Finite-Time Thermodynamic Simulation of Circulating Direct Condensation Heat Recovery on Chillers

A time series model is used in this paper to describe the progress of circulating direct condensation heat recovery of the compound condensing process (CCP) which is made of two water cooling condensing processes in series for a centrifugal chiller in the paper. A finite-time thermodynamics method is used to set up the time series simulation model. As a result, an upper bound of recoverable condensation heat for the compound condensing process is obtained which is in good agreement with experimental result. And the result is valuable and useful to optimization design of condensing heat recovery.

PRECISE MOMENT ASYMPTOTICS FOR THE STOCHASTIC HEAT EQUATION OF A TIME-DERIVATIVE GAUSSIAN NOISE

This article establishes the precise asymptoticsEum(t, x)(i →∞ or m →∞)for the stochastic heat equation■u/■t(t,x)=1/2△u(t,x)+u(t,x)■w/■t(t,x)with the time-derivative Gaussian noise ■u/■t(t,x)that is fractional in time and homogeneous in space.

Effect of heating time on structural,morphology,optical,and photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4 nanosheets

Effect of heating time on the structural,morphology,optical,and photocatalytic properties of graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4)nanosheets prepared at 550℃in Ar atmosphere is studied.The investigations are carried out by using x-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),UV-vis absorption,and photoluminescence(PL).At a heating temperature of 550℃,g-C3N4 nanocrystals are formed after 0.5 h and become more orderly as the heating time increases.The surface area of the g-C3N4 nanosheets significantly increases as the preparation time increases.The g-C3N4 prepared in 2.5 h shows the highest photocatalytic performance,decomposing completely 10 ppm RhB solution under xenon lamp irradiation for 2.0 h.

Heat Saturation Time of Solid Spherical Regenerator of HTAC

In order to control the heat saturation time, the temperature field of the regenerators of high temperature air combustion （HTAC） technology after reheating furnace was studied. A one-dimensional unsteady mathematical model was established and discretized through finite difference method. The relationship between the heat saturation time and some factors was determined through the calculation of a program developed by language C. The heat saturation time decreases with the increase of heat convection coefficient, however, the increase of heat capacity, density and radius of regenerator all increase the heat saturation time approximately linearly.

Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Heat Treatment Thermal Hysteresis Time of GH4169 Superalloy Workpiece

A nonlinear finite element model of vacuum heat treatment process was developed. In this model, influence of many factors, such as nonlinear heat radiation, temperature-dependent thermal physical properties of material are considered. The temperature field of GH4169 alloy workpiece during vacuum heat treatment process was calculated using finite element software MSC.Marc, and the thermal hysteresis time of the workpiece was predicted. An experiment of vacuum heat treatment of GH4169 superalloy workpiece was carried out to verify the calculation. The experimental results of temperature profile agree well with the simulated results. This work lays a theoretical foundation for optimizing technical parameter of vacuum heat treatment process.

Influence of Heating Time of Shea Nuts (vitellariaparadoxa) on Some Chemical Properties of Shea Butter

The experiment was conducted in the laboratories of the Departments of Chemistry and Animal Health and Production Technology, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria. The experiment was replicated three times in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and consisted of six heating time 30, 60 and 120 minutes boiling, 30, 60 and 120 minutes roasting and one control. Data were collected on acid value, free fatty acid, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter. The data collected were analyzed statistically using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedure of statistical analysis system (SAS). The means that were significantly different were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that there were highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) among the treatments. The highest Acid Value (AV) of 3.53 and 3.64 were recorded by heating time at 120 minutes of boiling and 120 minutes of roasting. Heating time at 30 minutes of boiling, 30 minutes roasting, 60 minutes boiling and 60 minutes roasting recorded lower Free Fatty Acid (FFA) values of 1.52, 1.55, 1.57 and 1.58, respectively. Heating time at 60 minutes of roasting and 60 minutes of boiling recorded the highest Iodine value (IV) of 43.80 and 43.53, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that heating time of 30 or 60 minutes by boiling or roasting are better than longer heating times for Shea butter extraction.

