Effects of Red Mud on the Remediation of Pb, Zn and Cd in Heavy Metal Contaminated Paddy Soil

[Objective] To study the remediation efficiency of red mud on Pb, Zn and Cd in the heavy metal contaminated paddy soil of mine area, to clarify its remediation mechanism and fertilizer efficiency on heavy metal contaminated soil. [Method] The soil incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of red mud on the pH values and electrical conductivity （EC）, and the remediation efficiency of red mud on lead （Pb）, zinc （Zn） and cadmium （Cd） in heavy metal contaminated soil. [Result] Red mud addition reduced the content of exchangeable Pb, Zn and Cd in the soil significantly. Compared with the control, when incubated for 30, 60 and 90 d with the red mud dosage of 4% （W/W）, the exchangeable Pb content was decreased by 39.25%, 41.38% and 50.19%; exchangeable Zn content was decreased by 49.26%, 57.32% and 47.16%; and exchangeable Cd content was decreased by 19.53%, 24.06% and 25.70%, respectively. The application of red mud had significant impact on the share of Pb, Zn and Cd contents in five forms, and different amounts of red mud application all reduced the proportion of exchangeable Pb, Zn and Cd to the total Pb, Zn and Cd. In addition, the proportion of exchangeable Pb, Zn and Cd to total Pb, Zn and Cd decreased with the increasing amount of red mud addition. [Conclusion] The study provided references for reasonable application of red mud and reduction of heavy metal pollution in paddy soil.

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower,ricinus,alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） is hard to be remediated. Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil, but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals. In this study, Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.）, mustard （Brassicajuncea L.）, alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）, ricinus （Ricinus communis L.） in hydroponic cultures was compared. Results showed that these plants could phytoextract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species, concentrations and categories of heavy metals. Values of BCF （bioconcentration factor） and TF （translocation factor） indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals. Changes on the biomass of plants, pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures. Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals, such as pH and Eh regulations, and so forth.

The Canonical Correlation Analysis on Semen Quality and Serum Heavy Metals in Chinese Young Men

Objective To explore the correlation between serum, heavy metal and semen quality in normal Chinese young menMethods This study was designed as a multi-center cross-sectional investigation. The subjects consisted of 562 male vomunteers who had undergone premarital physical examination in maternal and children health centers in 7 provinces in China. Results Results from Spearman rank correlation analysis (partial variable: region) show that serum lead and cadmium are negatively related to percentage of morphological normal sperm, but canonical correlation between semen quality and serum heavy metal are not significant. Canonical correlation analysis among the subjects from Guizhou shows cadmium is harmful to sperm morphology. In Henan, furthermore, results show lead and cadmium could negatively affect sperm viability and morphology. Conclusion Among all study subjects, canonical correlation between semen quality and serum heavy metal were not significant; however, results in some region showed serum cadmium and lead might be harmful to sperm quality.

Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium and Lead Using PEDOT/PSS Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

In this work, we report the simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead using glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) for linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV). The modification allows metal detection without involving oxygen removal, mechanical stirring and introduction of alloying additions such as Hg, Bi, Sb, etc. during the pre-concentration step. Introduction of poly (4-styrenesulphonate) (PSS) as dopant in the PEDOT matrix improves reproducibility, stability and sensitivity in the detection. Both cadmium and lead peaks were readily quantifiable over the linear range of 2 - 10 ?g/ml and the detection limit being 1.47 ?g/ml and 1.15 ?g/ml respectively. The calibration plot shows a linear response with correlation coefficient of 0.9911 and 0.9944 for cadmium and lead respectively. Thus, the GC/PEDOT/PSS modified electrode suggested as a suitable matrix for rapid monitoring of these heavy metals at trace levels.

Remediation Technology for Combined Pollution of Lead and Cadmium in Farmland Soil

At present,the problem of heavy metal pollution in farmland in southern China is serious. Especially,the cadmium and lead are two heavy metal elements with serious pollution and great harm to human body. This paper reviewed some common methods and materials used in the control of cadmium and lead pollution in farmland soil. Then,it discussed the problems in the repair of cadmium and lead pollution in farmland soil. It came up with the future research direction,to provide references for remediation of lead and cadmium pollution in farmland soil.

