Research status and prospects of the fractal analysis of metal material surfaces and interfaces

As a mathematical analysis method,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe irregular shapes with self-similar or self-affine properties.Fractal analysis has been used to characterize the shapes of metal materials at various scales and dimensions.Conventional methods make it difficult to quantitatively describe the relationship between the regular characteristics and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces.However,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe the shape characteristics of metal materials and to establish the quantitative relationships between the shape characteristics and various properties of metal materials.From the perspective of two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional curved surfaces,this paper reviews the current research status of the fractal analysis of metal precipitate interfaces,metal grain boundary interfaces,metal-deposited film surfaces,metal fracture surfaces,metal machined surfaces,and metal wear surfaces.The relationship between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces is summarized.Starting from three perspectives of fractal analysis,namely,research scope,image acquisition methods,and calculation methods,this paper identifies the direction of research on fractal analysis of metal material surfaces and interfaces that need to be developed.It is believed that revealing the deep influence mechanism between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces will be the key research direction of the fractal analysis of metal materials in the future.

Impact of Surface Sensible Heating over the Tibetan Plateau on the Western Pacific Subtropical High: A Land–Air–Sea Interaction Perspective

The impact of surface sensible heating over the Tibetan Plateau （SHTP） on the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） with and without air-sea interaction was investigated in this study. Data analysis indicated that SHTP acts as a relatively independent factor in modulating the WPSH anomaly compared with ENSO events. Stronger spring SHTP is usually fol- lowed by an enhanced and westward extension of the WPSH in summer, and vice versa. Numerical experiments using both an AGCM and a CGCM confirmed that SHTP influences the large-scale circulation anomaly over the Pacific, which features a barotropic anticyclonic response over the northwestern Pacific and a cyclonic response to the south. Owing to different background circulation in spring and summer, such a response facilitates a subdued WPSH in spring but an en- hanced WPSH in summer. Moreover, the CGCM results showed that the equatorial low-level westerly at the south edge of the cyclonic anomaly brings about a warm SST anomaly （SSTA） in the equatorial central Pacific via surface warm advection. Subsequently, an atmospheric Rossby wave is stimulated to the northwest of the warm SSTA, which in turn enhances the at- mospheric dipole anomalies over the western Pacific. Therefore, the air-sea feedbacks involved tend to reinforce the effect of SHTP on the WPSH anomaly, and the role of SHTP on general circulation needs to be considered in a land-air-sea interaction framework.

The Effects of Anomalous Snow Cover of the Tibetan Plateau on the Surface Heating

On the basis of snow data and AWS (Automatic Weather Station) data obtained from the Tibetan Plateau in recent years (1993 to 1999), the features of sensible heat, latent heat and net long-wave radiations are estimated, and their variations in more-snow year (1997/ 1998) and less-snow year (1996/ 1997) are analyzed comparatively. The relationships between snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau and plateau’s surface heating to the atmospheric heating are also discussed. The difference between more-snow and less-snow year in spring is remarkably larger than that in winter. Therefore, the effect of anomalous snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau in winter on the plateau heating appears more clearly in the following spring of anomalous snow cover. Key words Tibetan Plateau - Snow cover - Effects - Surface heat fluxes This research was supported by the National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences G1998040900 (I), National Natural Science Foundation of China (40075018) and Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Fund.

The Regional Surface Heating Field over the Heterogeneous Landscape of the Tibetan Plateau Using MODIS and In Situ Data

In this study, a parameterization scheme based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data and in-situ data was tested for deriving the regional surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the methodology was applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau （TP） area. Four images of MODIS data （i.e., 30 January 2007, 15 April 2007, 1 August 2007, and 25 October 2007） were used in this study for comparison among winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The results were validated using the observations measured at the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform （TORP）. The results show the following： （1） The derived surface heating field for the TP area was in good accord with the land-surface status, showing a wide range of values due to the strong contrast of surface features in the area. （2） The derived surface heating field for the TP was very close to the field measurements （observations）. The APD （absolute percent difference） between the derived results and the field observations was 〈10%. （3） The mean surface heating field over the TP increased from January to April to August, and decreased in October. Therefore, the reasonable regional distribution of the surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape can be obtained using this methodology. The limitations and further improvement of this method are also discussed.

