameters. The temporal release rates can then be solved based on the inverse matrix operation with the temperature series at different discrete times. The study speeds up the solving process and expresses the temperature as the convolution integral between the temperature response of the thermal response factor and the arbitrary release rate. The results show that applying the above method to the quantization of the temporal release rates of three heat sources in a three-dimensional cavity can correctly determine the temporal release rates of multiple heat sources. The errors between the inversely determined release rates and the actual release rates are less than 40%.展开更多
Based on steady semi-geostrophic model equations,analysis is carried out of the linear and nonlinear modification/response of the tropical atmosphere to the forcing of ideal paired heat sources of contrasting nature.R...Based on steady semi-geostrophic model equations,analysis is carried out of the linear and nonlinear modification/response of the tropical atmosphere to the forcing of ideal paired heat sources of contrasting nature.Re- suits show that the linear part is dominant in the steady response but the nonlinear modification is quite noticable in the neighborhood of the heat source and between the paired sources,and the barotropic mode and second baroclinic mode play a different role in the modification,with the barotropic(second baroclinic)mode modification depending largely on the Rossby wave self-interaction(the magnitude due to the Kelvin-Rossby wave interaction)between the paired sources.展开更多
Hot dry rock(HDR) is an important geothermal resource and clean energy source that may play an increasingly important role in future energy management. High-temperature HDR resources were recently detected in deep reg...Hot dry rock(HDR) is an important geothermal resource and clean energy source that may play an increasingly important role in future energy management. High-temperature HDR resources were recently detected in deep regions of the Gonghe Basin on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which led to a significant breakthrough in HDR resource exploration in China. This research analyzes the deep temperature distribution, radiogenic heat production, heat flow, and crustal thermal structure in the Qiaboqia Valley, Guide Plain, and Zhacanggou area of the Gonghe Basin based on geothermal exploration borehole logging data, rock thermophysical properties, and regional geophysical exploration data. The results are applied to discuss the heat accumulation mechanism of the HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin. The findings suggest that a low-velocity layer in the thickened crust of the Tibetan Plateau provides the most important source of constant intracrustal heat for the formation of HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin, whereas crustal thickening redistributes the concentrated layer of radioactive elements, which compensates for the relatively low heat production of the basal granite and serves as an important supplement to the heat of the HDR resources. The negative effect is that the downward curvature of the lithospheric upper mantle caused by crustal thickening leads to a small mantle heat flow component. As a result, the heat flows in the Qiaboqia Valley and Guide Plain of the Gonghe Basin are 106.2 and 77.6 m W/m2, respectively, in which the crust-mantle heat flow ratio of the former is 3.12:1, indicating a notably anomalous intracrustal thermal structure. In contrast, the crust-mantle heat flow ratio in the Guide Plain is 1.84:1, which reflects a typical hot crust-cold mantle thermal structure. The Guide Plain and Zhacanggou area show the same increasing temperature trend with depth, which reflects that their geothermal backgrounds and deep high-temperature environments are similar. These results provide important insight on the heat source mechanism of HDR resource formation in the Tibetan Plateau and useful guidance for future HDR resource exploration projects and target sites selection in similar areas.展开更多
Using 1979-2000 daily NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data (version 1, hereafter referred to as NCEP1; version 2, hereafter referred to ...Using 1979-2000 daily NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data (version 1, hereafter referred to as NCEP1; version 2, hereafter referred to as NCEP2), ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis data (ERA), and the Global Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) reanalysis data in summer 1998, the vertically integrated heat source (Q1) in summer is calculated, and results obtained using different datasets are compared. The distributions of (Q1) calculated by using NCEP1 are in good agreement with rainfall observations over the Arabian Sea/Indian Peninsula, the Bay of Bengal (BOB), and East China. The distributions of (Q1) revealed by using NCEP2 are unrealistic in the southern Indian Peninsula, the BOB, and the South China Sea. Using ERA, the heat sources over the tropical Asia are in accordance with the summer precipitation, however, the distributions of (Q1) in East China are unreasonable. In the tropical region, the distributions of the summer heat source given by NCEP1 and ERA seem to be more accurate than those revealed by NCEP2. The NCEP1 and NCEP2 data are better for calculating heat sources over the subtropical and eastern regions of China's Mainland.展开更多
