Quantitative prediction model for the depth limit of oil accumulation in the deep carbonate rocks:A case study of Lower Ordovician in Tazhong area of Tarim Basin

With continuous hydrocarbon exploration extending to deeper basins,the deepest industrial oil accumulation was discovered below 8,200 m,revealing a new exploration field.Hence,the extent to which oil exploration can be extended,and the prediction of the depth limit of oil accumulation(DLOA),are issues that have attracted significant attention in petroleum geology.Since it is difficult to characterize the evolution of the physical properties of the marine carbonate reservoir with burial depth,and the deepest drilling still cannot reach the DLOA.Hence,the DLOA cannot be predicted by directly establishing the relationship between the ratio of drilling to the dry layer and the depth.In this study,by establishing the relationships between the porosity and the depth and dry layer ratio of the carbonate reservoir,the relationships between the depth and dry layer ratio were obtained collectively.The depth corresponding to a dry layer ratio of 100%is the DLOA.Based on this,a quantitative prediction model for the DLOA was finally built.The results indicate that the porosity of the carbonate reservoir,Lower Ordovician in Tazhong area of Tarim Basin,tends to decrease with burial depth,and manifests as an overall low porosity reservoir in deep layer.The critical porosity of the DLOA was 1.8%,which is the critical geological condition corresponding to a 100%dry layer ratio encountered in the reservoir.The depth of the DLOA was 9,000 m.This study provides a new method for DLOA prediction that is beneficial for a deeper understanding of oil accumulation,and is of great importance for scientific guidance on deep oil drilling.

Effects of Straw Covering and Different Types of Potassium Fertilizer on Salinity Accumulation in Surface Layer of Tobacco-planted Paddy Soil

[Objective] This study aimed to investigation the effects of straw covering and different types of potassium fertilizer on salinity accumulation in surface layer of tobacco-planted paddy soil in southern China. [Method] Tobacco variety ‘Yunyan87’ was used as the experimental material to investigate the effects of salinity accumulation in surface layer of tobacco-planted paddy soil on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco using different types of potassium fertilizer and mulching cultivation methods. [Result] The results showed that K＋ , Ca2＋ , SO42and NO3-were the major salt ions in topsoil at different growth stages of flue-cured tobacco, Na ＋ and Mg2＋ contents were also relatively high at vigorous growth stage, indicating that these salt ions were easily accumulated in surface layer of soil; to be specific, the absolute increase of salt ion concentration showed a decreasing order of K＋ SO42- NO3-Ca2＋ Mg2＋ Na＋ Cl-, while the relative increase of salt ion concentration showed a decreasing order of Ca2＋ K＋ Na＋ NO3-SO42-Mg2＋ Cl-. At 60 d posttransplanting, total salt content in topsoil reached the minimum of 359.1 mg/kg in Treatment 2, total salt content in topsoil reached the maximum of 536.1 mg/kg in Treatment 5 （CK）, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. At 90 d post-transplanting, no significant difference was observed in total salt content among various treatments. At harvesting period, total salt content in topsoil reached the maximum of 3 278.4 mg/kg in Treatment 1, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. Topsoil pH showed no significant differences among various treatments at three different periods, ranging from 5.39 to 5.59. Straw covering could effectively reduce salt content in topsoil, accelerate vigorous growth of tobacco, shorten vigorous growth period and increase plant height, leaf number and lead area; at vigorous growth stage, root vitality and root volume of tobacco were improved, but the yield and output value were relatively low. Major agronomic traits and yield of tobacco showed no significant difference among various treatments. Output value of tobacco reached the maximum of 24 196.8 yuan/hm2 in Treatment 3, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. [Conclusion] Appropriate types and proportions of potassium fertilizer and straw covering can effectively reduce the total salt content in tobacco-planted paddy soil and increase the effective supply amount of K＋ , Ca2＋ , SO42-and NO3-, thereby promoting and improving the root vitality of tobacco, which is conducive to the growth and development of tobacco and will eventually enhance the yield, quality and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco.

