Optimum control strategy for all-variable speed chiller plant

The optimum control strategy and the saving potential of all variable chiller plant under the conditions of changing building cooling load and cooling water supply temperature were investigated. Based on a simulation model of water source chiller plant established in dynamic transient simulation program (TRNSYS),the four-variable quadratic orthogonal regression experiments were carried out by taking cooling load,cooling water supply temperature,cooling water flow rate and chilled water flow rate as variables,and the fitting formulas expressing the relationships between the total energy consumption of chiller plant with the four selected parameters was obtained. With the SAS statistical software and MATHEMATICA mathematical software,the optimal chilled water flow rate and cooling water flow rate which result in the minimum total energy consumption were determined under continuously varying cooling load and cooling water supply temperature. With regard to a chiller plant serving an office building in Shanghai,the total energy consumptions under different control strategies were computed in terms of the forecasting function of cooling load and water source temperature. The results show that applying the optimal control strategy to the chiller plant can bring a saving of 23.27% in power compared with the corresponding conventional variable speed plant,indicating that the optimal control strategy can improve the energy efficiency of chiller plant.

Development of a Novel Parallel-spool Pilot Operated High-pressure Solenoid Valve with High Flow Rate and High Speed

High-pressure solenoid valve with high flow rate and high speed is a key component in an underwater driving system.However,traditional single spool pilot operated valve cannot meet the demands of both high flow rate and high speed simultaneously.A new structure for a high pressure solenoid valve is needed to meet the demand of the underwater driving system.A novel parallel-spool pilot operated high-pressure solenoid valve is proposed to overcome the drawback of the current single spool design.Mathematical models of the opening process and flow rate of the valve are established.Opening response time of the valve is subdivided into 4 parts to analyze the properties of the opening response.Corresponding formulas to solve 4 parts of the response time are derived.Key factors that influence the opening response time are analyzed.According to the mathematical model of the valve,a simulation of the opening process is carried out by MATLAB.Parameters are chosen based on theoretical analysis to design the test prototype of the new type of valve.Opening response time of the designed valve is tested by verifying response of the current in the coil and displacement of the main valve spool.The experimental results are in agreement with the simulated results,therefore the validity of the theoretical analysis is verified.Experimental opening response time of the valve is 48.3 ms at working pressure of 10 MPa.The flow capacity test shows that the largest effective area is 126 mm2 and the largest air flow rate is 2320 L/s.According to the result of the load driving test,the valve can meet the demands of the driving system.The proposed valve with parallel spools provides a new method for the design of a high-pressure valve with fast response and large flow rate.

Effects of impeller speed and aeration rate on flotation performance of sulphide ore

The effects of aeration rate and impeller speed on the concentrate sulfur grade and recovery for batch flotation of a complex sulphide ore were investigated. The relationships between the water recovery and solid entrainment were discussed. It is found that the solid entrainment is linearly related to the water recovery regardless of aeration rate and impeller speed, and the higher sulfur recovery at the aeration rate of 2 and 4 L/min for the impeller speed of 1 500 r/min is considered to be the contribution of true flotation. Finally, the sulfur recovery flux is correlated with the bubble surface area flux based on the froth image at the different aeration rates and impeller speeds.

电动叶菜收获机速度协同控制系统设计与试验

针对电动叶菜收获机切割、输送和行走三者速度不协调导致的叶菜损伤率高、功耗大和收获效率低等问题,开发了一种电动叶菜收获机速度协同控制系统。系统以可编程逻辑控制器为核心,利用信息传感模块对割刀电机的电流、电压和转速进行数据采集;主控模块根据速度协同控制算法对采集信号进行处理,得到负载信息并协同切割、输送和行走三者速度。田间试验结果表明:系统稳定可靠,能够根据收获情况动态协同各部件速度参数,叶菜损伤率为8.88%;与传统定速控制方法相比,收获机功耗降低了13.1%,收获效率提升了33.4%。

Effect of high shear rate on solidification microstructure of semisolid AZ91D alloy