In this paper there are established the global existence and finite time blow-up results of nonnegative solution for the following parabolic system ut = △u + v^P(x0, t) - au^τ, x ∈ Ω, t 〉 0, △u + v^P(x0, t...In this paper there are established the global existence and finite time blow-up results of nonnegative solution for the following parabolic system ut = △u + v^P(x0, t) - au^τ, x ∈ Ω, t 〉 0, △u + v^P(x0, t) - bu^τ, x ∈ Ω, t 〉 0 subject to homogeneous Dirichlet conditions and nonnegative initial data, where x0 ∈ Ω is a fixed point, p, q, r, s ≥ 1 and a, b 〉 0 are constants. In the situation when nonnegative solution (u, v) of the above problem blows up in finite time, it is showed that the blow-up is global and this differs from the local sources case. Moreover, for the special case r = s = 1, lim t→T*(T*-t)^p+1/pq-1u(x,t)=(p+1)^1/pq-1(q+1)^p/pq-1(pq-1)^-p+1/pq-1, lim t→T*(T*-t)^q+1/pq-1u(x,t)=(p+1)^1/pq-1(q+1)^p/pq-1(pq-1)^-p+1/pq-1 are obtained uniformly on compact subsets of/2, where T* is the blow-up time.展开更多
Based on the fifth-generation reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for 1979–2019,we investigated the effects of the circumglobal teleconnection(CGT)on the interdecadal variat...Based on the fifth-generation reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for 1979–2019,we investigated the effects of the circumglobal teleconnection(CGT)on the interdecadal variation of the March atmospheric heat source(AHS)over the Southeast Asian low-latitude highlands(SEALLH).The dominant mode of the March AHS over the SEALLH features a monopole structure with an 8–11-year period.Decadal variations in the AHS make an important contribution to the 11-year low-pass filtered component of the AHS index,whichexplains 54.3%of the total variance.The CGT shows a clear interdecadal variation,which explains 59.3%of the total variance.The March AHS over the SEALLH is significantly related to the CGT on interdecadal timescales.When the CGT is optimally excited by a significant cyclonic vorticity source near northern Africa(i.e.,in its positive phase),the SEALLH is dominated by anomalous southerly winds and ascending motions on the east of the anomalous cyclone.The enhanced advection and upward transfer result in a high-enthalpy air mass that converges into and condenses over the SEALLH,leading to a largerthan-average March AHS over this region.The key physical processes revealed by this diagnostic analysis are supported by numerical experiments.展开更多
A two-dimensional numerical study of laminar natural convection in a square enclosure filled with air with a wall partially heated on the bottom is presented.The heat source is located on the lower wall with different...A two-dimensional numerical study of laminar natural convection in a square enclosure filled with air with a wall partially heated on the bottom is presented.The heat source is located on the lower wall with different heated widths varied from 20 to 80%(ε=0.2–0.8)of the total width of the lower wall and different heights h=H/4 and H/2 of the partition.The effect of the partition height on the main system dynamics is investigated through solution of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation by means of a finite volume method based on the SIMPLE algorithm.The influence of the Rayleigh number(Ra=10^(3) to 10^(6))and the hot wall length is also examined.It is shown that the average Nusselt number grows whenεincreases and when h decreases.For a given value ofεand h,the average Nusselt number increases as Ra increases.It is concluded that the partition height causes a decrease in the average Nusselt number.展开更多
For heating systems based on electricity storage coupled with solar energy and an air source heat pump(ECSA),choosing the appropriate combination of heat sources according to local conditions is the key to improving e...For heating systems based on electricity storage coupled with solar energy and an air source heat pump(ECSA),choosing the appropriate combination of heat sources according to local conditions is the key to improving economic efficiency.In this paper,four cities in three climatic regions in China were selected,namely Nanjing in the hot summer and cold winter region,Tianjin in the cold region,Shenyang and Harbin in the severe cold winter region.The levelized cost of heat(LCOH)was used as the economic evaluation index,and the energy consumption and emissions of different pollutants were analyzed.TRNSYS software was used to simulate and analyze the system performance.The Hooke-Jeeves optimization algorithm and GenOpt software were used to optimize the system parameters.The results showed that ECSA systemhad an excellent operation effect in cold region and hot summer and cold winter region.Compared with ECS system,the systemenergy consumption,and the emission of different pollutants of ECSA system can be reduced by a maximum of 1.37 times.In cold region,the initial investment in an air source heat pump is higher due to the lower ambient temperature,resulting in an increase in the LOCH value of ECSA system.After the LOCH value of ECSA system in each region was optimized,the heating cost of the system was reduced,but also resulted in an increase in energy consumption and the emission of different pollutant gases.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.21JCZDJC00750).