Ultra-low specific on-resistance high-voltage vertical double diffusion metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor with continuous electron accumulation layer

A new ultra-low specific on-resistance （Ron,sp） vertical double diffusion metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect tran- sistor （VDMOS） with continuous electron accumulation （CEA） layer, denoted as CEA-VDMOS, is proposed and its new current transport mechanism is investigated. It features a trench gate directly extended to the drain, which includes two PN junctions. In on-state, the electron accumulation layers are formed along the sides of the extended gate and introduce two continuous low-resistance current paths from the source to the drain in a cell pitch. This mechanism not only dramatically reduces the Ron,sp but also makes the Ron,sp almost independent of the n-pillar doping concentration （Am）. In off-state, the depletion between the n-pillar and p-pillar within the extended trench gate increases the Nn, and further reduces the Ron,sp. Especially, the two PNjunctions within the trench gate support a high gate--drain voltage in the off-state and on-state, re- spectively. However, the extended gate increases the gate capacitance and thus weakens the dynamic performance to some extent. Therefore, the CEA-VDMOS is more suitable for low and medium frequencies application. Simulation indicates that the CEA-VDMOS reduces the Ron,sp by 80% compared with the conventional super-junction VDMOS （CSJ-VDMOS） at the same high breakdown voltage （BV）.

Fault characteristics and control on hydrocarbon accumulation of middle-shallow layers in the slope zone of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The development, evolution and formation mechanism of faults and their control on the migration and accumulation of Mesozoic oil and gas in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of Mahu sag were studied by the interpretation of seismic and drilling data. Two types of faults, normal and strike-slip, are developed in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of the Mahu sag and they are mostly active in the Yanshanian period. They are divided into four grade faults: The grade I strike-slip faults with NWW to near EW direction are related to the left-lateral transpressive fault zones in the northwest of Junggar Basin since the end of the Triassic. The grade II faults with NE to NNE direction are the normal faults located at the junction of the fault zone and the slope zone, and their formation is related to the extension at the top of the nose-like structures in the fault zone. The grade III faults, which are also the normal faults, are the result of the extension at the top of the lower uplifts in the slope zone and differential compaction. The grade IV faults with NE direction are normal faults, which may be related to the extension environment at the tip of the lower uplifts. Faults not only are the channel for the vertical migration of oil and gas, but also control the oil-gas accumulation. There are two types of oil-gas reservoirs in the middle-shallow layers of slope zone of Mahu sag: fault block reservoirs and fault-lithologic reservoirs. They have large traps and promising exploration potential.

Advantages of an InGaN-based light emitting diode with a p-InGaN/p-GaN superlattice hole accumulation layer

P-InGaN/p-GaN superlattices （SLs） are developed for a hole accumulation layer （HAL） of a blue light emitting diode （LED）. Free hole concentration as high as 2.6× 1018 cm-3 is achieved by adjusting the Cp2Mg flow rate during the growth of p-InGaN/p-GaN SLs. The p-InGaN/p-GaN SLs with appropriate Cp2Mg flow rates are then incorporated between the multi-quantum well and A1GaN electron blocking layer as an HAL, which leads to the enhancement of light output power by 29% at 200 mA, compared with the traditional LED without such SL HAL. Meanwhile, the efficiency droop is also effectively alleviated in the LED with the SL HAL. The improved performance is attributed to the increased hole injection efficiency, and the reduced electron leakage by inserting the p-type SL HAL.

Anti-Fowler Temperature Regime in Photoemission from <i>n</i>-Type Semiconductors with Surface Accumulation Layer

According to the Fowler theory and numerous experiments the quantum efficiency for photoemission from conductors increases with temperature. Here we show that an opposite temperature dependence is also possible, when the photoemission is from quasi-metallic surface accumulation layers of n-type semiconductors. This is due to the temperature dependence of the Fermi level energy in semiconductors. The Fermi level energy increases with decreasing temperature;this leads to a decrease of the semiconductor work function and consequently an increase of the quantum efficiency photoemission at constant value of absorbed light quanta of energy. We have calculated this effect for electron accumulation layer in n-GaN, induced by adsorption of positively charged cesium or barium ions. It is found that at low temperatures near liquid nitrogen, the quantum efficiency for photoemission increases to near 55%, which is comparable to the largest values, reported for any known photo-ca-thodes. This phenomenon may prove useful for efficient photo-cathodes operating at low temperatures.