To investigate the effects of rotation speed and shearing time on morphology of semisolid AZ91D alloy,experimental work was undertaken using a twin-screw slurry maker.The results show that increasing the rotation speed and reasonable time can give rise to substantial grain refinement during continuous shearing stage,which can be attributed to the increasing of effective nucleation rate caused by the extremely uniform temperature due to high shear rate and high degree of turbulence.Comparing with low rotation speed at the same thermal condition,the analysis indicates that the microstructures obtained at high rotation speed are homogenous spherical and fine grains instead of dendritic or rosette and exhibits uniform distribution in the eutectic matrix.

Relationship between speed and traffic accident and speed limit on freeway

To develop an equation between discrete degree of speed and traffic accident on freeway in China and give reasonable suggestions of speed management, the relation model was established between speed standard deviation and accident rate per 100,000,000 vehicle kilometers by regression analysis. The model shows that the more discrete is the speed distribution, the higher is the accident rate, which provides theoretical gist for speed limit on freeway. It is suggested that speed limit should be set according to 85th percentile speed obtained by the relationship between 85th percentile speed and RCCs (curvature change rate of single circular curve), and different speed limits should be set for cars and trucks. Through analyzing spot speed data of eight freeways in China, regression models were established between 85th percentile speed and RCCs and 15th percentile speed and RCCs. Reasonable speed limit suggestion values are put forward through these models.

Influence of tool rotational speed on microstructure and sliding wear behavior of Cu/B_4C surface composite synthesized by friction stir processing

An attempt was made to synthesize Cu/B4C surface composite using friction stir processing（FSP） and to analyze the influence of tool rotational speed on microstructure and sliding wear behavior of the composite. The tool rotational speed was varied from 800 to 1200 r/min in step of 200 r/min. The traverse speed, axial force, groove width and tool pin profile were kept constant. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the microstructure of the fabricated surface composites. The sliding wear behavior was evaluated using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The results indicate that the tool rotational speed significantly influences the area of the surface composite and the distribution of B4C particles. Higher rotational speed exhibits homogenous distribution of B4C particles, while lower rotational speed causes poor distribution of B4C particles in the surface composite. The effects of tool rotational speed on the grain size, microhardness, wear rate, worn surface and wear debris were reported.

Study on Rheological Characteristics of a Grease Used in High Speed Bearing

On a self-made super-high shear strain rate rheometer, the rheological characteristics and apparent viscosity curves of a high-speed bearing grease were obtained under different working conditions. A new grease rheological model suited to a shear strain rate range of 0—3.5×10~6s^(-1) was presented. The results showed that the shear stress increased linearly at first and then increased nonlinearly with the increase in shear strain rate up to 1.5×10~6s^(-1), and finally the shear stress decreased slightly with the successive increase in shear strain rate. The shear stress increased with a decreasing rolling speed and an increasing contact pressure. The apparent viscosity decreased rapidly with the increase of shear strain rate at beginning and could approach the viscosity of the base oil if the shear strain rate surpassed 1.5×10~6s^(-1). The fits between the test data and the predicted values by the new model were fairly good.

Variation in cross-shore wind speeds influenced by the morphology of nourished beach

The cross-shore variation in wind speeds influenced by beach nourishment,especially the dramatic changes at the nourished berm,is important for understanding the aeolian sand transport processes that occur after beach nourishment,which will contribute to better beach nourishment project design on windy coasts.In this paper,the influencing factors and potential mechanism of wind speed variation at the edge of a nourished berm were studied.Field observations,together with the Duna model,were used to study the cross-shore wind speed distribution for different nourishment schemes.The results show that the nourished berm elevation and beachface slope are the main factors controlling the increase in wind speed at the berm edge.When the upper beach slope is constant,the wind speed at the berm edge has a positive linear correlation with the berm elevation.When the berm elevation remains constant,the wind speed at the berm edge is also proportional to the upper beach slope.Considering the coupling effects of nourished berm elevation and beachface slope,a model for predicting the wind speed amplification rate at the nourished berm edge was established,and the underlying coupling mechanism was illustrated.