文摘This paper discussed the experimental results of the performance of an organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with an ultra-low temperature heat source.The low boiling point working medium R134a was adopted in the system.The simulated heat source temperature(SHST)in this work was set from 39.51°C to 48.60°C by the simulated heat source module.The influence of load percentage of simulated heat source(LPSHS)between 50%and 70%,the rotary valve opening(RVO)between 20%and 100%,the resistive load between 36Ωand 180Ωor the no-load of the generator,as well as the autumn and winter ambient temperature on the system performance were studied.The results showed that the stability of the system was promoted when the generator had a resistive load.The power generation(PG)and generator speed(GS)of the system in autumn were better than in winter,but the expander pressure ratio(EPR)was lower than in winter.Keep RVO unchanged,the SHST,the mass flow rate(MFR)of the working medium,GS,and the PG of the system increased with the increasing of LPSHS for different generator resistance load values.When the RVO was 60%,LPSHS was 70%,the SHST was 44.15°C and the resistive load was 72Ω,the highest PG reached 15.11 W.Finally,a simulation formula was obtained for LPSHS,resistance load,and PG,and its correlation coefficient was between 0.9818 and 0.9901.The formula can accurately predict the PG.The experimental results showed that the standard deviation between the experimental and simulated values was below 0.0792,and the relative error was within±5%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51874281)the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology (2022WLKXJ006)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX22_2612).
文摘In the present research,we proposed a scheme to address the issues of severe heat damage,high energy consumption,low cooling system efficiency,and wastage of cold capacity in mines.To elucidate the seasonal variations of environmental temperature through field measurements,we selected a high-temperature working face in a deep mine as our engineering background.To enhance the heat damage control cability of the working face and minimize unnecessary cooling capac-ity loss,we introduced the multi-dimensional heat hazard prevention and control method called"Heat source barrier and cooling equipment".First,we utilize shotcrete and liquid nitrogen injection to eliminate the heat source and implemented pressure equalization ventilation to disrupt the heat transfer path,thereby creating a heat barrier.Second,we establish divi-sional prediction models for airflow temperature based on the variation patterns obtained through numerical simulation.Third,we devise the location and dynamic control strategy for the cooling equipment based on the prediction models.The results of field application show that the heat resistance and cooling linkage method comply with the safety requirement throughout the entire mining cycle while effectively reducing energy consumption.The ambient temperature is maintained below 30℃,resulting in the energy saving of 10%during the high-temperature period and over 50%during the low-temperature period.These findings serve as a valuable reference for managing heat damage in high-temperature working faces.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Program for Developing Basic Research (Grant No. 2004CB418303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40175018).
文摘The variability of the summer rainfall over China is analyzed using the EOF procedure with a new parameter (namely, mode station variance percentage) based on 1951-2000 summer rainfall data from 160 stations in China. Compared with mode variance friction, the mode station variance percentage not only reveals more localized characteristics of the variability of the summer rainfall, but also helps to distinguish the regions with a high degree of dominant EOF modes representing the analyzed observational variable. The atmospheric circulation diagnostic studies with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data from 1966 to 2000 show that in summer, abundant (scarce) rainfall in the belt-area from the upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River northeastward to the Huaihe River basin is linked to strong (weak) heat sources over the eastern Tibetan Plateau, while the abundant (scarce) rainfall in the area to the south of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River is closely linked to the weak (strong) heat sources over the tropical western Pacific.
基金National Key Project of Fundamental Research u SCSMEX" the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education:" Stud
文摘The apparent heat sources (?Q1 ?) and moisture sinks (?Q2 ?) are calculated based on the reanalyzed data of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) from May 1 to August 31, 1998. It is found that the formation and distribution of the atmospheric heat sources are important for the monsoon onset. The earlier onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of enduring atmospheric heating in the Indo–China Peninsula and South China areas. The atmospheric heating firstly appears in the Indo–China Peninsula area and the sensible heat is the major one. The 30–50 day periodic oscillation of atmospheric heat sources between the SCS area and the western Pacific warm pool has a reverse phase distribution before the middle of July and the low frequency oscillation of heat sources in SCS area has an obvious longitudinal propagation. The 30–50 day low frequency oscillation has vital modificatory effects on the summer monsoon evolution during 1998. Key words Apparent heat sources - Apparent moisture sinks - The South China Sea monsoon - Diagnostic Study Sponsored by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research “ SCSMEX” and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education: “ Study of the Air-sea Interaction in the SCS Monsoon Region”.