Monitoring Heavy Metals near Wastewater Facility in Delaware Inland Bays Tidal Canal

NOAA National Status and Trends Mussel Watch Report indicate the Delaware Bay has regionally medium levels of Cd and high levels of Pb. Environment New Jersey, a non-profit environmental group, reported the Delaware River, providing drinking water to millions, as the fifth most-polluted river in the country. These concerns resulted in this study monitoring water quality conditions near a wastewater facility in Delaware. Physical water quality parameters were measured, along with heavy metals Cd and Pb. Mean metal levels were consistently low at the wastewater discharge (1.3 μg/L Cd, 5.1 μg/L Pb), and high at the control location (9.2 μg/L Cd and 11.5 μg/L of Pb). Relationships were observed between heavy metals, salinity and pH levels. Results suggest water treated by the facility does not pose heavy metal contamination risks to the Lewes Rehoboth Canal. Further studies are warranted to seek heavy metal sources at the control point, farthest from the waste water treatment facility.

Detection and Analysis of Lead,Cadmium and Arsenic Content in Common Vegetables

This study was carried out to detect content of heavy metals( Pb,Cd,and As) in vegetables,understand the current situation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables,and to provide scientific reference for further researches. It randomly selected 6 large vegetable markets and 6 supermarkets in Changsha City,selected 8 types of typical vegetables,and detected 96 samples. In accordance with maximum level of contaminants in foods in existing GB2762- 2012 standard,Nemerow composite pollution index( Pt) and grading standards,it made evaluation: uncontaminated( Pt≤ 1),mildly contaminated( 1 < Pt≤2),moderately contaminated( 2 < Pt≤3),and highly contaminated( Pt>3). Among 96 samples,range of content of Pb,Cd and As is( 0. 06- 1. 41),( 0. 06- 1. 26) and( 0. 00- 0. 91) mg / kg respectively; the over- limit rate of these metals exceeding the safety level is 78. 13%,45. 83%,and 34. 38% separately; the composite pollution index is in( 0. 90-6. 05),the eggplant is 6. 05 and hot pepper is 3. 24; the content of Pb( F =23. 908,P =0. 001) and Cd( F =64. 908,P =0. 000)are significantly different between 8 types of vegetables and there is no significant difference between the content of As( F = 4. 634,P = 0. 705> 0. 05) in 8 types of vegetables. Study shows that common vegetables in Changsha City has problem of excess Pb,Cd and As,and the Pb over- limit rate is the highest. The composite pollution index indicates that most heavy metal contamination of vegetables is mild and moderate contamination,melon,fruit and vegetable contamination is high contamination,and Cd is the major factor leading to contamination of melons,fruits and vegetables.

Phytoaccumulation of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead by Brassica juncea Parents and Their F1 Hybrids

Although Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) is reported to be a good accumulator of metals, little is known of the selected varieties of B. juncea (cvs. Rai and BARI-11). This paper investigates the phytoaccumulation of arsenic, cadmium and lead by B. juncea (cvs. Rai and BARI-11) parents and F1 hybrids. The experiment was conducted in the hydroponic media in the greenhouse of University of Southampton under a Randomised Block Design. Sodium arsenite, cadmium sulphate and lead nitrate with 0 ppm, 0.5 ppm and 1 ppm were used. The cadmium treated plants were analysed by Varian Atomic absorption spectrophotometer-200. The samples of arsenic and lead were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer. The results suggest that arsenic was detected only in the root systems while cadmium and lead were detected both in the root and shoot systems. Significant differences in the uptake were observed for different concentrations. Accumulation of arsenic was detected only in the root systems of B. juncea (cvs. Rai and BARI-11) at lower concentrations. Hence, this can be used as an agriculturally viable and efficient phytoaccumulator in the arsenic affected areas where contamination level is low and the contamination occurs at the rooting level.