Hydration Heat Evolution of Cement and Its Relation With Setting Time

In order to veritably measure the first peak of hydration heat evolution that has been illustrated important in indicating cement behavior in early hydration, an improved way of water addition into cement in isothermally calorimetric experiment is put forward. The experimental results indicated that: the magnitude of first peak of heat evolution varies from sample to sample, correlation between heat evolution during first peak of heat evolution and initial (as well as final) setting time is unsatisfactory when samples are not classified; while groups of sample classified based on strength grade represent satisfactory correlations, which indicating the existence of close relation between hydration heat evolution in much earlier hydration age and setting property of cement in rather later age. Importance of first peak in hydration heat evolution for understanding cement setting property and reasons for sample classification are also discussed in this paper.

Thermal Behavior, Specific Heat Capacity and Adiabatic Time-to-explosion of GDN

A new compound, [（NH2）2C=NH2]＋N（NO2）2-（GDN）, was prepared by mixing ammonium dinitramide （ADN） and guanidine hydrochloride in water. The thermal behavior of GDN was studied under the non-isothermal conditions with DSC and TG/DTG methods. The apparent activation energy（E） and pre-exponential constant（A） of the exothermic decomposition stage of GDN were 118.75 kJ/mol and 10^10.86 s^-1, respectively. The critical temperature of the thermal explosion（Tb） of GDN was 164.09 ℃. The specific heat capacity of GDN was determined with the Micro-DSC method and the theoretical calculation method, and the standard molar specific heat capacity was 234.76 J·mol^-1·K^-1 at 298.15 K. The adiabatic time-to-explosion of GDN was also calculated to be a certain value between 404.80 and 454.95 s.

A real-time measuring technology for studying distortion of hydraulic turbine blade castings during heat treatment process

During heat treatment process, the distortion behavior inevitably appears in hydraulic turbine blade castings. In this research, a technology was developed for real-time measurement of the distortion in hydraulic turbine blade castings at the still air cooling and forced air cooling stages during heat treatment process. The method was used to measure the distortion behavior at the cooling stages in both normalizing and tempering processes. At the normalization, the distortion at the blade corner near outlet side undergoes four stages with alternating bending along positive and negative directions. At the tempering stage, the distortion could be divided into two steps. The temperature difference between the two surfaces of blade casting was employed to analyze the distortion mechanism. The measured results could be applied to guide the production, and the machining allowance could be reduced by controlling the distortion behavior.

微尺度下润湿性表面对双气泡传热特性的影响

为探究混合润湿表面双气泡生长过程的特点和传热特性,利用格子Boltzmann方法研究混合润湿性表面不同因素对生长和传热过程的影响规律。结果表明:对于纯润湿性表面,随着润湿性的降低,气泡成核时间减少,气泡脱离表面时间呈增加趋势,双气泡生长过程的平均热流密度呈减少趋势。混合表面可以实现相比纯润湿性表面更高的脱离频率和更好的换热效果,混合润湿表面整体脱离频率在(L_(q)/△x)>0.37(△x<30)时呈增加趋势,在(L_(q)/△x)≤0.37(△x≥30)时呈降低趋势;同一距离L_(q)/△x不同疏水尺寸的脱离频率在(L_(q)/△x)>0.37(△x<30)时呈先降低后增加趋势,在(L_(q)/△x)≤0.37(△x≥30)时呈增加趋势;同一距离L_(q)/△x不同疏水尺寸的平均热流密度在(L_(q)/△x)>0.37(△x<30)时呈降低趋势,L_(s)=3(L_(s)/L_(q)=0.27)是最佳换热尺寸,在(L_(q)/△x)≤0.37(△x≥30)时呈先增加后降低趋势,L_(s)=5(L_(s)/L_(q)=0.45)为最佳换热尺寸。

Design of transit-time difference ultrasonic heat meter based on TDC-GP21

According to the transit-time difference measurement method,we proposed a design scheme of ultrasonic heat meter based on TDC-GP21.The measurement unit TDC-GP21 mainly completes transit-time measurement and inlet,outlet temperature measurement functions.Control unit and data processing unit based on MSP430F4152 of TI corporation complete functions including peripherals control,data analysis,temperature compensation algorithm,flow pattern compensation algorithm and low power consumption control.The design meets the Town Construction Professional Standard CJ 128-2007,and furthermore,some performances can be improved.

