Influence of Thermal Load on Mechanical Property of Cemented Carbide Material and Heavy Cemented Carbide Inserts Life

A large amount of cutting heat is produced during the heavy cutting process,and insert life is restricted by the effect of thermal load. The thermal load experiment of cemented carbide SCS,WF and YT15 is carried out,and the results show that the bending strength and fracture toughness of cemented carbide material decrease obviously under cyclic thermal load,while in the cooling process,the material mechanical property changes worse suddenly. The high-temperature mechanical property of SCS is the most stable,and that of YT15is the worst. Further,a relation model among cutting temperature,cutting parameters and insert life is established. Finally,the measures to improve heavy cemented carbide inserts life are summarized from the aspects of cutting parameters selection,insert optimization design and TiCN,A12O3,TiN complex insert coating. The research results are expected to provide support and reference for heavy cutting technology and insert technology.

Loading System for Full-Scale Heavy-Duty Support Node Test with Multi-Directional Loading Requirements

This paper presents the design, analysis and experimental study of a loading system for heavy-duty nodes test based on a large-scale multi-directional in-plane loading device, which has been used in a full-scale heavy-duty support node test. Test loads of the support reached 6 567 kN with multi-directional loading requirements, which outrange the capacity of the available loading devices. Through the reinforcement of a large-scale multi-directional inplane loading device, the innovative design of a self-balanced load transferring device, and other arrangement considerations of the loading system, the test was implemented and the loading capacity of the ring was considerably enlarged. Due to the heavy loading requirements, some checking computations of the ring and the load transferring device outranged the limit of the Chinese national code "Code for Design of Steel Structures (GB 50017—2003)", thus elastic-plastic finite element (FE) analysis was carried out on the two devices, and also the real-time monitoring on the whole loading systems during experiments to ensure test safety. FE analysis and test results show that the loading system worked elastically during experiments.

Effect of heavy load carriage on cardiorespiratory responses with varying gradients and modes of carriage

Background: The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of different uphill and downhill gradients on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of soldiers while carrying heavy military loads in two different modes.Methods: Eight physically fit male soldiers with a mean age 32.0±2.0 years, a mean height of 169.5±4.9 cm, and a mean weight of 63.8±8.4 kg volunteered for this study. Each volunteer completed treadmill walking trials at a speed of 3.5 km/h while carrying no external load, 31.4 kg load in a distributed mode(existing load carriage ensembles) and compact mode(new back pack) over 5 different downhill and uphill gradients(–5%, –10%, 0%, 5%, 10%) for 6 min at each gradient. During the walking trials, heart rate(HR), oxygen uptake(VO_2), respiratory frequency(RF) and energy expenditure(EE) were determined by the process of breath-by-breath gas analysis using a K4 b2 system. The average of the last 2 min data from each 6 min walking trial for each individual was subjected to statistical analysis.Results: All parameters(HR, VO_2, RF, and EE) gradually increased with the change in gradient from downhill to level to uphill. The distributed mode showed higher values compared to compact mode for all gradients, e.g., for VO_2, there was a 10.7, 7.4, 5.1, 28.2 and 18.7% increase in the distributed mode across the 5 different gradients.Conclusions: It can be concluded from the present study that the compact mode of load carriage is more beneficial than the distributed mode in terms of cardiorespiratory responses while walking on downhill and uphill surfaces with a 31.4 kg load.

SYNCHRONOUS EFFECT OF SLIPPING HEAVY LOADS ON RO-RO SHIP ROLLING IN WAVES

Common effect of wave and slip of internal vehicles will make rolling of the roll-on ship serious. This is one of the important reasons for overturn of ro-ro ships. The multibody system with a floating base is composed of ro-ro ship and slipping vehicles. Takes the rolling angle of the ship and the transverse displacements of the slipping vehicles on desk as freedoms. Making use of the analysis of apparent gravitation and apparent buoyancy, the wave rolling moment is derived. By means of dynamic method of multibody system, dynamic equations of the system are established. Taking a certain channel ferry as an example, a set of numerical calculation have been carried out for rolling response of the multibody system with a floating base of a ro-ro ship and displacements response of the slipping vehicles under common effect of free slipping vehicles and wave, and a conclusion has been drawn that the motion of the numerous free slipping heavy loads will trend to be synchronous under restraining of the side-wall bulkhead with time because of repeated collision.