Characteristics of the Seasonal Variation of the Surface TotalHeating over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Surrounding Areain Summer 1998 and Its Relationship with the Convectionover the Subtropical Area of the Western Pacific

Using the dataset of 1998 TIPEX, the data of 6 automatic heat balance observational stations (AWS) from May to August 1998, a dataset of 52 surface observational stations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its adjacent region, the daily rainfall amounts from about 300 stations in China, the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data received by the National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC) of China, and TBB data from GMS remote sensing of Japan, the characteristics of the seasonal variation of the surface total heating over TP and its surrounding area in summer 1998 and its relationship with the convection over the subtropical area of the western Pacific is studied in this paper. The results show that the surface total heating over TP had a close relationship with the onset of the rainy season, and after the onset of the rainy season, the regional mean surface total heating over TP decreased distinctly. Furthermore, the regional mean surface total heating over TP had very good negative correlation with TBB over the subtropical area of the western Pacific along 20–30°N, which shows that the surface total heating over TP was able to affect the convection over the subtropical area of the western Pacific.

Effects of surface heating on precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and its eastern margin

The high terrain of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has a very important impact on the weather and climate of China,East Asia,South Asia,and even the Northern Hemisphere.However,in recent years,the reasons for the decrease in precipitation in the southeastern edge of the plateau have resulted in cutting-edge research regarding the impact of the TP and its surrounding areas on downstream weather and climate.In this study,the spatial and temporal distribution of surface heat flux and precipitation were analyzed from 1998 to 2022,and the possible mechanism of the decrease of precipitation in the eastern edge of the plateau is explored.The main conclusions are as follows:The annual average sensible heat flux in the TP and its east side is positive,with an average of 33.73 W/m^(2).The annual average latent heat flux is positive,with an average of 42.71 W/m^(2).Precipitation has a similar annual average and seasonal distribution,with modest amounts in the northwest and substantial amounts in the southeast.The average annual accumulated precipitation is 670.69 mm.The first mode of the Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF)shows that sensible heat flux decreases first,then increases,and then finally decreases during 1998–2022.The modes show the opposite trend in middle part of the plateau.The latent heat flux initially decreases,then increases,and finally decreases in the western plateau and near Sichuan Basin.The mode,however,displays the opposite tendency throughout the rest of the region.The precipitation in the north and south sides of the plateau has decreased since 2013,which is consistent with the changing trend of sensible heat flux.In the rest of the region,the change trend is not obvious.The sensible heat of the main body of the plateau and its east side and Sichuan Basin is negatively correlated with precipitation,that is,when sensible heat flux of the main body of the plateau and its east side and Sichuan Basin is more(less),local precipitation is less(more).The latent heat of the main body of the plateau and its east side,Sichuan Basin is positively correlated with precipitation,indicating that when latent heat flux of the main body of the plateau and its east side,Sichuan Basin is more(less),local precipitation is more(less).

Influence of heating rate on reactivity and surface chemistry of chars derived from pyrolysis of two Chinese low rank coals

A series of char samples were derived from pyrolysis of two typical low-rank coals in China （Shengli lig- nite and Shenmu bituminous coal） at low, medium and fast heating rates, respectively, to the same pyrol- ysis temperature 750℃. Then these chars were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with the aim to investigate the influence of heating rate in pyrolysis process on gasification reactivity and surface chemistry of them. Besides, a homogeneous model was used to quantitatively analyze the activation energy of gasification reaction. The results reveal that Shengli lignite and its derived chars behave higher gasification reactivity and have less content of oxygen functional groups than Shenmu coal and chars. Meanwhile, chars derived from Shengli lignite at 50℃/min and Shenmu coal at 200℃/min have the greatest gasification reactivity, respectively. The oxygen functional groups in Shengli lignite are easily thermo-decomposed, and they are less affected by the heating rate, while that in Shenmu coal have a significant change with the variation of heating rate. In addition, there is no good correlation between the change of oxygen functional groups and that of the gasification reactivity of the derived chars from pyrolysis at different heating rates.