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20060501)2019 Non-funded Science and Technology Research Project of Zhanjiang(20051817454-6338)2020 Guangdong Ocean University College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(580520153)
文摘Investigating the temporal and spatial distributions of the atmospheric heat sources(AHS)over the Tibetan Plateau-Tropical Indian Ocean(TP-TIO)region is of great importance for the understanding of the evolution and development of the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM).This study used the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis(JRA-55)data from 1979 to 2016 and adopted statistical methods to study the characteristics of the AHS between the TP and TIO,and theirs link to the SASM on an interannual scale.The results indicated that the monthly variations of the AHS in the two regions were basically anti-phase,and that the summer AHS in the TP was obviously stronger than that in the TIO.There were strong AHS and atmospheric moisture sink(AMS)centers in both the eastern and western TP in summer.The AHS center in the east was stronger than that in the west,and the AMS centers showed the opposite pattern.In the TIO,a strong AHS center in the northwest-southeast direction was located near 10°S,90°E.Trend analysis showed that summer AHS in the TIO was increasing significantly,especially before 1998,whereas there was a weakening trend in the TP.The difference of the summer AHS between the TP and TIO(hereafter IQ)was used to measure the thermal contrast between the TP and the TIO.The IQ showed an obvious decreasing trend.After 1998,there was a weak thermal contrast between the TP and the TIO,which mainly resulted from the enhanced AHS in the TIO.The land-sea thermal contrast,the TIO Hadley circulation in the southern hemisphere and the SASM circulation all weakened,resulting in abnormal circulation and abnormal precipitation in the Bay of Bengal(BOB).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1501801)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020067)。
文摘It is common sense that a deeper well implies higher temperature in the exploration of deep geothermal resources, especially with hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal resources, which are generally exploited in terms of enhanced geothermal systems(EGS). However, temperature is always different even at the same depth in the upper crust due to different heat sources. This paper summarizes the heat sources and classifies them into two types and five sub-types: crustorigin(partial melting, non-magma-generated tectonic events and radiogenic heat production), and mantle-origin(magma and heat conducted from the mantle). A review of global EGS sites is presented related to the five sub-types of heat sources. According to our new catalog, 71% of EGS sites host mantle-origin heat sources. The temperature logging curves indicate that EGS sites which host mantle-origin magma heat sources have the highest temperature. Therefore, high heat flow(>100 m W/m^(2)) regions with mantle-origin magma heat sources should be highlighted for the future exploration of EGS. The principle to identify the heat source is elucidated by applying geophysical and geochemical methods including noble gas isotope geochemistry and lithospheric thermal structure analysis. This analytical work will be helpful for the future exploration and assessment of HDR geothermal resources.