DNS Analysis on the Indirect Relationship between the Local Burning Velocity and the Flame Displacement Speed of Turbulent Premixed Flames

The local burning velocity and the flame displacement speed are the dominant properties in the mechanism of turbulent premixed combustion. The flame displacement speed and the local burning velocity have been investigated separately, because the flame displacement speed can be used for the discussion of flame-turbulence interactions and the local burning velocity can be used for the discussion of the inner structure of turbulent premixed flames. In this study, to establish the basis for the discussion on the effects of turbulence on the inner structure of turbulent premixed flames, the indirect relationship between the flame displacement speed and the local burning velocity was investigated by the flame stretch, the flame curvature, and the tangential strain rate using DNS database with different density ratios. It was found that for the local tangential strain rate and the local flame curvature, the local burning velocity and the flame displacement speed had the opposite correlations in each density ratio case. Therefore, it is considered that the local burning velocity and the flame displacement speed have a negative correlation.

An Improved Method of Retrieving Sea Surface Wind Speed Based on a Four-Layer Medium Model at High Sea States

Considering about the effect of whitecaps and foams on pulse-limited Radar Altimeters, an improved algorithm of retrieving sea surface wind speed is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a four-layer dielectric model is established in order to simulate an air-sea interface. Secondly, the microwave reflectivity of a sea surface covered by spray droplets and foams at 13.5 GHz is computed based on the established model. These computed results show that the effect of spray droplets and foams in high sea state conditions shall not be negligible on retrieving sea surface wind speed. Finally, compared with the analytical algorithms proposed by Zhao and some calculated results based on a three-layer dielectric model, an improved algorithm of retrieving sea surface wind speed is presented. At a high wind speed, the improved algorithm is in a better accord with some empirical algorithms such as Brown, Young ones and et al., and also in a good agreement with ZT and other algorithms at low wind speed. This new improved algorithm will be suitable not only for low wind speed retrieval, but also for high wind speed retrieval. Better accuracy and effectiveness of wind speed retrieval can also be obtained.

Impact of Pedestrian Traffic on Saturation Rate of Protected Left-Turn at Urban Intersections

Heavily congested intersections in metropolitan areas in China are facing unique problems due to high travel demand and a high degree of traffic law violations. Based on a study conducted by the authors of this paper, 93% of left-turn vehicles turning left in these areas were slowed in order to avoid conflict with pedestrians. Intertwined pedestrian and vehicular flows can significantly reduce the capacity of exclusive left-turn lane group through reducing saturation flow rate, which increases the congestion at intersections. This paper investigates how the saturation flow rate of exclusive left-turn lane group is affected by the characteristics of pedestrian flow. By analyzing the imagery data collected by video cameras installed at intersections, the research team is able to obtain the characteristics of both vehicular and pedestrian flows, such as speed and spatial locations. The average operating speed at the saturation flow rate with and without pedestrian traffic is used as a direct measurement to evaluate the effect of pedestrians. Based on the statistical analysis, the paper concludes that saturation flow rate is mainly affected by the position of pedestrian in the crosswalk (inside or outside of left-turn vehicle’s trajectory), and the distance between the vehicle and pedestrians. In general, when the distance is less than four meters, the smaller the distance between vehicle and pedestrians, the larger the impact. However, there is no significant impact when the distance is larger than four meters. To accurately quantify the effect, the degree of pedestrian-vehicle impact is defined in four levels. The results show that the difference in the saturation flow rate between the best and the worst level could be 15.7%, which clearly indicates how important it is to enforce pedestrian crossing behavior.