基于热管散热的多级热电制冷器性能分析

为了研究几何结构对多级热电制冷性能的影响,建立了基于热管散热的多级热电制冷器有限时间热力学模型,提出模块利用系数和协调性能系数两个性能评价指标,并采用数值模拟的方法研究了热电偶比例系数和级数对热电制冷器性能的影响,得到了不同几何结构下装置性能指标随工作电流的变化规律。结果表明:比例系数为2的六级热电制冷器的制冷温差和制冷量可分别达到135.3℃和0.34 W;较小的比例系数和工作电流,可以有效实现制冷能力和经济性能的统一。设计制作了基于热管散热的四级热电制冷器样机,当环境温度分别为16℃和26℃时,实测冷端温度分别为-76℃和-69℃。

2016—2021年合肥市极端气温与循环系统疾病死亡的时间序列分析

目的探讨合肥市极端气温对居民循环系统疾病死亡的影响及不同人群的敏感性分析。方法收集合肥市2016—2021年逐日气象资料、大气污染物监测资料及循环系统疾病死亡数据。采用基于广义相加模型的分布滞后非线性模型(distributed lag non-linear model,DLNM),评估极端气温对不同性别、年龄人群循环系统疾病死亡影响以及对循环系统主要疾病死亡的滞后效应和累积效应。以日均气温中位数(17.7℃)为对照,计算极端气温的相对危险度(RR)。结果合肥市极端气温对居民循环系统疾病死亡具有显著影响。极端低温对循环系统疾病死亡影响滞后时间长,lag4时达到最大,RR(95%CI)为1.067(1.039,1.095),且不同人群的死亡风险均明显增加。极端高温对循环系统疾病死亡的影响在当天达到最大,RR(95%CI)为1.088(1.020,1.160),持续时间短;≥65岁、女性和脑血管病患者也均在当日效应最大,且效应具有统计学意义,而对其他人群无明显影响。极端气温对不同人群的冷效应均高于热效应,低温对<65岁人群的死亡风险明显高于≥65岁人群,热效应则相反;女性冷效应和热效应均高于男性;脑血管病人群冷效应和热效应也均高于缺血性心脏病人群。结论合肥市极端气温可能增加居民循环系统疾病死亡风险,冷效应影响更大,不同人群对冷热效应的敏感性有差别。

环形热管蓄冷保温箱空载均温性能研究

针对传统蓄冷箱箱内温度均匀性差的问题,提出环形热管结构蓄冷保温箱的设计,建立了空载均温性能的三维数值仿真模型,并进行了试验验证,对比分析了环形热管保温箱与常规结构蓄冷保温箱蓄冷板不同布置方式(四周布置、侧面+顶部+底部布置、中间布置)保温时间和温度均匀性的差异。结果发现,与常规结构蓄冷箱相比,环形热管结构的蓄冷保温箱的温度场、速度场均表现出较好的均匀性,其温度不均匀度为1.13,保冷时间为23 h。内部的环形热管在箱内形成环形流场,加强了对流换热,使整体温度均匀性更好。

基于有限时间ADP的微波加热高钛渣温度跟踪控制

针对常规控制方法对微波加热过程控制效果不够理想的问题,提出一种基于数据驱动模型的有限时间自适应动态规划微波加热温度跟踪算法。算法包含模型网络、评价网络和执行网络,这3个网络的实现依赖于神经网络。模型网络实现微波加热过程的数据驱动建模,评价网络和执行网络实现最优性能指标函数和控制功率的逼近。最后将温度跟踪转化为误差的镇定。通过理论推导证明了算法的收敛性及最优性,并进一步开展了微波加热高钛渣温度跟踪实验和仿真研究。结果表明,算法能有效地跟踪高钛渣的加热过程,基于ELMAN神经网络的模型预测误差小于1℃,温度跟踪误差小于0.2℃,在工业微波加热中具有潜在的应用价值。