文摘Forward modelling of gravity and magnetic data was done simultaneously to show the correlation between gravity and magnetic anomalies on a measured heat flux region. The results were used to characterize the heat source structures in Eburru area. Modelling was done using Oasis montaj geosoft software which is an iteration process where the gravity and magnetic anomalies were calculated and compared to the observed residual anomaly until there was a fit. The start model was constructed based on depths from Euler deconvolution and models constrained using stratigraphy data from the existing wells in the study area. <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Forward modelling of gravity and magnetic data revealed intrusions within the Earth’s subsurface with depth to the top of the sources ranging from </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">739 m</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5811 m</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The density of the sources ranges between </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3.0 g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3.2 g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> while their magnetic susceptibility was zero. This implies that intrusions from the mantle with a magnetic susceptibility of zero have temperatures exceeding the curie temperature of rocks. The density of the intrusions modelled was higher than 2.67 </span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, the average crustal density, hence it explains the observed positive gravity anomaly. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The results also revealed that areas with high heat flux have shallow heat sources and if the heat sources are deep, then there must be a good heat transfer mechanism to the surface.</span></span></span></span>
文摘This paper deals with a two-dimensional (2D) problem for a transverselyisotropic thick plate having heat sources and body forces. The upper surface of the plate is stress free with the prescribed surface temperature, while the lower surface of the plate rests on a rigid foundation and is thermally insulated. The study is carried out in the context of the generalized thermoelasticity proposed by Green and Naghdi. The governing equations for displacement and temperature fields are obtained in the Laplace-Fourier transform domain by applying the Laplace and Fourier transforms. The inversion of the double transform is done numerically. Numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is done based on the Fourier series expansion. Numerical computations are carried out for magnesium (Mg), and the results are presented graphically. The results for an isotropic material (Cu) are obtained numerically and presented graphically to be compared with those of a transversely isotropic material (Mg). The effect of the body forces is also studied.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12022209,11972103,and U21A20429)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.DUT21LAB124)。
文摘The two-dimensional(2D)transient heat conduction problems with/without heat sources in a rectangular domain under different combinations of temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are studied by a novel symplectic superposition method(SSM).The solution process is within the Hamiltonian system framework such that the mathematical procedures in the symplectic space can be implemented,which provides an exceptional direct rigorous derivation without any assumptions or predetermination of the solution forms compared with the conventional inverse/semi-inverse methods.The distinctive advantage of the SSM offers an access to new analytic heat conduction solutions.The results obtained by the SSM agree well with those obtained from the finite element method(FEM),which confirms the accuracy of the SSM.
文摘This study examines the behavior of a micropolar nanofluidflowing over a sheet in the presence of a transverse magneticfield and thermal effects.In addition,chemical(first-order homogeneous)reactions are taken into account.A similarity transformation is used to reduce the system of governing coupled non-linear partial differ-ential equations(PDEs),which account for the transport of mass,momentum,angular momentum,energy and species,to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The Runge-Kutta method along with shoot-ing method is used to solve them.The impact of several parameters is evaluated.It is shown that the micro-rota-tional velocity of thefluid rises with the micropolar factor.Moreover,the radiation parameter can have a remarkable influence on theflow and temperature profiles and on the angular momentum distribution.
文摘This study discusses the magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow over an inclined permeable surface influenced by mixed convection, and Cattaeo-Christov heat flux. The heat transfer analysis is performed in the presence of a heat source/sink and thermal stratification. To gauge the energy loss during the process, an irreversibility analysis is also performed. A numerical solution to the envisaged problem is obtained using the bvp4c package of MATLAB. Graphs are drawn to assess the consequences of the arising parameters against the associated profiles. The results show that an augmentation in the magnetic field and nanomaterial volume fraction results in an enhancement in the temperature profile. A strong magnetic field can significantly reduce the fluid velocity. The behavior of the Skin friction coefficient against the different estimates of emerging parameters is discussed. .
基金The authors appreciate the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51706015)from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-IDRY-19-01).
文摘High temperature heat hazard at mineral mine becomes more and more serious as the increase of mining depth.Heat sources at working faces of mineral mines are complex and are of different characteristics,presenting new challenges for air conditioning systems.In this paper,heat sources at four types of working faces are summarized and their characteristics are investigated.Based on this,simplified equations,which are linear with length of working faces,are proposed to calculate heat dissipation rates.So that the main heat sources of different working faces can be found,and cooling load of air conditioning systems can be calculated.Then,considering main heat sources of coal mines,a typical working face is designed to investigate performances of different ventilation systems and air conditioning systems.Simulation results show that segmented ventilation systems(SC)and heat shield assisted centralized ventilation systems(CCHS)can realize much better temperature distributions at working faces.However,cooling load can be greatly reduced for CCHS,when untreated air is supplied to the coal seam side.Based on this,free cooling assisted air conditioning systems are designed,and annual average energy efficiency ratio(EERann)of the systems are investigated and compared between direct evaporate cooling and indirect evaporate cooling(IEC).For SC,as compared with scenarios without free-cooling,IEC can increase EERann by 15%-23%and 22%-32%under Benxi and Datong ambient conditions,respectively.Besides,to ensure high EERann,CCHS is preferred and it is essential to increase thermal insulation of air ducts.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51708146 and No.51708084)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No.2018GXNSFAA281283)+1 种基金Guangxi Science and Technology Project(No.Guike AD18281046)and Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No.2017GXNSFBA198148).