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Medicinal Plants Collected from Environmentally Different Sites

Objective To estimate the heavy metal content in soil and selected medicinal plants procured from environmentally different sites of the same city. Methods Soil and plant samples of Abutilon indicum, Calotropis procera, Euphorbia hirta, Peristrophe bycaliculata, and Tinospora cordifolia were collected from 3 environmentally different sites of the city： heavy traffic area （HTA）, industrial area （IA）, and residential area （RA）. Pb by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and compared Cd, Cr, and Ni were estimated in soil and plant samples Results The level of heavy metal was higher in soil than in plant parts studied. Accumulation of heavy metals varied from plant to plant. Pb was the highest in Calotropis procera root from HTA site and the lowest in Peristrophe bycaliculata whole plant from IA site. It was also lower in residential area than in heavy traffic area. Conclusion The level of heavy metal content differed in the same medicinal plant collected from environmentally different sites of the same city. Thus, it reiterates our belief that every medicinal plant sample should be tested for contaminant load before processing it further for medication.

Cumulative Risk Assessment of Exposure to Heavy Metals through Aquatic Products in China

Objective This study aimed to assess the risk of cumulative exposure to Pb,Cd,Hg,and iAs through aquatic products consumed by Chinese people.Methods Heavy metal concentration data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program during 2013–2017.Consumption data were derived from the China National Food Consumption Survey in 2014 and the relative potency factor(RPF)method was used to estimate cumulative exposure for neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Results The results demonstrated that the cumulative exposure based on neurotoxicity was below the lower confidence limit on benchmark doses of lead(BMDL01)for nephrotoxicity and the cumulative exposures were all lower than the provisional tolerable monthly intake(PTMI)of Cd.However,the margin of exposure values(MOEs)of the cumulative exposures for neurotoxicity in the 2–6 year-old group was close to 1 and the cumulative exposure level for nephrotoxicity accounted for 90.21%of the PTMI.Conclusion The cumulative exposures of the 2–6 year-old group to the four heavy metals did not reach(but came close to)the corresponding safety threshold for both neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Given that there are still other food sources of these four heavy metals,it is necessary to more closely study their cumulative health effects.

Modifying action of heavy metal salts on an-ti-inflammatory aspirin action

Nowadays pollution of the environment is one of the major problems of mankind. Moreover, studying of the effect of different kinds of med- icine on selected, specially bred, non-exposed to external pollutants animals is becoming distant from reality. Thus in this work we have investigated the modifying action of heavy metals on anti-inflammatory effect of aspirin. The investigation were carried out on rats which were injected during 7 days intraperitoneally by PbCl3, HgCl2, CdCl2 in concentration of 100, 20, 1 mg/kg accordingly, modulating accumulation of the metals in the organism tissues. On the 8 days inflammation was invoked by formalin. As anti-inflammatory medicine was use aspirin. Judging by obtained results the conclusion can be drawn that cadmium in concentration 1 mg/kg significantly increases anti-inflammatory aspirin activity. The observed outcome can be explained in the following way. It is generally known that zinc in a certain concentration demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties. Be- ing an element of the same group cadmium has similar properties and also can have anti-inflammatory action. Lead and mercury suppre- ssed anti-inflammatory aspirin activity. Obvious inhibitory action of mercury and lead salts on aspirin action related to the fact that these elements by themselves were inflammation factors. From the obtained results the following conclusion can be drawn: a definite dose of anti-inflammatory medicine (aspirin) which is sufficient in normal conditions became less effective against the background of accumulation of ions of some heavy metals in an organism.

The Negative Effect of Heavy Metal Salts on the Body of Mammal Animals

The main purpose of this presented article was to explain the need to study the amount of heavy metal salts in the environment where animals live, in the water, in air, and in the food and fodder consumed. This article presents materials from the literature on the effects of heavy metal salts on the body of animals and the environment in which they live. The cited analytical data showed that the general information on the negative effects of heavy metal salts on the body is sufficient, but their effects on the digestive tract and morpho-functional properties of rabbits should be studied in depth. Therefore, we planned to focus our scientific work on this topic. The article mainly refers to salts of heavy metals cadmium, lead, and mercury (Cd, Pb, Hg). It is noted in the literature that heavy metal salts have a negative effect on the body of animals. We focused mainly on data on the effects of heavy metals on farm animals, including rabbits. But it is clear that the authors referred to were referring to experimental animals. These negative effects are manifested in the form of disorders of digestive functions, disorders of neurovegetative processes, increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease, rapid heart failure, deterioration of calcium metabolism, as well as impaired haemoglobin metabolism. Disorders of protein metabolism manifest themselves in the form of cases of hyperproteinaemia and dysproteinaemia. The results of the evaluation of the organism of healthy animals in chemically and radioactively contaminated areas showed the accumulation of significant levels of chemical elements in their organism. We mainly looked at the effects of heavy metal salts on farm animals. The cited analytical data showed that the general information on the negative effects of heavy metal salts on the body is sufficient, but the effects on the activity of organ systems in the body (respiration, blood and blood circulation, digestion, reproduction, productivity and immunological systems) have not been comprehensively studied.

