Heavy-organic particle deposition from petroleum fluid flow in oil wells and pipelines

Suspended asphaltenic heavy organic particles in petroleum fluids may stick to the inner walls of oil wells and pipelines. This is the major reason for fouling and arterial blockage in the petroleum industry. This report is devoted the study of the mechanism of migration of suspended heavy organic particles towards the walls in oil-producing wells and pipelines. In this report we present a detailed analytical model for the heavy organics suspended particle deposition coefficient corresponding to petroleum fluids flow production conditions in oil wells. We predict the rate of particle deposition during various turbulent flow regimes. The turbulent boundary layer theory and the concepts of mass transfer are utilized to model and calculate the particle deposition rates on the walls of flowing conduits. The developed model accounts for the eddy diffusivity, and Brownian diffusivity as well as for inertial effects. The analysis presented in this paper shows that rates of particle deposition （during petroleum fluid production） on the walls of the flowing channel due solely to diffusion effects are small. It is also shown that deposition rates decrease with increasing particle size. However, when the process is momentum controlled （large particle sizes） higher deposition rates are expected.

Unified Hydrodynamics and Pseudorapidity Distributions of Charged Particles Produced in Heavy Ion Collisions at Low Energies at RHIC

In the context of unified hydrodynamics, we discuss the pseudorapidity distributions of the charged particles produced in Au-Au and Cu-Cu collisions at the low RHIC energies of √SNN = 19.6 and 22.4 GeV, respectively. It is found that the unified hydrodynamics alone can give a good description to the experimental measurements. This is different from the collisions at the maximum RHIC energy of √SNN = 200 GeV or at LHC energy of √SNN= 2.76 TeV, in which the leading particles must be taken into account so that we can properly explain the experimental observations.

Induction of adaptive response in utero by ionizing radiation:A radiation quality dependent phenomenon

Investigation on possible induction of adaptive response(AR)by high-liner energy transfer(LET)particle radiation for protection against low-LET photon radiation-induced detrimental effects has not yet been performed in utero.This study verified if an AR could be induced by high-LET particle radiation from accelerated heavy ions against low-LET X-ray radiation-induced detrimental effects on fetal mice.Total body irradiation of pregnant C57BL/6J mice were performed by delivering a priming dose ranging from 10 mGy to 320 mGy of particle radiation on gestation day 11 followed one day later by a challenge dose at 3500 mGy from X-ray radiation.The monoenergetic beams of carbon,silicon and iron with the LET values of about 15,55,and 200 KeV/μm,respectively,were examined.Significant suppression by the priming radiation of the detrimental effects(fetal death,malformation,or low body weight)was used as the endpoints for judgment of a successful AR induction on gestation day 18.Existence of AR was not observed.On the other hand,the priming dose of high-LET particle radiation,in some cases,even increased the detrimental effects induced by the challenge dose from low-LET X-ray radiation.Although existence of AR induced by high-LET radiation in cultured mammalian cells in vitro and in certain tissues of laboratory mice in vivo was demonstrated,the present study did not suggest that low dose of high-LET particle radiation could induce an AR in fetal mice in utero under the setup of our experimental system.

Measurement of Plasma Parameters of Gliding Arc Driven by the Transverse Magnetic Field

The gliding arc can offer high energy efficiency and selectivity for chemical reactions and has been widely applied in material processing, environmental protection and other industrial areas. But the discharge properties, measurement of plasma parameters and related physical pro- cesses of the gliding arc discharge still need to further studied. In this study, the gliding arc was driven by the transverse magnetic field to produce the non-equilibrium plasma at high pressure. The parameters of the plasma at our observed point were measured by optical methods. The experimental result shows that the electron temperature is about 0.6 eV and the heavy particle temperature is approximately 2987±250 K.