Mechanism of unsteady aerodynamic heating with sudden change in surface temperature

The characteristics and mechanism of unsteady aerodynamic heating of a transient hypersonic boundary layer caused by a sudden change in surface temperature are studied. The complete time history of wall heat flux is presented with both analytical and numerical approaches. With the analytical method, the unsteady compressible boundary layer equation is solved. In the neighborhood of the initial and final steady states, the transient responses can be expressed with a steady-state solution plus a perturbation series. By combining these two solutions, a complete solution in the entire time domain is achieved. In the region in which the analytical approach is applicable, numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical results, showing reliability of the methods. The result shows two distinct features of the unsteady response. In a short period just after a sudden increase in the wall temperature, the direction of the wall heat flux is reverted, and a new inflexion near the wall occurs in the profile of the thermal boundary layer. This is a typical unsteady characteristic. However, these unsteady responses only exist in a very short period in hypersonic flows, meaning that, in a long-term aerodynamic heating process considering only unsteady surface temperature, the unsteady characteristics of the flow can be ignored, and the traditional quasi-steady aerodynamic heating prediction methods are still valid.

Regeneration of waste activated carbon after extracting gold with steam under microwave heating:Optimization using response surface methodology

The technology that waste activated carbon after extracting gold is regenerated with steam under microwave heating was studied. The influence of the activation temperature, activation duration and steam flow rate on iodine adsorption value and regeneration yield of activated carbon was investigated. The response surface methodology （RSM） technique was utilized to optimize the process conditions. The optimum conditions for the preparation of activated carbon are identified to be activation temperature of 831 ℃, activation duration of 40 min and steam flow rate of 2.67 mL/min. The optimum conditions result in an activated carbon with an iodine number of 1048 mg/g and a yield of 40%, and the BET surface area evaluated using nitrogen adsorption isotherm is 1493 m2/g, with total pore volume of 1.242 cm3/g. And the pore structure of activated carbon regenerated is mainly composed of micropores and a small amount of mesopores.

Simultaneous effects of chemical reaction and Ohmic heating with heat and mass transfer over a stretching surface: A numerical study

In this article, we have considered the simultaneous influence of ohmic heating and chemical reaction on heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet. The effects of applied magnetic field are also taken into consideration while the induced magnetic field is not considered due to very small magnetics Reynolds number. The governing flow problem comprises of momentum, continuity, thermal energy and concentration equation which are transformed into highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transforms, which are then, solved numerically with the help of Successive Linearization method(SLM) and Chebyshev Spectral collocation method. Numerical values of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are also taken into account with the help of tables. The physical influence of the involved parameters of flow velocity, temperature and concentration distribution is discussed and demonstrated graphically. The numerical comparison is also presented with the existing published results and found that the present results are in excellent agreement which also confirms the validity of the present methodology.

Surface evolution of Al-Si-Cu alloy in thermal shock under different heating speeds

In order to understand the initial surface damage of Al piston in unsteady thermal environment like knock combustion,T6 heat treated cast Al-Si-Cu alloy was thermal shocked under different heating speeds between room temperature and 450°C by adjusting the environmental temperature.The surface evolution was mainly characterized in view of roughness,hardness,morphology,texture,phase and element distribution.Results indicated that both the roughness and hardness went up to the maximum and then decreased with rising heating speed.Micro-structure and phase analysis suggested that the interactions of solid phase transition and oxidation with enhancing thermal stress took responsible for the surface evolution.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Boiler Convective Heating Surface Under Pressurized Oxygen-fuel Combustion Conditions

增压富氧燃烧是一项极具前景的减排CO2新技术。对增压富氧燃烧条件下,对流受热面换热特性进行研究具有重要的意义。该文以一台实际300MW等级机组煤粉锅炉为计算对象,采用维里方程及Chun等的计算方法计算确定增压富氧燃烧烟气物性,采用宽带关联k模型计算富氧燃烧烟气辐射特性。进行了常规空气燃烧以及φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=21：79、φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=30：70两种比例的0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5、6 MPa五种压力下增压富氧燃烧各对流受热面的热力计算,分析了增压富氧燃烧条件烟气压力变化对各受热面换热特性的影响。研究结果表明：随烟气压力的升高,烟气流速下降,但烟气的Re却基本保持不变,对流换热系数有所增加。增压富氧燃烧烟气的辐射换热系数比空气燃烧烟气辐射换热系数大。实现同样的换热量,增压富氧燃烧条件下（φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=21：79、φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=30：70）对流受热面所需换热面积比常规空气燃烧条件下少。

EFFECTS OF CONDENSATION HEATING AND SURFACE FLUXES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUTH CHINA MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM (MCS)