Stress and Strain Accumulation Due to a Long Dip-Slip Fault Movement in an Elastic-Layer over a Viscoelastic Half Space Model of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System

Most of the earthquake faults in North-East India, China, mid Atlantic-ridge, the Pacific seismic belt and Japan are found to be predominantly dip-slip in nature. In the present paper a dip-slip fault is taken situated in an elastic layer over a viscoelastic half space representing the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. A movement of the dip-slip nature across the fault occurs when the accumulated stress due to various tectonic reasons e.g. mantle convection etc., exceeds the local friction and cohesive forces across the fault. The movement is assumed to be slipping in nature, expressions for displacements, stresses and strains are obtained by solving associated boundary value problem with the help of integral transformation and Green’s function method and a suitable numerical methods is used for computation. A detailed study of these expressions may give some ideas about the nature of stress accumulation in the system, which in turn will be helpful in formulating an earthquake prediction programme.

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组流体相态及油气藏类型

准噶尔盆地腹部地区沙湾凹陷超深层蕴含丰富的油气资源。根据烃源岩热演化模拟实验分析了沙湾凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组烃源岩生烃产物类型,结合地层流体高温高压物性实验数据,运用相图判别法和经验参数法对沙湾凹陷征10井地层流体相态进行深入研究。研究结果表明:①沙湾凹陷征10井上乌尔禾组油气主要来自于下乌尔禾组泥质烃源岩,其有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,镜质体反射率(Ro)为1.05%~1.46%,岩石热解峰温(T_(max))为433~446℃,处于成熟—高成熟演化阶段,目前处于生轻质油阶段。②上乌尔禾组地层流体成分表现为凝析气藏的流体组成,地层温度为166.0℃,介于临界温度和临界凝析温度之间,地层压力为155MPa,远高于露点压力,地-露压差大,表明地层条件下流体呈凝析气相特征,但地下油气相态与地表采出流体相态具有一定差异。相图判别法和经验参数法烃类流体相态分析结果均显示,征10井上乌尔禾组气藏为含大油环的凝析气藏。③沙湾凹陷上乌尔禾组具有优越的成藏条件,紧邻下乌尔禾组烃源岩,油气近源垂向输导,向局部隆起区运聚,巨厚的三叠系及上乌尔禾组中上部区域盖层起到重要的封盖作用,最终在局部隆起区形成岩性-构造凝析气藏。

库车前陆冲断带构造分层变形特征

库车前陆冲断带地震资料信噪比低,具有多解性。利用高分辨率三维地震、钻井、油气分析化验等资料,对库车前陆冲断带地层组合进行系统描述,精细解释构造模型,深入剖析油气成藏体系,认为库车前陆冲断带发育古近系和新近系膏盐岩层及三叠系和侏罗系煤层2套滑脱层,具有分层滑脱、垂向叠置、多期变形的特征,浅层构造发育盖层滑脱褶皱,深层发育基底卷入式叠瓦状逆冲构造,膏盐岩层和煤层发生滑脱塑性变形,发育加里东运动期、海西运动晚期—印支运动期和燕山运动期—喜马拉雅运动期3期断裂,海西运动晚期—印支运动期构造控制中生界沉积,由北向南具有超覆减薄的特征。库车前陆冲断带分层构造变形控制油气分层运聚,煤层以上的油气主要来自侏罗系烃源岩,煤层之下的油气主要来自三叠系,三叠系烃源岩生烃量占60%,大量油气仍保存在煤层之下。

