Operating Parameters of the District Heating Substation Cooperating With the Installation of Technological Air Conditioning With High Efficiency of Heat Recovery

The article analyses the problem of determining the operating parameters of the district heating substation cooperating with the air heating system in technological air conditioning systems equipped with heat exchangers with high efficiency of heat recovery.Attention was paid to the correct selection of heat exchangers for the heat output balance depending on the heat recovery protection algorithms against a drop in the temperature of the heat transfer surface below 0℃.Critical parameters were determined in Polish climatic conditions,at which the operation of the heat recovery exchanger in the air conditioning system is switched off or limited.It has been proven that the proper functioning of the district heating substation cooperating with the installation of air conditioning with high heat recovery efficiency requires the use of two heat exchangers with different characteristics,equipped with properly selected temperature control systems.The optimal model of cooperation between the technological air conditioning system and the heating substation was also indicated.

Closed-loop bulk air conditioning: A renewable energy-based system for deep mines in arctic regions

With depletion of shallow deposits,the number of underground mines expected to reach more than 3 km depth during their lifetime is growing.Although surface cooling plants are mostly effective in mine airconditioning,usually secondary cooling units are needed below 2 kmdepth.This need emerges due to the elevated thermal impacts caused by auto-compression of mine air as well as heat emissions from strata and mine machinery.As a result,in cold climates,like Canada,ultra-deep mines need their secondary underground cooling plants running year-round while the intake air must be heated to protect the sensitive machinery and liners from freezing during the winter season.To cool mine air,horizontal bulk-airconditioners with direct spray cooling systems are commonly used due to their high performance.Conventionally,sprayed water in bulk-air-coolers are mechanically circulated and refrigerated in coupled refrigeration plants.This set up can be transformed to a natural cooling/heating process by resurfacing the warm underground bulk-air-cooler spray water for mine air heating on the surface and re-sinking the chilled water for cooling in the underground bulk air coolers.This could significantly cut-down the fossil-fuel consumption in burners for mine air pre-conditioning and refrigeration cost when applicable.This paper presents an anonymous real-life example to study the feasibility of the proposed idea for an ultra-deep Canadian mine.

Practice and analysis of recycling non-drinking water from air-condition and reverse-osmosis system into rainwater collection system

This paper is based on the rainwater collection project in the retrofit of the Dongyi teaching block in Zhejiang University Xixi Campus.The analysis incorporates the local meteorological data, recycling water utilization, and precipitation adjustment.The rainwater collection system in this program also adds the condensation water from the heating, ventilation and air conditioning （ HVAC） system and the concentration from the reverse-osmosis system used for watering greens and supplying waterscapes.By calculating, the quantity of the HVAC condensation water in summer is 3.48 m3/d, and the quantity of the reverse-osmosis concentrated water is 198 to 396 L/d.This method solves the water shortage caused by high evaporation in summer and low precipitation in winter.Supported by empirical monitoring data, the proposed method significantly increases the economic efficiency of the system during the summer period.

Optimal Scheduling of Residential Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) provides important demand response resources for the new power system with high proportion of renewable energy. Residential HAVC scheduling strategies that adapt to realtime electricity price signals formulated by demand response program and ambient temperature can significantly reduce electricity costs while ensuring occupants' comfort. However, since the pricing process and weather conditions are affected by many factors, conventional model-based method is difficult to meet the scheduling requirements in complex environments. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive optimal scheduling strategy for residential HVAC based on deep reinforcement learning(DRL) method. The scheduling problem can be regarded as a Markov decision process(MDP). The proposed method can adaptively learn the state transition probability to make economical decision under the tolerance violations. Specifically, the residential thermal parameters obtained by the leastsquares parameter estimation(LSPE) can provide a basis for the state transition probability of MDP. Daily simulations are verified under the electricity prices and temperature data sets, and numerous experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A concept of capillary active,dynamic insulation integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning system

When a historic façade needs to be preserved or when the seismic considerations favor use of a concrete wall system and fire considerations limit exterior thermal insulation,one needs to use interior thermal insulation systems.Interior thermal insulation systems are less effective than the exterior systems and will not reduce the effect of thermal bridges.Yet they may be successfully used and,in many instances,are recommended as a complement to the exterior insulation.This paper presents one of these cases.It is focused on the most successful applications of capillary active,dynamic interior thermal insulation.This happens when such insulation is integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning(HVAC)system.Starting with a pioneering work of the Technical University in Dresden in development of capillary active interior insulations,we propose a next generation,namely,a bio-fiber thermal insulation.When completing the review,this paper proposes a concept of a joint research project to be undertaken by partners from the US(where improvement of indoor climate in exposed coastal areas is needed),China(indoor climate in non-air conditioned concrete buildings is an issue),and Germany(where the bio-fiber technology has been developed).