Study on dynamic response of high speed train window glass under tunnel aerodynamic effects

Purpose-This paper aims to analyze the bearing characteristics of the high speed train window glass under aerodynamic load effects.Design/methodology/approach-In order to obtain the dynamic strain response of passenger compartment window glass during high-speed train crossing the tunnel,taking the passenger compartment window glass of the CRH3 high speed train onWuhan-Guangzhou High Speed Railway as the research object,this study tests the strain dynamic response and maximum principal stress of the high speed train passing through the tunnel entrance and exit,the tunnel and tunnel groups as well as trains meeting in the tunnel at an average speed of 300 km$h-1.Findings-The results show that while crossing the tunnel,the passenger compartment window glass of high speed train is subjected to the alternating action of positive and negative air pressures,which shows the typical mechanic characteristics of the alternating fatigue stress of positive-negative transient strain.The maximum principal stress of passenger compartment window glass for high speed train caused by tunnel aerodynamic effects does not exceed 5 MPa,and the maximum value occurs at the corresponding time of crossing the tunnel groups.The high speed train window glass bears medium and low strain rates under the action of tunnel aerodynamic effects,while the maximum strain rate occurs at the meeting moment when the window glass meets the train head approaching from the opposite side in the tunnel.The shear modulus of laminated glass PVB film that makes up high speed train window glass is sensitive to the temperature and action time.The dynamically equivalent thickness and stiffness of the laminated glass and the dynamic bearing capacity of the window glass decrease with the increase of the action time under tunnel aerodynamic pressure.Thus,the influence of the loading action time and fatigue under tunnel aerodynamic effects on the glass strength should be considered in the design for the bearing performance of high speed train window glass.Originality/value-The research results provide data support for the analysis of mechanical characteristics,damage mechanism,strength design and structural optimization of high speed train glass.

电动汽车行驶稳定性模型预测控制仿真研究

为了提高电动汽车行驶的稳定性,提出了一种集成的汽车和车轮稳定性控制系统,并对汽车行驶的稳定性控制效果进行仿真。创建电动汽车模型简图,给出电动汽车动力学方程式。采用模型预测控制技术,设计了一种集成的汽车和车轮稳定性控制器。采用MATLAB软件对电动汽车横摆角速度、行驶速度和侧滑角进行仿真,与无模型预测控制器输出结果进行对比。结果显示:采用无模型预测控制器,电动汽车横摆角速度、行驶速度跟踪误差较大,振动幅度较大,产生的侧滑角较大。采用模型预测控制器,电动汽车横摆角速度、行驶速度跟踪误差较小,振动幅度较小,产生的侧滑角较小。采用模型预测控制器,能够提高电动汽车行驶的稳定性,避免汽车在突然转弯时发生侧翻现象。

南方籼稻热风干燥特性及其工艺参数优化

水稻是全球重要的粮食作物之一,籼稻是中国南方主要种植品种。收获的新鲜水稻含水率较高,不适合长期储存。针对南方籼稻在热风干燥过程中容易产生爆腰等问题,选择了中早35和玉针香2个典型品种,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken Design试验,分析了热风干燥工艺条件下的影响因素(包括干燥温度、干燥缓苏比和初始含水率)与水稻的干燥爆腰增率和干燥速率之间的关系。结果显示,干燥温度对干燥速率和爆腰增率的影响最显著,其次是缓苏时间占比和初始含水率。在符合国家标准的爆腰增率要求下进行试验,得到了2个水稻品种的最佳干燥温度、缓苏时间占比和初始含水率参数组合:中早35的最佳参数为49.48℃、0.67、26%;玉针香的最佳参数为45.00℃、0.698、26%。在最佳参数下进行干燥试验,测得2种水稻品种的干燥速率分别为0.02280%·min^(-1)和0.02461%·min^(-1),爆腰增率分别为2.87%和2.80%,均低于国家标准的3.00%。优化后的干燥工艺参数可为生产实践和稻谷品质变化机理的深入研究提供理论基础。