文摘The heat source of an air-conditioned room has an important effect on the indoor environment. The release rates of heat sources are related to the comfort of the designed thermal environment, so they must be determined. Traditional design methods rely on iterative guess-and-correct, which consumes resources and time and cannot meet the needs of modern design. This study aims to establish an inverse model of Tikhonov regularization and least square optimization by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), so that researchers can accurately determine the time release rate of multiple heat sources with known parameters. The temporal release rates can then be solved based on the inverse matrix operation with the temperature series at different discrete times. The study speeds up the solving process and expresses the temperature as the convolution integral between the temperature response of the thermal response factor and the arbitrary release rate. The results show that applying the above method to the quantization of the temporal release rates of three heat sources in a three-dimensional cavity can correctly determine the temporal release rates of multiple heat sources. The errors between the inversely determined release rates and the actual release rates are less than 40%.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Based on steady semi-geostrophic model equations,analysis is carried out of the linear and nonlinear modification/response of the tropical atmosphere to the forcing of ideal paired heat sources of contrasting nature.Re- suits show that the linear part is dominant in the steady response but the nonlinear modification is quite noticable in the neighborhood of the heat source and between the paired sources,and the barotropic mode and second baroclinic mode play a different role in the modification,with the barotropic(second baroclinic)mode modification depending largely on the Rossby wave self-interaction(the magnitude due to the Kelvin-Rossby wave interaction)between the paired sources.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1501803)。
文摘Hot dry rock(HDR) is an important geothermal resource and clean energy source that may play an increasingly important role in future energy management. High-temperature HDR resources were recently detected in deep regions of the Gonghe Basin on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which led to a significant breakthrough in HDR resource exploration in China. This research analyzes the deep temperature distribution, radiogenic heat production, heat flow, and crustal thermal structure in the Qiaboqia Valley, Guide Plain, and Zhacanggou area of the Gonghe Basin based on geothermal exploration borehole logging data, rock thermophysical properties, and regional geophysical exploration data. The results are applied to discuss the heat accumulation mechanism of the HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin. The findings suggest that a low-velocity layer in the thickened crust of the Tibetan Plateau provides the most important source of constant intracrustal heat for the formation of HDR resources in the Gonghe Basin, whereas crustal thickening redistributes the concentrated layer of radioactive elements, which compensates for the relatively low heat production of the basal granite and serves as an important supplement to the heat of the HDR resources. The negative effect is that the downward curvature of the lithospheric upper mantle caused by crustal thickening leads to a small mantle heat flow component. As a result, the heat flows in the Qiaboqia Valley and Guide Plain of the Gonghe Basin are 106.2 and 77.6 m W/m2, respectively, in which the crust-mantle heat flow ratio of the former is 3.12:1, indicating a notably anomalous intracrustal thermal structure. In contrast, the crust-mantle heat flow ratio in the Guide Plain is 1.84:1, which reflects a typical hot crust-cold mantle thermal structure. The Guide Plain and Zhacanggou area show the same increasing temperature trend with depth, which reflects that their geothermal backgrounds and deep high-temperature environments are similar. These results provide important insight on the heat source mechanism of HDR resource formation in the Tibetan Plateau and useful guidance for future HDR resource exploration projects and target sites selection in similar areas.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.90711003,40633018, and 40805035
文摘Using 1979-2000 daily NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data (version 1, hereafter referred to as NCEP1; version 2, hereafter referred to as NCEP2), ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis data (ERA), and the Global Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) reanalysis data in summer 1998, the vertically integrated heat source (Q1) in summer is calculated, and results obtained using different datasets are compared. The distributions of (Q1) calculated by using NCEP1 are in good agreement with rainfall observations over the Arabian Sea/Indian Peninsula, the Bay of Bengal (BOB), and East China. The distributions of (Q1) revealed by using NCEP2 are unrealistic in the southern Indian Peninsula, the BOB, and the South China Sea. Using ERA, the heat sources over the tropical Asia are in accordance with the summer precipitation, however, the distributions of (Q1) in East China are unreasonable. In the tropical region, the distributions of the summer heat source given by NCEP1 and ERA seem to be more accurate than those revealed by NCEP2. The NCEP1 and NCEP2 data are better for calculating heat sources over the subtropical and eastern regions of China's Mainland.