Characterization of heavy metal desorption from road-deposited sediment under acid rain scenarios

Road-deposited sediments（RDS） on urban impervious surfaces are important carriers of heavy metals.Dissolved heavy metals that come from RDS influenced by acid rain,are more harmful to urban receiving water than particulate parts.RDS and its associated heavy metals were investigated at typical functional areas,including industrial,commercial and residential sites,in Guangdong,Southern China,which was an acid rain sensitive area.Total and dissolved heavy metals in five particle size fractions were analyzed using a shaking method under acid rain scenarios.Investigated heavy metals showed no difference in the proportion of dissolved fraction in the solution under different acid rain pHs above3.0,regardless of land use.Dissolved loading of heavy metals related to organic carbon content were different in runoff from main traffic roads of three land use types.Coarse particles（＆gt;150 μm） that could be efficiently removed by conventional street sweepers,accounted for 55.1%-47.1%of the total dissolved metal loading in runoff with pH 3.0-5.6.The obtained findings provided a significant scientific basis to understand heavy metal release and influence of RDS grain-size distribution and land use in dissolved heavy metal pollution affected by acid rain.

Study of various ground state decay mechanisms of Actinide nuclei

The special property of the actinide mass region is that nuclei belonging to this group are radioactive and undergo different ground state processes,such as alpha decay,cluster radioactivity(CR),heavy particle radioactivity(HPR),and spontaneous fission(SF).In this study,the probable radioactive decay modes of the heavy mass region(Z=89−102)are studied within the framework of the preformed cluster model(PCM).In the PCM,the radioactive decay modes are explored in terms of the preformation probability(P0)and penetration probability(P)at the turning point Ra,where the penetration of fragments is initiated[Ra=RT(touching state)+ΔR(neck length parameter)].First,the alpha decay half-lives are calculated for light and heavy nuclei,and Ra points are obtained by optimizing the neck length parameter.These Ra points are further employed to fix the Q-value dependent turning point(Ra(Q)).Then,using the(Ra(Q))relation,the decay half-lives are computed,and the calculated results are compared with the available theoretical and experimental data.The isotopical trend of P0 and P is studied with respect to the mass number of the parent and daughter nucleus,respectively.The CR and HPR channels are also explored,and a comparison of calculated data is conducted with the available literature.Comparative analysis of the fragmentation potential and preformation probability is carried out for alpha decay and SF.The mass distribution of the nuclei is studied as a function of fragment mass(A2)by considering the spherical and hot-compact deformation of the decaying fragments.Finally,the most probable fission fragments are identified using the fragmentation structure,and the corresponding fission fragment total kinetic energy of the identified fragments is calculated and compared with available data,wherever applicable.

Physical dosimetric reconstruction of a case of large area back skin injury due to overexposure in an interventional procedure

To estimate the physical dose of skin and key organs in a case of overexposure during a cardiac interventional procedure.Methods The female patient aged 50 suffered from owerexposure during ardiac interventional therapy in a hospital,Xinxiang city,Henan province,China in January 2020.The mesh-type phantom for the patient was constructed based on the adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms(MRCPs)released by the International Comission on Radiological Protection Publication 145 (ICRP145)and phantom deformation technology.Models of exposure scenario were constructed and simulated with particle and heavy ion transport code system(PHTTS)according to exposure conditions.Resuts:The maximum absorbed dose of key organs/tissues under iradiation in posteroanterior(PA)and 30°left anterior oblique directions(LOA)was 632.4 and 305.6 mGy,respectively.The let lung,heart,and left mammary gland received a larger dose under both iradiation conditions.The ratio of the absorbed dose with and without shielding was a lculated,and the relative difference in most organs was<1%between two directions.The iso-dose curve of the back skin revealed the ditribution of the absorbed dose(0.1-5.2 Gy).The dose estimate of key tssues/organs was higher than the conventional level,especially the local skin,up to 5.2 Gy.Concusions The interventional procedure in this ase resulted in a higher dose.Monte Carlo codes combined with the MRCPs can be employed to estimate physical dose to individuals in concrete irradia tion scenarios.