缺陷型巯基功能化MOF的制备及其重金属离子吸附性能

水中的重金属离子对人体伤害巨大,特别是Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)离子,因此需要去除Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)离子。通过调节合成过程中浓盐酸的用量,合成了具有不同缺陷程度的巯基功能化锆基金属有机框架(zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks, Zr-MOF)材料,简称UiO-66-(SH)_2,并将其用于液相中Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)离子的吸附去除。通过UiO-66-(SH)_2对Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)离子的吸附实验,发现随着制备过程中盐酸用量的增大,MOF的缺陷程度升高,其对Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)离子的吸附能力也有所增强。缺陷型UiO-66-(SH)_2对较低质量浓度的Pb(Ⅱ)(50 mg/L)和Hg(Ⅱ)(70 mg/L)离子的最大吸附量分别可达45和259 mg/g,且对这2种重金属离子具有较好的吸附选择性。经过3次循环吸附后,缺陷型UiO-66-(SH)_2对Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)离子的吸附能力没有明显下降,表明该材料在水中重金属离子去除应用上具有一定的潜力。

电场调控激光诱导石墨烯基重金属电化学检测装置的研制

为了快速、精准分析农田重金属,该文设计了一款基于施加电场与激光诱导石墨烯(laser-inducedgraphene,LIG)电极阵列的功能核酸比率电化学检测装置,用于农田中典型重金属离子Hg^(2+)、Pb^(2+)的分析。该装置主要包括电场施加模块与LIG电极阵列传感器两个部分,前者以AT89S52单片机作为主控芯片、DAC0832作为电压输出端口,设计单片机控制电压输出的电场施加装置,实现了可编程电压的稳定输出;后者则通过结合CO_(2)激光直写和环氧树脂转印技术,提出了LIG电极阵列的快速制备方法,并进一步构建了LIG基功能核酸比率电化学传感器。在检测过程中,通过调控施加电场的性质,该装置实现了Hg^(2+)、Pb^(2+)在传感器表面的快速特异性富集以及响应信号的稳定获取,其对Hg^(2+)、Pb^(2+)检测限分别低至8.5×10^(-12)mol/L(4.25×10^(-11)mg/L)和4.6×10^(-13)mol/L(2.22×10^(-12)mg/L),实现了农田灌溉用水中Hg^(2+)、Pb^(2+)的现场精准检测。该装置利用施加电场与LIG阵列传感器,实现了重金属离子的快速、精准、现场分析需求,对于农田环境重金属污染的监测及治理具有重要意义。

核酸功能化纳米探针检测水体中痕量Pb^(2+)的研究

铅离子(Pb^(2+))属于三大重金属污染物之一,是一种严重危害环境和人体健康的重金属元素。基于此,本研究建立一种简便、经济的水体中Pb^(2+)的检测方法。将纳米金颗粒(AuNP)作为荧光团标记脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNAzyme)的载体和猝灭剂,两者形成AuNP DNAzyme纳米探针。利用DNAzyme对目标物Pb^(2+)进行特异性识别,Pb^(2+)催化DNAzyme底物链裂解,实现荧光信号恢复。基于荧光信号的变化,实现了Pb^(2+)在5~125 nmol/L范围内的线性检测,并且Pb^(2+)的检出限为3.41 nmol/L。此外,该传感器对Pb^(2+)有较好的抗干扰性能,对Pb^(2+)加标的河水样品进行检测,回收率为95.90%~100.83%。表明该传感器在环境监测领域具有广阔的应用前景。

乙二胺改性聚苯乙烯树脂对水体中铅(Ⅱ)、铬(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

采用乙二胺对氯甲基化聚苯乙烯树脂进行改性,利用改性后的树脂去除溶液中的铅(Ⅱ)和铬(Ⅵ)。通过改变pH、时间、浓度和吸附剂投加量,确定最佳吸附实验条件,得到改性后的树脂对铅(Ⅱ)和铬(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量分别为119.60mg/g和128.28mg/g。动力学研究表明,该模型符合Langmuir模型。