奥连特盆地隐蔽油藏高效滚动勘探开发方法技术及应用——以厄瓜多尔14和17区块为例

厄瓜多尔14和17区块位于奥连特盆地前渊带,主要含油层系为Napo组的M1,U和T段。现已开发油田进入高含水阶段,资源接替面临挑战。通过基于趋势面驱动的叠后地震数据连片一致性处理、时-频衰减高精度合成记录标定和解释及各向异性变速成图,精细刻画了低幅度构造,发现了一批低幅度构造油藏。采用分频迭代去噪拾取薄层弱反射系数,以其重构的叠后宽频有效信号为约束,采用相控波形非线性反演,定量预测了埋深3 000 m的2~5 m厚潮汐水道砂岩,发现了多个M1超薄层岩性油藏。依据区域水动力条件、低幅度构造油藏油-水界面趋势及油藏能量特征,发现了LU水动力油藏并滚动扩边。通过观察大量岩心薄片,发现海绿石在石英砂岩储层中呈胶结物和颗粒两种赋存状态,建立了海绿石双组构测井解释体积模型,评价并识别了UT低电阻率油藏。基于热带雨林地表和隐蔽油藏特点,按照“整体部署、分批实施、跟踪评价、及时调整”的策略,实现滚动勘探、评价和快速建产,探井和评价井成功率大于90%。

镇域尺度下秦巴山区堆积层滑坡易发性不同单元评价性能对比研究

秦巴山区堆积层滑坡数量多、分布广、密度大、频次高,所造成的危害十分严重,且具有孕灾条件复杂多样和部分灾害评价数据获取难度大等特征。笔者选取秦巴山区小岭镇作为研究区,在地质灾害野外调查基础上,结合堆积层滑坡区域特点,采取栅格、斜坡两种单元类型,因地制宜的提取了滑坡孕灾因子,分析其相关性,提选出坡度、坡高、坡面形态、斜坡结构类型、堆积层厚度、距道路、矿区、断裂的距离等8个因子作为堆积层滑坡特征因子,运用随机森林模型方法对该镇域进行了滑坡易发性评价;并通过评价结果频率比、ROC曲线、易发性概率均值与标准差,对栅格单元、斜坡单元两种单元类型的精度与准确性进行了验证,结果表明:两种评价单元的预测结果都有良好的表现,但斜坡单元作为评价单元总体预测性能高于栅格单元,栅格单元在灾害防治具体空间部署上有着更精细的参考。研究成果对秦巴山区镇域地质灾害风险评价工作有一定的理论和实践意义。

不同比例分层施氮对花生氮素积累及产量形成的影响

为优化氮肥的合理施用,研究两个土层不同比例施氮(即分层施氮)对花生氮素积累及产量形成的影响,以期发现分层施氮方式下花生结果层(土层0~10 cm)与根系集中层(土层10~20 cm)施氮量最佳比例。设9个盆栽处理:全生育期不施氮处理N0;全土层氮肥混施处理N1;单层条施处理N2、N3,施肥深度分别为8 cm、16 cm;氮肥分层条施处理N4、N5、N6、N7、N8,施在8 cm、16 cm土层深处的氮肥比例分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1和3∶1。每个处理施用氮肥总量为120 kg/hm^(2)。结果表明:各分层施氮处理较混施(N1),单株荚果重量均有所增加,以分层施氮比例为1:2(N5)最佳;N5处理单株荚果总数、饱果数及单株荚果重较N1(混施)分别提高了16.02%、14.17%和14.35%。分层施氮有利于促进根瘤生长,相比氮肥混施处理(N1),N5的根瘤鲜重和根瘤数量分别提高17.65%和24.89%。各分层施氮处理均增加了花生苗期、结荚期和成熟期的根、茎、叶片和荚果的干物质积累。其中,成熟期单株干物质积累量为:分层施氮处理>深施处理(N3)>混施处理(N1)>表层施肥处理(N2)>N0,不同分层施氮处理中,以N5处理干物质积累量最高。氮肥深施和分层施氮均提高了花生各个器官的氮素积累量。与N1(混施)相比,N5处理的植株氮素积累量提高27.08%、荚果的氮素积累量提高了21.33%。综上所述,分层施氮中1:2的施氮方式相比单层施氮、分层施氮中高比例氮肥浅施处理,更有利于促进花生结瘤数量的增加,促进了植株生长与氮素积累,提高了干物质积累量,进而获得较高的荚果产量。