Actuator Fault Diagnosis for a Class of One-Dimensional Nonlinear Heat Equations via Backstepping Method

In this paper, an actuator fault diagnosis scheme based on the backstepping method is proposed for a class of nonlinear heat equations. The fault diagnosis scheme includes fault detection, fault estimation and time to failure (TTF) prediction. Firstly, we achieve fault detection by comparing the detection residual with a predetermined threshold, where the detection residual is defined as the difference between the observer output and the system measurement output. Then, we estimate the fault function through the fault parameter update law and calculate the TTF using only limited measurements. Finally, the numerical simulation is performed on a nonlinear heat equation to verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis scheme.

一种用于设计电加热滚塑工艺的传热计算方法

首先针对一个空模具以及生产4种不同厚度的氢气瓶内胆的电加热滚塑工艺,通过实验分别测量了模具表面和模内的温度、加热时间和耗电量,并据此计算了在这5种情形下的加热效率和放大系数。然后提出了一种用于设计电加热滚塑工艺的计算方法。即在模具的材料和质量、模内粉料的物性和质量、工艺参数确定后,先计算出有效热能,接着根据放大系数初步估算出在加热阶段电热丝需发出的热能,并由此得出满负荷的加热功率和电热丝的长度。然后利用static bed模型通过FLUENT软件仿真计算出加热时间和电热丝实际需发出的热能。以一个中空立方形的塑料制品的电加热滚塑工艺为例说明了该方法的应用步骤,并研究了满负荷的加热功率和模具材料对加热效率、加热时间和电热丝实际需发出的热能的影响。结果表明,加热效率随氢气瓶内胆厚度的增加而下降,加热时间随着满负荷功率的增大而减少的速率变得越来越慢。采用钢制模具的加热时间比采用铝制模具更长,电热丝也需发出更多的热能。

冷金属过渡电弧增材制造高强钢过程中温度场的数值模拟

基于冷金属过渡(CMT)高频熄弧的特性,在双椭球热源模型的基础上建立了动态热源模型,采用ABAQUS软件建立了高强钢CMT电弧增材制造单道十层成形件的有限元模型,对成形过程中的温度场进行模拟,并与试验结果进行对比;采用模拟方法研究了层间冷却时间(30,60,90 s)和基板预热温度(20,200,300℃)对温度场的影响规律。结果表明:模拟得到基板表面距焊道中心20.5 mm处的热循环曲线的变化趋势与试验结果基本一致,波峰和波谷温度的相对误差均在10%以内,证明了模型的准确性。沉积下一层时仅对前一层起到重熔作用;在沉积过程中,熄弧端的峰值温度高于起弧端,而在冷却过程中,两端温度差逐渐降低。随着层间冷却时间的延长,熔池最高温度降低且熔池存在的时间变短,在冷却阶段的冷却速率增大但其增大的程度降低,成形件两端温度差降低,最佳层间冷却时间为90 s;随着基板预热温度的升高,熔池的最高温度和熔池尺寸均增加,最大波谷温度差先减小后增大,在基板预热200℃条件下,成形件的最大波谷温度差最小,温度分布更加均匀。

等离子体技术生产连续玄武岩纤维用池窑设计及仿真研究

针对现有池窑法生产连续玄武岩纤维中存在的问题,采用等离子体技术设计一种池窑,通过数学模型对其进行仿真计算模拟,并通过实验验证等离子体炬功率、加热时间对池窑温度的影响。结果表明:将等离子体技术应用于池窑,通过调节等离子体炬功率可调整等离子体火焰温度,使池窑平均温度达1500℃左右,从而满足熔池的工艺要求;在池窑法生产装置上投入等离子体炬进行实验,启动等离子体炬,使功率迅速达160 kW,加热1 h以上,整个熔池达到热态平衡,池窑底部温度和表面温度均保持在1500℃左右,可以满足整个熔池纤维溶液的温度要求;等离子体技术应用于连续玄武岩纤维的池窑法生产工艺,以电能作为热源替代天然气热源,池窑温度、温度分布均匀性、停留时间等技术参数均能满足玄武岩纤维的生产工艺要求。