光谱法测定农产品中铅镉铬汞砷的一次性消解方法

为了缩减检测用时与降低综合成本,对农产品中铅、镉、铬、汞、砷的检测方法进行改进,对检测条件进行优化和协调试验,探索一次性消解定容同时检测5种重金属元素的可行性。通过理论分析和试验研究,参考国标方法和成熟文献上的方法,消解用酸中加入盐酸和高氯酸,消解前120℃预消解30 min,消解赶酸后加入20 g/L硫脲+50 g/L抗坏血酸溶液转移定容,铅、镉检测加入磷酸二氢铵基体改进剂,砷、汞同时检测。通过条件取舍与优化,达到使用原子吸收(AAS)和原子荧光(AFS)同时检测的目的。检测标准物质和标准溶液,测定值均在其1倍不确定度范围内,准确度良好,相对标准偏差均小于20%,精密度良好。改进方法检测结果较准确,操作简便,适用于利用AAS和AFS对农产品中铅、镉、铬、汞、砷的测定。

不同钝化剂对铅镉重金属污染土壤的修复影响研究

为研究不同种类钝化剂对铅、镉重金属污染土壤的修复效果影响,选择某化工厂铅、镉污染比较严重的黄壤作为修复对象,采用单一的无机钝化剂、生物炭类钝化剂、矿物钝化剂和有机-无机混合钝化剂对土壤进行修复。在不同类型钝化剂下,设计三因素三水平正交实验,除了钝化剂类型之外,所有条件都相似,研究上述各个类型钝化剂对土壤中铅、镉含量的钝化效率影响。研究结果表明,实验中所选择的生物炭、石灰、含硫型土壤调理剂、硅藻土按照一定比例混合而成的矿物钝化剂,对受试土壤中重金属铅、镉的钝化效果最好;通过正交实验结果可知,在矿物钝化剂使用量为460kg·hm^(-2)、土壤水分为50%、土壤粒径>2mm的情况下,能够获得最佳的铅、镉钝化效果,钝化效率分别为79.85%和87.18%。

基于玉米秸秆和荔枝树枝生物炭的电化学传感器对水中镉离子的检测

以玉米秸秆和荔枝树枝为原料,500℃下制备生物炭。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪对两种生物炭进行表征。通过滴涂法将两种生物炭材料分别修饰在玻碳电极(GCE)表面,成功构建了Y-BC/GCE和L-BC/GCE电化学传感器,并在醋酸盐缓冲液中用微分脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了镉金属离子(Cd^(2+))在不同电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,两种生物炭修饰电极对Cd^(2+)的检测都取得较好的效果。在最优条件下(Y-BC/GCE:沉积电位-1.6 V、沉积时间100 s、pH=4;L-BC/GCE:沉积电位-1.3 V、沉积时间100 s、pH=5),两种生物炭传感器在浓度范围为0.2~20μmol/L内都有良好的线性关系,Cd^(2+)检出限分别低至0.06和0.05μmol/L。同时这两种生物炭传感器具有良好的稳定性、重复性以及抗干扰性,对实际样品中的Cd^(2+)具有良好的回收率(Y-BC/GCE:96.97%~102.57%;L-BC/GCE:97.01%~99.10%)。

锰基电容去离子除铅性能研究

水资源的污染问题一直难以得到控制,其中铅污染是最严重的污染之一。目前水中去除重金属的方法有许多,例如化学沉淀法、吸附法、离子交换法等。然而这些技术具有二次污染,高能耗和设施复杂等缺点;电容去离子技术(CDI)具备成本低廉、耗能小以及循环利用能力强等特点,在以往的研究中证明有显著的离子去除效果;本文将以层状二氧化锰为电容去离子材料,探讨其对废液中铅离子的去除效果。实验结果表明,在初始浓度为0.1 mg·L^(-1),电压为1.5 V的条件下,锰基材料对铅离子的去除效果可以达到97%;通过对电极进行电化学测试,发现在去除过程中,电吸附贡献率为28.68%,电反应贡献率为71.32%。