A sensitive numerical simulation study is carded out to investigate the effects of condensation heating and surface fluxes on the development of a South China MCS that occurred during 23 - 24 May 1998. The results reveal the following： （1） Condensation heating plays an important role in the development of MCS. In every different stage, without condensation heating, MCS precipitation is significantly reduced, and quickly dissipates. （2） Condensation heating demonstrates most importantly during the early development stages of MCS vortex; as the vortex develops stronger, the condensation heating effects reduces. （3） By affecting the MCS development processes, condensation heating also influences the formation of MCS mesoscale environment structure features such as low-level jet （mLLJ）, upper-level divergence. （4） By changing the antecedent environmental circulation, the surface fluxes also play an important role in the development of MCS. Because of the surface heating, pressure declines over the heavy rainfall and MCS happening regions, which results in the intensification of southerly flows from the ocean along the South China coastline areas, and leads to the enhancement of horizontal convergence and increase of vapor amount in the lower layer. All of these make the atmosphere more unstable and more favorable for the convection.

Effect of Heating Rates on the Formable Oxide Scale on a C-Steel Surface

Oxide scale formation on a C-steel surface has been investigated using linear heating rates ranging from 0.1℃/min to 10℃/min at high temperatures. The studies on the oxide scale formation at high temperature (650℃) at slower heating rate (0.1℃/min) shows that the kinetic regime is linear. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the scale constituents are significantly influenced by the heating rate. The adherence of the scale was improved by using slower heating rate (0.1℃/min-≤650℃), while above such degree the scale was susceptible to cracking and flaking out of the alloy surface. In fact, the development of oxide growth stresses can cause considerable scale cracking. As well, variation of the crystallite sizes under the aforementioned conditions might affect the scale stacking to the alloy surface. The secondary electron detector images of the oxide scale shows that the scale was imperfectly smooth and there were a number of voids and defects in the scale skin, especially at fast heating rate. This observation could be attributed to defects of the as-received alloy. In general, slower heating rate reduced the defects of the scale and improved its adherence.

Variation in the surface heat flux on the north and south slopes of Mount Qomolangma

The distinctive conditions present on the north and south slopes of Mount Qomolangma,along with the intricate variations in the underlying surfaces,result in notable variations in the surface energy flux patterns of the two slopes.In this paper,data from TESEBS(Topographical Enhanced Surface Energy Balance System),remote sensing data from eight cloud-free scenarios,and observational data from nine stations are utilized to examine the fluctuations in the surface heat flux on both slopes.The inclusion of MCD43A3 satellite data enhances the surface albedo,contributing to more accurate simulation outcomes.The model results are validated using observational data.The RMSEs of the net radiation,ground heat,sensible heat,and latent heat flux are 40.73,17.09,33.26,and 30.91 W m^(−2),respectively.The net radiation flux is greater on the south slope and exhibits a rapid decline from summer to autumn.Due to the influence of the monsoon,on the north slope,the maximum sensible heat flux occurs in the pre-monsoon period in summer and the maximum latent heat flux occurs during the monsoon.The south slope experiences the highest latent heat flux in summer.The dominant flux on the north slope is sensible heat,while it is latent heat on the south slope.The seasonal variations in the ground heat flux are more pronounced on the south slope than on the north slope.Except in summer,the ground heat flux on the north slope surpasses that on the south slope.

The Scandinavia Ozone Loss and Surface Heating

Analysis on NASA Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) ozone shows a clear ozone loss, ?50 DU (15% of the total ozone), over Scandinavia. Correlation analysis between the ozone loss and the east-to-west sea surface temperature (SST) contrast in the North Atlantic shows correlation coefficients ?0.96 for seasonal variation and ?0.70 for monthly mean (168 months) in 1979–1992. Correlation coefficients between the ozone loss and the surface-to-atmosphere heat fluxes are higher than ?0.87. There-fore the authors suggest that the warm Atlantic current carries energy northward to Scandina via and causes ozone loss there via the surface-to-atmosphere heating processes. Key words Ozone loss - North Atlantic - Surface heating - Scandina via This work was supported by the key project KZ951-A-205-05 of CAS, NSFC Project 40075029, IAP innovation project 8-2212, CAS, First Chinese Arctic Expedition of NOA and LAPC of IAP, CAS.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Work Fluid Including Phase Change Material That Flow into Heating Surface from Narrow Path