海洋平台HVAC系统减噪技术研究

文章结合海洋平台供热通风与空气调节(HVAC)系统噪声控制的现状,重点介绍了平台HVAC系统噪声对人员和设备的影响;分析了HVAC系统噪声的来源,包括机组本身运行时产生的噪声、管线内流体流动噪声等;提出了设计和安装阶段HVAC系统噪声控制的要点,如选择低噪声设备、合理布置管线、采用隔振器和消声器等。

Alternative ventilation strategies in U.S.offices:Comprehensive assessment and sensitivity analysis of energy saving potential

Mature technologies exist to reduce the heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC) energy associated with ventilation and use ventilation proactively to save energy.This study investigated the energy use impacts in U.S.office buildings of multiple alternative ventilation strategies that combined:economizing,demand controlled ventilation(DCV),supply air temperature reset(SR),and/or a doubled ventilation rate.We used energy simulations in a Monte Carlo analysis,sampling 17 building inputs and varying locations to match the climate zone distribution of the U.S.office stock.Results indicated the possibility for significant savings compared to a baseline that ventilated constantly at a minimum rate in both a small office type with a constant air volume(CAV) HVAC system and a medium office type with a variable air volume(VAV) system.In 95%of instances,HVAC source energy savings were 5-25%in the small-CAV office(median:11%) and 6-42%in the medium-VAV office(median:27%).In the small-CAV office,DCV typically saved the most energy,usually from heating,and heating degree days and occupant density were decisive influences.In the medium-VAV office,economizing and SR were most important,DCV usually only had minor impacts,and zone temperature setpoints,along with climate indicators,were the critical influences.Other than infiltration,envelope characteristics did not strongly influence energy impacts.The untapped primary energy savings of alternative ventilation strategies over the 74%of U.S.office floorspace reasonably represented by our modeling was estimated at 36 TWh per year,with an annual value of U.S.$ 1.25 billion.

Characteristic studies of heat sources and performance analysis of free-cooling assisted air conditioning and ventilation systems for working faces of mineral mines

High temperature heat hazard at mineral mine becomes more and more serious as the increase of mining depth.Heat sources at working faces of mineral mines are complex and are of different characteristics,presenting new challenges for air conditioning systems.In this paper,heat sources at four types of working faces are summarized and their characteristics are investigated.Based on this,simplified equations,which are linear with length of working faces,are proposed to calculate heat dissipation rates.So that the main heat sources of different working faces can be found,and cooling load of air conditioning systems can be calculated.Then,considering main heat sources of coal mines,a typical working face is designed to investigate performances of different ventilation systems and air conditioning systems.Simulation results show that segmented ventilation systems(SC)and heat shield assisted centralized ventilation systems(CCHS)can realize much better temperature distributions at working faces.However,cooling load can be greatly reduced for CCHS,when untreated air is supplied to the coal seam side.Based on this,free cooling assisted air conditioning systems are designed,and annual average energy efficiency ratio(EERann)of the systems are investigated and compared between direct evaporate cooling and indirect evaporate cooling(IEC).For SC,as compared with scenarios without free-cooling,IEC can increase EERann by 15%-23%and 22%-32%under Benxi and Datong ambient conditions,respectively.Besides,to ensure high EERann,CCHS is preferred and it is essential to increase thermal insulation of air ducts.

Window Air Conditioners Transition and Restriction in Saudi Arabia

This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO2 emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.

基于HVAC类负荷的电力系统动态调频控制策略

以HVAC(暖通空调)类负荷为控制对象,提出了一种基于HVAC类负荷的电力系统动态调频控制策略。首先给出了HVAC负荷的等值热力学参数模型,分析了此类负荷的负荷特性;进而通过用户参与度建立HVAC负荷的温度设定值与系统频率波动之间的数学关系,给出了一种基于HVAC类负荷的电力系统动态调频控制策略,通过动态调整开关状态改变负荷功率,达到系统频率控制的目的。最后利用典型的单机电力系统模型验证了控制策略的有效性。

基于PSO算法的HVAC系统LSSVM预测控制

针对暖通空调(HVAC)系统,提出一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)算法和最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的预测控制方法。该方法利用LSSVM建立HVAC系统预测模型并预测系统的输出值,引入输出反馈和偏差校正以克服模型失配等因素引起的预测误差,以此构造加权预测控制性能指标。由PSO算法滚动优化得到系统的最优控制量。利用该控制方法对一个HVAC系统进行仿真实验,结果表明该方法具有较好的控制效果。