基于智能逆变技术的玉米精播机性能优化

为进一步提升我国玉米精播机的综合作业效率,以性能优化提升作为研究目标,基于智能逆变技术的深度应用展开分析。以电控逆变处理与调速机制相融合为出发点,建立正确的电控模块逆变应用数学模型,通过控制分析与硬件优化,进行整机作业试验。结果表明:基于智能逆变技术应用的玉米精播机性能优化效果明显,排种精准率与播深合格率分别可提升至94.46%与94.05%,满足精量播种机的设计要求;同时,种子的重播率与漏播率可降低至3.83%与3.06%,整机作业运行稳定,各零部件指令执行协同性好,综合效率相对提升了5.88%,充分体现了智能逆变应用的准确性与适应性,可为类似农机播种装备优化提供参考。

基于RTK测速的油菜直播机随速可控可调排种控制系统研究

针对油菜精量直播机连续作业过程中设定作业速度条件下,作业速度波动导致排种量与目标播量不一致的问题,设计了一种基于“RTK测速+落种检测+电机实时调控”的油菜精量直播机随速可控可调排种控制系统,确定了影响调速性能的关键参数,构建了步进电机调速模型;运用GNSSToolKitLite上位机开展ZED-F9P GNSS模块静态速度漂移试验,得到该模块静态速度漂移量服从均值为0.054 m/s、方差为0.029 m^(2)/s^(2)的正态分布。利用自动数粒仪与JPZS-16型排种性能试验台进行试验,得到正负气压组合式排种器转速为5~60 r/min时,落料计数器播种量检测值与实际值平均绝对误差小于10%;通过台架试验确定了不同排种器调速模型,得到不同排种器最佳工作转速、电机转速与目标播量的函数关系。不同排种器随速控制适应性台架试验结果表明:当作业速度为3~12 km/h时,系统搭载高速机械离心式与油麦兼用气送式排种器总排量稳定性变异系数小于1.21%。田间试验结果表明:当作业速度为5~12 km/h时,本系统搭载高速机械离心式与窝眼轮式排种器总排量稳定性变异系数小于9.7%,满足随速播种要求,可为油菜精量播种控制系统结构改进提供参考。

模拟海水对Q235钢腐蚀性能的影响分析

以Q235碳素钢为研究对象,借助旋转式挂片腐蚀试验仪,考察转速、温度、酸碱度等因素对其在模拟海水中腐蚀性能的作用。结果表明,腐蚀速度随温度的变化呈现两个阶段:第一阶段,当温度小于45℃时,腐蚀速度随温度的增大而不断升高;第二阶段,在温度大于45℃时,曲线斜率最大,腐蚀速度达到最大值;腐蚀速度随转速的变化呈现两个阶段:第一阶段,当转速小于60 r/min时,腐蚀速度基本保持不变,维持恒定;第二阶段,当转速大于60 r/min时,曲线斜率增大,腐蚀速度急剧升高,腐蚀速度随转速的增大而不断升高,并出现60 r/min的临界值;腐蚀速度随酸碱度的增大而不断降低。所得结论对Q235钢在海洋环境中的腐蚀和防护具有一定的参考价值。

西北地区红层泥岩崩解特性试验研究

针对西北地区红层泥岩设计了一套自由浸水崩解装置,对不同质量的红层泥岩试块进行自由浸水试验。考虑试块的吸水过程,将试块吸水率作为崩解试验结果的补偿,研究不同质量红层泥岩试块的崩解率、崩解速率随时间变化规律。结果表明,测试红层泥岩膨胀性矿物含量较少,其崩解的前30%时间内崩解率可达45%~75%,前50%时间内崩解率可达68%~90%,崩解总时间T与试块质量m满足T=a*(1-e^(-b*m)) 关系。随着试块质量增加,试块崩解速率越大,且崩解的前50%时间内崩解率增加显著。

抽水蓄能电站单机容量与机组转速选择

通过分析国内外已建抽水蓄能电站机组主要技术参数,研究抽蓄电站定转速混流式水泵水轮机水头与单机容量、参数水平的关系,提出了不同水头段抽水蓄能电站单机容量和比速系数选择原则,推荐了合适的机组额定转速范围,可提高抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机选型设计的工作效率和成果质量。