Use of the low temperature (less than 100°C) energy contributes to effective use of heat resources. The cost recovery by power generation is difficult by using an existing system (the binary cycle or the thermoelectric conversion element), because the initial investment is large. The final purpose of this research is development of the low temperature difference drive engine supposing use in a hot-springs resort as a power source for electric power generation. In order that a traveler may look at and delight a motion of an engine, it is made to drive at low-speed number of rotations. An engine cycle of this study is aimed at the development of Stirling cycle engine which can maintain high efficiency in small size. This kind of engine has simple structure;it brings low cost, and it is easy to perform maintenance. However, it is difficult to obtain enough output by this type of engine, because of its low temperature difference. This paper deals with the heat transfer characteristic that the working fluid including a phase change material flows into the heating surface from the narrow path. In order to increase the amount of the heat transmission, Diethylether is added to the working fluid. Diethylether is selected as a phase change material (PCM) that has the boiling point which exists between the heat source of high temperature and low temperature. The parameters of the experiment are additive amount of PCM, rotational speed of the displacer piston and temperature of heat transfer surface. It is shown that it is possible to make exchange of heat amount increase by adding phase change material. The result of this research shows the optimal condition of the difference in temperature in heat processing, number of revolutions, and addition concentration of PCM.

On-Line Life Monitoring Technique for Tube Bundles of Boiler High-Temperature Heating Surface

High-temperature heating surface such as superheater and reheater of large-sized utility boiler all experiences a relatively severe working conditions. The failure of boiler tubes will directly impact the safe and economic operation of boiler. An on-line life monitoring model of high-temperature heating surface was set up according to the well-known L-M formula of the creep damages. The tube wall metal temperature and working stress was measured by on-line monitoring, and with this model, the real-time calculation of the life expenditure of the heating surface tube bundles were realized. Based on the technique the on-line life monitoring and management system of high-temperature heating surface was developed for a 300 MW utility boiler. An effective device was thus suggested for the implementation of the safe operation and the condition-based maintenance of utility boilers.

Triboelectric‘electrostatic tweezers'for manipulating droplets on lubricated slippery surfaces prepared by femtosecond laser processing

The use of‘Electrostatic tweezers'is a promising tool for droplet manipulation,but it faces many limitations in manipulating droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces.Here,we achieve noncontact and multifunctional droplet manipulation on Nepenthes-inspired lubricated slippery surfaces via triboelectric electrostatic tweezers(TETs).The TET manipulation of droplets on a slippery surface has many advantages over electrostatic droplet manipulation on a superhydrophobic surface.The electrostatic field induces the redistribution of the charges inside the neutral droplet,which causes the triboelectric charged rod to drive the droplet to move forward under the electrostatic force.Positively or negatively charged droplets can also be driven by TET based on electrostatic attraction and repulsion.TET enables us to manipulate droplets under diverse conditions,including anti-gravity climb,suspended droplets,corrosive liquids,low-surface-tension liquids(e.g.ethanol with a surface tension of 22.3 mN·m^(-1)),different droplet volumes(from 100 nl to 0.5 ml),passing through narrow slits,sliding over damaged areas,on various solid substrates,and even droplets in an enclosed system.Various droplet-related applications,such as motion guidance,motion switching,droplet-based microreactions,surface cleaning,surface defogging,liquid sorting,and cell labeling,can be easily achieved with TETs.

Validation of Heat Transfer between Theoretical and Experimental from the Internal Surface of Vertical Tubes with Internal Rings Heated by Electrical Heating Coils

The comparison between experimental and theoretical heat transfer inside heated vertical channels that dissipate heat from the internal surface with and without internal rings is studied.The experimental setup consists of a circular pipe which is heated electrically by providing constant heat flux on the wall.The theoretical and experimental analysis is conducted in several pipes of same diameter but different lengths.The length of the pipe varies from 450 mm to 850 mm.The length to diameter ratios are taken as L/D=10,12.22,15.56,and 18.89.The value of imposed heat flux varies from 250 to 3340 W/m2.The internal ring thickness varies from 4 mm to 8 mm.separation distance between the internal rings varies from 75mm to 300 mm.The theoretical results are compared with experimental data to ascertain numerical accuracy of the method.The effects of L/D ratio,thickness of internal rings and separation distance on the heat transfer performance are studied.The experimental result is compared with theoretical,theoretical results are found by using ANSYS.In this study theoretical result for wall temperature along the height of tube,fluid temperature at exit of tube are compared with experimental data.