Critical Loads of Heavy Metals in a Highly Polluted Catchment Area in Egypt

Heavy metals in different environmental compartments can be hazardous to ecosystems. Budgets of Cd, Pb and Zn in small ecosystems of the Shubra El-Kheima area in Egypt are presented. The budgets are not in steady state because they change with time. So the concentrations of the metals are a function of time. The critical loads of heavy metals to soils can be calculated from an inventory of inputs and outputs of the trace components in the catchment area. Critical time is an important parameter for critical load evaluation because it can indicate which of the heavy metals may be the most acute threat to the soils. Egyptian soil in the Shubra El-Kheima area seems to be in danger of heavy metal pollution by Zn, Cd and Pb. The calculated critical loads and their exceedances are approximate indicators of the hazards in the soil system. The critical time is a warning signal to initiate an environmental evaluation of possible pollution hazards.

Study on the Fuzzy Reliability of the Bearing in Planetary Transmission System for Heavy-Loaded Vehicles

Based on the fuzzy mathematics theory and reliability design methods, the fuzzy reliability of the rolling bearing in the planetary transmission system for heavy-loaded vehicles is analysed. The reliability and the fuzzy life expectancy of bearings in a practical planetary gear box are calculated in detail. The results show that the methods give a reference to the correct assessment of such type of bearing. Some measures to improve the reliability are also

THEORETICAL PREDICTION OF SOUND RADIATION FROM A HEAVY FLUID-LOADED CYLINDRICAL COATED SHELL

A theoretical model is developed to predict the sound radiation ability of a cylindrical thin elastic shell of finite length, covered with a damp layer and terminated with infinite cylindrical rigid baffles. This shell is immersed in a heavy fluid extending up to infinity, and excited by a constant point load continuously traveling along the circumferential direction. A frequency-domain representation of the rotating load and three equations of the vibroacoustic coupling problem are given. The equations are solved by means of modal analysis method and asymptotic expansion method. Also, a mathematical expression of modal amplitude of shell radial displacement is obtained. The sound radiation ability of this kind of shell is evaluated and the corresponding numerical results are given.

基于参数估计-滑模阻抗控制的SEA性能分析

重载四足机器人的足部与地面接触过程和步态转换过程中会受到不确定的冲击载荷作用,易导致足部机构载荷过大从而造成结构的冲击损坏。因此,针对使用液压串联弹性执行器(series elastic actuators,SEA)作为足部末端在非结构环境下动态性能差的问题,提出了基于环境参数估计的滑模阻抗控制方法(environmental parameter estimation sliding mode,EPESM)。以阀控液压缸的活塞位移传递函数为基础建立了基于位置内环的SEA阻抗控制模型,并以PID作为基础控制器;为改善SEA阻抗控制的动态性能,根据Lyapunov第二法构建稳定的自适应环境参数估计方法对SEA期望位置进行前馈补偿;为提升自适应环境参数估计方法在SEA工作过程中不同阶段的动态性能和环境变化适应性,使用模糊控制方法对自适应环境参数估计方法中的自适应参数进行寻优;以SEA状态方程为基础构建滑模控制器与PID控制器进行动态性能对比分析。仿真结果表明:在变SEA弹簧刚度工况和变环境刚度下,EPESM阻抗控制的响应速度明显更快,可将调节时间从平均5 s缩短到1 s内,能更快地达到预期位移和预期接触力,且能略微降低稳态误差,使接触力误差保持在±6 N内。在动态跟踪工况下,EPESM阻抗控制的动态性能更好,在快速进入跟踪状态后,可以长时间保持0.2 s以内的相位滞后和5.2%的幅值误差。

基于SRV的重载轴承润滑脂摩擦磨损性能模拟评定方法研究

为提高润滑脂产品配方筛选效率、节约轴承台架试验成本,提出了1种基于SRV摩擦磨损试验机的圆柱滚子-圆盘线接触往复运动模式评定重载轴承润滑脂摩擦磨损性能的试验方法.采用四款重载润滑脂为试验样本,通过Pearson相关性系数法进行了SRV圆柱滚子-圆盘线接触往复摩擦磨损试验结果与FE-8轴承磨损台架试验结果间的相关性探讨,确定了方法最优试验参数,并在最优试验条件温度25℃,载荷1 kN,位移1 mm,往复速率50 Hz下完成了方法重复性考察.结果表明:SRV圆柱滚子-圆盘线接触往复试验方法试验结果重复性良好、可靠性高,与FE8轴承台架结果对应性优于四球机磨斑直径法(SH/T 0204-1992)以及SRV球滚子-圆盘接触试验法(NB/SH/T0721),更适用于重载轴承用润滑脂在摩擦副表界面的抗磨减摩性能的分析评定.