典型降雨诱发型堆积层滑坡机理研究

以柞水县小岭镇罗庄三组滑坡为研究对象,在野外地质调查的基础上开展室内土工试验,利用大型直剪试验和数值模拟手段,研究不同含水率条件下滑带土的剪切力学特性,进而在此基础上揭示降雨诱发堆积层滑坡的形成机理和变形过程。大型直剪试验表明:在试验前期,剪切应力与剪切位移呈线性关系,随剪切位移增大曲线呈现出非线性特征;在其他试验工况相同时,剪切应力与含水率呈负相关规律;当含水率相同时,剪切应力随法向荷载的增大而增大。数值模拟结果表明:堆积层坡体在降雨因素的作用下,容易发生失稳;随着降雨强度和时长的不断增大,土体含水量增加或饱和后易产生破坏,坡体稳定性系数不断减小。降雨条件下,堆积层滑坡滑体变形较强烈,其变形过程一般经历蠕动变形→加速变形→滑动破坏3个阶段,破坏运动形式以推移式为主,通过推挤作用对威胁对象产生破坏效应,从而造成人员和财产损失。该研究成果对秦巴山区堆积层滑坡的机理研究与防灾减灾具有一定的参考意义。

松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶余油层致密油气充注期次及其成藏贡献

为了明确松辽盆地三肇凹陷泉头组扶余油层致密油气充注期次及其成藏贡献,综合利用薄片鉴定、包裹体测温、荧光光谱等方法,对扶余油层微观油包裹体及其伴生盐水包裹体进行了研究,并结合储层埋藏史对该地区油气充注期次及其成藏贡献进行了探讨。研究结果表明:三肇凹陷扶余油层油气具有多期充注成藏特征,总体上表现为两期原油充注成藏,第1期发生在嫩江组末期77~74 Ma期间,对应于第1幕充注;第2期发生在明水组末期67~65 Ma期间,对应第2幕、第3幕和第4幕充注。三肇凹陷扶余油层第2期(明水组末期)致密油充注对现今油藏贡献率为83%,第1期(嫩江组末期)致密油充注贡献率为17%;可见明水组末期充注的原油对今油藏的贡献更大。

PEMFC扩散层中气体组分反应和传递格子Boltzmann模拟

通过格子Boltzmann方法中的多组分Shan-Chen模型对燃料电池气体扩散层与双极板流道特征结构进行模型构建,探究不同孔隙率、压缩比以及积水液滴位置对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)内气体组分传递的影响。模拟结果发现小孔隙率会造成气体的堵塞,影响传质效率,而气体扩散层的压缩效应导致结构变形进而造成气体在流道进口处的堵塞;压缩导致气体通道变得狭窄,促进氧气接触下部的催化层发生反应,流道附近的反应强度会随着压缩比的增加而增加;当积水液滴位于扩散层中部时,其能够将部分的反应气体引导到催化层处,从而增加反应气体的浓度;而位于底部的液滴会将催化剂覆盖从而阻碍催化反应的进行。

基于室内模型试验的深层堆积层古滑坡破坏机理

采用物理模型试验、理论分析及有限元数值模拟等,研究滑坡的变形破坏机理.结果表明,50 mm/h降雨条件下滑坡下部首先出现裂缝,随着降雨持续,裂缝向滑坡中部延伸,前缘局部垮塌,滑坡后缘地形坡度转折处相继出现横向裂缝;滑坡前部降雨入渗速度为5.56×10^(-4) cm/s,滑坡下部裂缝形成后,降雨沿裂缝优势入渗浸润、软化滑带,导致滑带土抗剪强度降低,滑坡发生牵引式破坏;降雨2 h后,滑坡上部滑带土压力开始持续减小,表明滑带土抗剪强度降低至滑坡滑动的临界值,导致滑坡上部沿滑带处发生整体推移式蠕滑变形.滑坡破坏机理为初始降雨,坡表入渗较慢,主要以孔隙流入渗为主,由于裂缝的存在导致降雨迅速入渗,在碎石土与炭质板岩碎屑接触面形成饱水带,增加滑坡内部孔隙水压,降低滑带土炭质板岩抗剪强度,导致抗滑力减小而复活.