基金This study is supported partially by the research program of natural science of universities in Jiangsu province(05KJB110144 and 05KJB110063)the natural science foundation of Yancheng normal institute.
文摘In this paper there are established the global existence and finite time blow-up results of nonnegative solution for the following parabolic system ut = △u + v^P(x0, t) - au^τ, x ∈ Ω, t 〉 0, △u + v^P(x0, t) - bu^τ, x ∈ Ω, t 〉 0 subject to homogeneous Dirichlet conditions and nonnegative initial data, where x0 ∈ Ω is a fixed point, p, q, r, s ≥ 1 and a, b 〉 0 are constants. In the situation when nonnegative solution (u, v) of the above problem blows up in finite time, it is showed that the blow-up is global and this differs from the local sources case. Moreover, for the special case r = s = 1, lim t→T*(T*-t)^p+1/pq-1u(x,t)=(p+1)^1/pq-1(q+1)^p/pq-1(pq-1)^-p+1/pq-1, lim t→T*(T*-t)^q+1/pq-1u(x,t)=(p+1)^1/pq-1(q+1)^p/pq-1(pq-1)^-p+1/pq-1 are obtained uniformly on compact subsets of/2, where T* is the blow-up time.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42030603)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(2019FY003006)the Postgraduate Research and Innovation foundation of Yunnan University(2021Z017).
文摘Based on the fifth-generation reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for 1979–2019,we investigated the effects of the circumglobal teleconnection(CGT)on the interdecadal variation of the March atmospheric heat source(AHS)over the Southeast Asian low-latitude highlands(SEALLH).The dominant mode of the March AHS over the SEALLH features a monopole structure with an 8–11-year period.Decadal variations in the AHS make an important contribution to the 11-year low-pass filtered component of the AHS index,whichexplains 54.3%of the total variance.The CGT shows a clear interdecadal variation,which explains 59.3%of the total variance.The March AHS over the SEALLH is significantly related to the CGT on interdecadal timescales.When the CGT is optimally excited by a significant cyclonic vorticity source near northern Africa(i.e.,in its positive phase),the SEALLH is dominated by anomalous southerly winds and ascending motions on the east of the anomalous cyclone.The enhanced advection and upward transfer result in a high-enthalpy air mass that converges into and condenses over the SEALLH,leading to a largerthan-average March AHS over this region.The key physical processes revealed by this diagnostic analysis are supported by numerical experiments.
文摘A two-dimensional numerical study of laminar natural convection in a square enclosure filled with air with a wall partially heated on the bottom is presented.The heat source is located on the lower wall with different heated widths varied from 20 to 80%(ε=0.2–0.8)of the total width of the lower wall and different heights h=H/4 and H/2 of the partition.The effect of the partition height on the main system dynamics is investigated through solution of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation by means of a finite volume method based on the SIMPLE algorithm.The influence of the Rayleigh number(Ra=10^(3) to 10^(6))and the hot wall length is also examined.It is shown that the average Nusselt number grows whenεincreases and when h decreases.For a given value ofεand h,the average Nusselt number increases as Ra increases.It is concluded that the partition height causes a decrease in the average Nusselt number.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFE0193200 KY202001)Science and Technology Planning Project of Beijing(No.Z201100008320001 KY191004).
文摘For heating systems based on electricity storage coupled with solar energy and an air source heat pump(ECSA),choosing the appropriate combination of heat sources according to local conditions is the key to improving economic efficiency.In this paper,four cities in three climatic regions in China were selected,namely Nanjing in the hot summer and cold winter region,Tianjin in the cold region,Shenyang and Harbin in the severe cold winter region.The levelized cost of heat(LCOH)was used as the economic evaluation index,and the energy consumption and emissions of different pollutants were analyzed.TRNSYS software was used to simulate and analyze the system performance.The Hooke-Jeeves optimization algorithm and GenOpt software were used to optimize the system parameters.The results showed that ECSA systemhad an excellent operation effect in cold region and hot summer and cold winter region.Compared with ECS system,the systemenergy consumption,and the emission of different pollutants of ECSA system can be reduced by a maximum of 1.37 times.In cold region,the initial investment in an air source heat pump is higher due to the lower ambient temperature,resulting in an increase in the LOCH value of ECSA system.After the LOCH value of ECSA system in each region was optimized,the heating cost of the system was reduced,but also resulted in an increase in energy consumption and the emission of different pollutant gases.