超大地面荷载下盾构工作井叠合结构的力学响应

为了解决现行盾构工作井的设计缺乏对超大地面荷载作用的验算问题,通过开展室内缩尺模型试验,研究盾构工作井从施工期到服役期在超大地面荷载下地下连续墙与主体结构侧墙所构成叠合结构的力学响应,并考虑盾构工作井周围土体中地下水的作用,探讨土体抗剪强度减小对超大地面荷载最大值的影响。结果表明:在超大地面荷载作用下,盾构工作井中隔墙的抗压刚度较大,以受压的形式承担了大量的荷载效应,导致叠合结构上部容易发生低应力水平下的整体水平位移,进而在围护结构底部发生失稳,导致整体破坏;主体结构侧墙在施工期的初始挠度及叠合结构整体水平位移使得叠合结构中地下连续墙承担了大部分内力;通过观测室内缩尺模型中叠合结构的变形量,由模型数据换算得到盾构工作井顶部极限超载为445.5 kPa,远大于盾构工作井周围土体地基承载力特征值130 kPa,验证了采用地基承载力对超大地面荷载下地面硬化进行设计的安全、可靠性。

特重车辆荷载作用下独柱墩连续箱梁弯桥抗侧倾和抗滑移分析与加固构造

在分析特重车辆作用下独柱墩连续箱梁弯桥倾覆倒塌事故的基础上,提出导致连续箱梁桥发生倾覆的重要原因是主梁在特重载偏心作用下产生侧倾与滑移的共同作用.以湖北省鄂州市发生倾覆落梁事故的三跨连续箱梁弯桥为工程背景,开展抗侧倾和抗滑移理论计算和有限元分析,提出桥梁整体化的抗滑移加固构造.结果表明,该桥梁具有较高的抗侧倾能力,但抗滑移能力明显不足,特重载偏心作用下产生的切向力显著大于支座的最大抗力,主梁极易发生滑移而倾覆.单纯增大桥梁抗侧倾能力的加固方法对提高主梁的抗倾覆效果不佳,应同时增加桥梁的抗滑移能力.该桥梁采用整体化抗滑移加固构造后,具有较强的抗滑移和抗侧倾能力,在特重载偏心作用下主梁不会发生倾覆破坏.

重载码头堆场CFG桩网复合地基离心模型试验研究

CFG桩网复合地基广泛应用于处理软土地基。采用土工离心模型试验研究某码头堆场超大荷载下CFG桩网复合地基的变形和桩土应力特性,试验模拟了地基、CFG桩、树根桩、加筋垫层、防尘网和轨道梁基础、矿石堆载等,分析了超大荷载作用下复合地基表面变形、桩顶轴力、桩间土压力、桩土应力比的变化规律。试验结果表明,复合地基的沉降速率在稳定控制标准之内,沉降量满足堆场使用要求,防尘网基础和轨道梁基础水平位移和沉降均很小,桩土应力比为25.2~43.8,CFG桩网复合地基在350 kPa荷载作用下是稳定安全的,达到了预期加固效果。

配电网多端柔性互联协调控制策略

随着社会经济的快速发展和新型电力系统建设的加快推进,柔性互联逐渐成为配电网网架升级和灵活调控能力提升的重要技术手段。针对多端柔性互联系统的功率控制需求,提出了一种面向工程应用的功率协调控制策略,包括在部分馈线重载时合理分配功率的重载限制控制,以及在所有馈线重载时优化潮流分布的功率均衡控制。基于所提策略开发了柔性互联协调控制装置并应用于实际工程。基于电网真实数据的案例分析和工程实测数据验证了所提策略能够应对不同负荷/电源特性的配电网柔性互联场景,有效解决配电网中馈线重载和光伏倒送的问题,提高配电网的供电效率和安全性。

车辆载重对重型货车碳排放的影响

现有交通碳排放模型对重型车在实际路况下的载重变化特性考虑不足,尚未从微观排放率角度分析载重对车辆排放的影响,从而造成碳排放测算的不确定性较大。针对此问题,首先采集大规模的实际路况下重型货车运行工况和油耗数据,使用基于油耗的CO_(2)排放测算模型计算重型货车的CO_(2)排放量;然后对不同类别的货车分类讨论,使用基于VSP的排放模型研究车辆载重对CO_(2)排放的影响,并建立考虑车重的LC-VSP排放模型,再与传统MOVES模型进行排放测算误差的对比。研究结果显示,载重对重型货车CO_(2)排放率、VSP分布都会产生显著影响,进而显著影响CO_(2)排放因子,具体表现为:①当VSP处于较小的正区间时,CO_(2)排放率随载重的增加而线性增大;②在相同速度区间,随着载重的增加,VSP分布的均值和方差都会逐渐减小;③在平均工况下,根据车型的不同,满载相较于空载的CO_(2)排放因子增加了约24%~113%,当车辆速度较低(小于20 km/h)时,载重对CO_(2)排放因子影响显著,车辆满载(49 t)时的CO_(2)排放因子为车辆空载(18 t)时的2.8倍,但随着速度的提高,载重对CO_(2)排放因子的影响逐渐减小;④相较于不考虑车辆实际载重的排放模型,考虑车辆实际载重时CO_(2)排放测算误差可以减小3%~12%。这一结果强调了在排放测算中考虑车辆载重的必要性,为精准的排放建模和评估提供了一定的理论依据。