渤海湾盆地石臼坨凸起秦皇岛27-3大型油田发现与地质新认识

渤海湾盆地石臼坨凸起历经50余年勘探,在凸起高部位背斜区发现了3个浅层亿吨级大油田,而低部位斜坡区浅层由于构造圈闭不发育,勘探程度较低,近10年无规模性发现。随着渤海海域勘探程度提高,现已全面进入岩性勘探阶段,针对石臼坨凸起东段顺向断裂斜坡区浅层油气运移、岩性圈闭刻画和油气成藏规律等展开了深入系统研究。研究认为:(1)研究区南北两侧被富生烃凹陷夹持,凸起边界大断层晚期强烈活动和陡坡带近源扇体普遍发育使凸起区成为规模性油气运聚的最终指向区;(2)凸起边界大断层在馆陶组开启系数最小,馆陶组含砾砂岩输导层是石臼坨凸起之上主要的油气横向运移通道;(3)馆陶组输导脊坡度和切脊断层组合控制顺向斜坡区油气的垂向输导,当坡度小于1°且断层长度大于2.50 km、成藏期断距大于40 m时斜坡区可产生规模性的油气垂向运移,突破顺向断裂斜坡区“过路不留”的传统认识;(4)在凸起斜坡区,与构造脊方向斜交的砂体有利于油气保存,同时,提出井约束谱蓝化整形高分辨率处理技术,实现了对斜坡区岩性圈闭有效刻画,优选出保存条件较好的斜向砂体开展钻探部署。基于上述新认识、新技术,2023年在石臼坨凸起东段顺向斜坡区成功评价了秦皇岛27-3亿吨级油田,实现了勘探老区浅层挖潜的重大突破,为渤海湾盆地高成熟探区持续油气发现提供了借鉴。

真空累积叠轧多层钢的组织与性能研究

以30CrMo和316L奥氏体不锈钢作为材料组元,利用真空累积叠轧工艺,制备出高强塑性的36、72、162、405层的多层钢复合材料。结果表明,多层钢界面实现了良好的冶金结合,30CrMo层主要为回复态的铁素体组织,316L层为变形态奥氏体组织。随着层数的增加,界面由平直变成波浪状,元素扩散明显加剧,扩散层形成马氏体组织,可有效提高材料强度;多层钢强度随着层数增加而增加,36层钢的抗拉强度为734 MPa,断裂伸长率为41.5%;405层钢表现出优异强塑性组合,抗拉强度为1125 MPa,伸长率为22.5%。多层钢的高界面结合强度有利于保持两组元协调变形,韧性层和多个强界面可有效约束脆性层的过早局部颈缩,提高材料的塑性。

微型桩顶刚性板连接治理堆积层滑坡模型试验研究

为了探究微型桩在刚性板连接下加固堆积层滑坡效果,本文基于室内物理模拟试验,研究微型桩受刚性板连接后及在桩顶不同荷载作用下桩身的受力特征。研究表明:微型桩通过刚性板连接后相较于独立微型桩群,滑坡体同一监测点处水平位移明显减小,在此基础上增加桩顶荷载则位移进一步减小;在刚性板作用下,第1至第3排桩身土压力依次减小,桩身抗力比为1∶0.77∶0.71;桩身弯矩呈现“S”型分布,反弯点存在于滑面附近;相较于独立微型桩,刚性板连接微型桩后及桩顶荷载作用下桩身弯矩最大值变化明显降低。

渗流管涌作用下松散堆积层结构演化规律

为揭示渗流管涌作用下松散堆积层结构演化规律,基于颗粒-孔隙尺度流固耦合方法,分别对密实、中密和疏松结构的松散堆积层开展渗流管涌仿真试验,从细观层面分析渗流管涌作用下松散堆积层颗粒迁移特征、颗粒流失量、颗粒间接触力链演化和骨架变形的结构演化特征。结果表明:渗流管涌主要以细颗粒迁移为主,存在局部“堵塞”现象,块石颗粒仅会在细颗粒迁移脱空后自由堆积。细颗粒迁移具有明显的“颗粒堆积”现象,主要集中在出口处,呈“上多下少”的特点。同时,渗流管涌发展过程中相同部位的孔隙率变化具有高度相似性,且结构越疏松越显著。管涌发展过程中,块石颗粒间接触承担主要的应力传递,力链演化的本质是堆积填料内部应力传递结构的改变。此外,下沉量和体应变均随时步增加,呈先急剧增加,后趋于平稳的态势,且随初始渗流速度越大,平稳时刻逐步提前。该研究成果可为从细观角度认识松散堆积层渗流管涌结构演化规律提供一定借鉴。