基于HVACSIM+和MATLAB的空调系统仿真研究

研究了空调系统的仿真及一定温度要求下的最小能耗优化控制。介绍了大型空调系统仿真软件HVACSIM+;以某大厦一层中央空调系统的空气处理系统以及空调房间为仿真对象,进行HVACSIM+系统仿真;建立了表冷器的能耗与冷冻水流速之间的函数关系,将此作为目标函数,在MATLAB环境下,应用改进的变量轮换法优化控制器参数,经HVACSIM+再次仿真运行,计算冷源向空调系统提供的能耗。仿真结果表明,优化参数下的仿真系统运行稳定,与优化前相比,经表冷器消耗的能量大大减少。

HVACDDC控制系统的能量管理研究(英文)

本文作者论述了HVAC的DDC控制方式及其控制与能量管理相结合的特点 ,并提出了几种能量管理程序 ,以及该程序的节能作用。

考虑舒适度的制造环境中HVAC节能优化控制研究

针对制造系统中HVAC高能耗的问题,通过分析制造环境中的热量对HVAC与温度的影响,建立了考虑舒适度的HVAC节能优化模型,并运用模拟退火算法优化目标函数。实验结果表明,HVAC节能优化模型不仅降低了5.9%的能耗,而且室内温度范围在28~29℃,符合节能与舒适的双标准。

考虑主动储能的 HVAC 需求响应策略实验与模拟

为了增强电网的稳定性和充分利用集中式空调(HVAC)系统在夏季参与“削峰”需求响应的潜力,提出考虑主动储能的需求响应(DR)策略.利用全尺寸变风量HVAC实验平台,对该策略与区域温度重设策略进行物理实验和TRNSYS仿真模拟.结果表明,与区域温度重设(GTA)策略相比,主动储能策略能够在降低对用户热舒适度影响的同时为电网提供稳定的削峰负荷.对于整个供冷季而言,相比所有天数均采用非储能常规运行策略,主动储能策略下空调系统节约一定的运行成本;相较于在DR时采用GTA策略且非DR时采用非储能常规运行策略,主动储能策略的节费优势更大.

电动汽车HVAC模块制热模式风量分配特性研究

针对某款电动汽车空调HVAC模块风量测试实验时制热吹脚模式各出风口风量分配不均匀的现象,课题组应用计算流体动力学(CFD)的数值模拟方法,并引入多孔介质理论对HVAC模块内部微通道换热器做简化处理,对该款汽车空调HVAC模块制热吹脚模型进行计算模拟,分析制热吹脚模式HVAC内部流场及各吹脚出风口的风量,同时引入无量纲数Ei和S对风量分配的均匀性进行评估。课题组根据仿真分析结果,对吹脚风道底部结构进行优化以及验证分析。验证结果表明:优化后的汽车空调HVAC模块吹脚风道内部涡旋现象减少,相较于原模型,各吹脚出风口不均匀度Ei减小了2%~57%,总不均匀度S降低了5.2%~34.3%,提高了风量分配均匀性。

上海红枫亚泰妇产医院HVAC工程质量管理研究

目前,对建筑工程中的HAVC的研究主要停留在理论方面,而系统的工程案例研究则比较少。由于工程项目中对HVAC工程需求增加,因此,对HAVC项目的质量相关问题进行研究很有必要。论文分析了HVAC工程质量管理现状及存在的问题以及原因,应用因果分析图分析了HVAC工程存在的问题及原因,并提出了应对策略。

北方别墅式建筑HVAC方式探讨

介绍了北方别墅式建筑采暖、通风、空气调节的方式。

基于改进的粒子群优化算法的暖通空调制冷机房BIM自动优化布置方法

采用结合Revit API和MATLAB的编程模式,对Revit平台进行了有效的二次开发,从而实现了暖通空调制冷机房设备的自动化布置设计,不仅有效地实现了设备布置方案的自动生成,还支持了布置方案的预览与验证,显著提高了设计效率和准确性。该研究的创新之处在于成功将粒子群优化算法与BIM技术相结合,为暖通空调系统的自动化设计提供了新的视角,并验证了BIM在暖通空调领域正向设计中的应用潜力。

暖通空调给排水管道的表面改性与性能研究

为提升暖通空调铜合金排水管的表面性能,采用化学镀的方法在铜合金排水管表面制备了Ni-P/TiN镀层,研究镀液中TiN质量浓度对化学镀层物相组成、表面及截面形貌、硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,无镀层的铜合金基体主要物相为CuZn和CuZn5,表面镀层主要由非晶Ni组成;在基础镀液中适当添加TiN会形成镀层质量较好的含有胞状颗粒的镀层,而过量的TiN添加会使得镀层质量恶化。相较铜合金基体,表面镀层的硬度明显更高,且表面镀层硬度会随着镀液中TiN质量浓度的增加而增大;当TiN质量浓度为10 g/L时,表面镀层的硬度和磨损率分别为633 HV0.1和0.93×10^(-8)g/(r·N),具有相对较好的耐磨性,此时的磨损机制主要为氧化磨损。