高速重载大行程运动升降平台设计及实现

[目的]为满足恶劣海况下舰船的大幅运动模拟需求,开展高速、重载、大行程运动升降平台的研发工作。[方法]针对运动平台的重载、高速及变参数特点,基于Adams仿真平台对采用重量平衡、4钢缆同步伺服驱动的高速升降平台进行动力学仿真分析,提出一种基于模糊PID控制的多电机同步驱动控制系统,并基于控制特性相似原理研制了1∶14的缩比高速升降平台。[结果]通过平台的响应特性试验,验证了控制系统具有同步性强、控制精度高的优点,运动平台可以良好地模拟恶劣海况下舰船的升沉运动。[结论]所设计的重量平衡、4钢缆同步伺服驱动的高速升降平台可填补舰船大幅升沉运动模拟领域的空白,并对类似运动模拟器的研发具有参考意义。

基于热弹流理论的球轴承胶合失效研究

基于热弹流理论建立了适用于球轴承的胶合分析模型,通过数值计算方法获得了用来表征胶合程度的温度安全系数和膜厚安全系数在计算域中的分布.针对球轴承提出了其考虑乏油润滑影响的胶合失效判定方法,该方法综合考虑温度及膜厚对球轴承胶合失效的影响,不仅可以判断球轴承滚道与滚动体接触副之间是否发生胶合,还可以确定其发生胶合的具体区域及胶合程度.研究了不同入口油膜厚度、径向载荷和内圈转速对球轴承抗胶合承载能力的影响.结果表明:入口油膜厚度降低、径向载荷增大和内圈转速升高会增加球轴承胶合失效风险.

考虑线路负载率指标规划-运行协调一致性的电网规划双层模型

随着新能源渗透率的提高,电力系统潮流的变化更加复杂,作为长期电力电量平衡的关键环节,电网规划的要求也逐渐提高。电网规划模型通常以网络传输容量上下限为约束,这可能出现某些线路长期处于重载运行的问题,增加了电力系统的安全隐患,因此在规划中需要关注负载率指标。考虑到在两阶段模型中添加年度统计指标约束会使所有场景耦合而无法有效反映系统实际运行情况的问题,分别设计了线路重载率约束以及改进直流潮流约束的线性形式,并建立了电网规划双层模型。上层问题为规划决策,用于制定规划方案,下层问题为运行模拟,用于对规划方案进行校核。相比两阶段模型,双层模型中的运行问题不会受到规划层约束的影响,能够真实反映规划方案下系统的运行情况。算例分析验证了规划中添加线路重载率约束的有效性以及双层模型结构的合理性。

刚柔复合式路面轮后拉剪区域疲劳破坏规律研究

为研究沥青混凝土与连续配筋混凝土复合式路面(CRCP)推移病害产生机理,利用弹性层状体系对复合式路面结构进行建模,并使用路段实测数据对模型层间黏结状态进行校准。在层间力学行为分析中发现水平力系数为1时,轮后存在拉剪区域,拉剪区域的出现可能导致该区域先于最大层间剪应力位置破坏。结合相关试验数据分析表明:同样在水平力系数为1的情况下,常温标准轴载作用下不会导致最大拉应力位置先于最大剪应力位置破坏;而在高温超载作用下,最大剪应力位置疲劳寿命相较常温标准轴载降低,最大拉应力位置层间失去黏结,荷载产生的剪应力将导致层间直接破坏。在实际路面调查中,在长大纵坡+弯道处发现U形裂缝,严重时AC面层大面积脱落。

火箭橇滑块高速重载磨损行为的研究进展

火箭橇试验是高超声速技术领域的技术基础,已成为世界范围内高端装备博弈的热点之一,开展火箭橇系统的运维与损伤控制研究尤为重要。作为火箭橇与火箭滑轨连接的纽带,滑块是火箭橇试验在高速重载工况下可靠服役的关键。火箭橇滑块在特定服役工况下的磨损,威胁着火箭橇试验系统的可靠运行和长寿命服役安全,更是制约火箭橇发展和应用的主要技术瓶颈。因此,开展火箭橇滑块高速重载磨损行为研究具有重要的理论价值和工程意义。本文首先介绍了国内外火箭橇试验系统的发展沿革与现状;进而,基于试验、模拟仿真、试验与模拟仿真结合,综述了火箭橇滑块高速重载磨损行为的研究进展。最后,着眼于模拟手段、高性能新型金属材料设计与制备、表面防护涂层等展望了解决火箭橇滑块磨损的可行途径,旨在为极端工况下材料服役损伤行为与控制技术提供借鉴与参考。