Comparative Analysis of Two Local Heavy Rainstorms in Northwestern Shandong

[Objective] The aim was to comparatively analyze two local heavy rainstroms in northwestern Shandong Province, China. [Method] Based on the observation data from automatic weather station, sounding data and NCEP reanalysis data, two local heavy rainstorms at night on July 18 and August 9 in 2010 in northwestern Shandong was comparatively analyzed from the aspects of circulation situation, influence system and physical field, and the internal structure and possible formation mechanism of local heavy rain in Shandong were discussed further. [Result] The two rainstorms occurred in the forepart of southwest air in front of 500 hPa trough, and there was stronger atmospheric baroclinicity in the front zone near 850 hPa. The two rainstorms were affected by southwest warm and humid airflow at low level and shear line at 850 hPa; rainstorm often appeared in intensive area behind θse high-energy tongue, and rainstorm area corresponded with the area with high vertical speed well. From the differences, during the first rainstorm, there was obvious southwest low level jet and shear line at 700 hPa, and the area with high precipitation was located in the south of warm shear line at 700 hPa; during the latter rainstorm, there was no obvious southwest low level jet and shear line, and the area with high precipitation was located in the region between two high pressures. [Conclusion] The study could provide valuable thinking for the forecast of this kind of rainstorm in the future.

Analysis on Similarity Characteristics of 4 Heavy Rainstorms of Regional Station near FAST

Based on routine data of MICAPS system and data of regional automatic station,characteristics of similar environmental field for 4 heavy rainstorms of regional station in Luodian County near FAST in summer were analyzed.It was found that 4 heavy rainstorms of regional station had internal similarity:it maintained high-altitude situation of"high in west and low in east"from Lake Baikal to North China;the Western Pacific subtropical high was zonal;ridge line of subtropical high was near 15°N;θse at 850 hPa reached certain index value,showing that air mass had extremely strong warm and humid characteristics.Under common influence of high-altitude trough,low-value system at low layer and weak cold air,heavy rainstorm occurred.

Study on Mesoscale Circulation Characteristics of Heavy Rainstorm in Wangmo County in Qianxinan on June 6,2011

[Objective] The aim was to analyze the causes of '6.06' heavy rainstorm in Wangmo County in Qianxinan.[Method] By dint of NCEP/NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis data,FY-2E TBB data,seven ground elements and two elements from automatic station data,the main influential system and all kinds of physical quantity field features of heavy rainstorm in upper reaches of Wangmo County in Qianxinan from the evening on 5 June to 08:00 on 6 June in 2011 were studied.[Result] The rainstorm was the result of cold air,which was provided by 850 hPa cold shear line and ground radiation line,and warm and wet airstream on the northwest edge of subtropical high.MCS was the main reason for such heavy rainstorm.Southwest warm and wet airstream in middle lower part provided sufficient water vapor for the rainstorm.The 850 hPa water vapor flux divergence center moved from north to south along ground convergence line to Qianxinan.Rainfall location and water vapor flux as well as convergence center were corresponding.The rainfall intensity also was consistent with the amount of water vapor flux and water vapor convergence.[Conclusion] The study provided reference for the report of heavy rainstorm.

Analysis on the Reason of Local Heavy Rainstorm Forecast Error in the Subtropical High Control

[Objective] The research aimed to study the reason of local heavy rainstorm forecast error in the subtropical high control. [Method] Started from summarizing the reason of forecast error, by using the conventional ground observation data, the upper air sounding data, T639, T213 and European Center (ECMWF) numerical prediction product data, GFS precipitation forecast product of U.S. National Center for Environmental Prediction, the weather situation, physical quantity field in a heavy rainstorm process which happened in the north of Shaoyang at night on August 5, 2010 were fully analyzed. Based on the numerical analysis forecast product data, the reason of heavy rainstorm forecast error in the subtropical high was comprehensively analyzed by using the comparison and analysis method of forecast and actual situation. [Result] The forecasters didn’t deeply and carefully analyze the weather situation. On the surface, 500 hPa was controlled by the subtropical high, but there was the weak shear line in 700 and 850 hPa. Moreover, they neglected the influences of weak cold air and easterlies wave. The subtropical high quickly weakened, and the system adjustment was too quick. The wind field variations in 850, 700 and 500 hPa which were forecasted by ECMWF had the big error with the actual situation. It was by east about 2 longitudes than the actual situation. In summer forecast, they only considered the intensity and position variations of 500 hPa subtropical high, and neglected the situation variations in the middle, low levels and on the ground. It was the most key element which caused the rainstorm forecast error in the subtropical high. The forecast error of numerical forecast products on the height field situation variation was big. The precipitation forecasts of Japan FSAS, U.S. National Center for Environmental Prediction GFS, T639 and T213 were all small. The humidity field forecast value of T639 was small. In the rainstorm forecast, the local rainstorm forecast index and method weren’t used in the forecast practice. In the precipitation forecast process, they only paid attention to the score prediction of station and didn’t value the non-site prediction. Some important physical quantity factors weren’t carefully studied. [Conclusion] The research provided the reference basis for the forecast and early warning of local heavy rainstorm.

ROLE OF A WARM AND WET TRANSPORT CONVEYOR OF ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON IN A BEIJING HEAVY RAINSTORM ON JULY 21,2012

A heavy rainstorm named Beijing "7.21"heavy rainstorm hit Beijing on 21 to 22 July 2012, which is recorded as the most severe rainstorm since 1951. The daily precipitation amount in many stations in Beijing has broken the history record. Based on the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data and precipitation observation,the large-scale conditions which caused the "7.21"heavy rainstorm are investigated, with the emphasis on the relationship between it and an equatorial convergence zone, Asian summer monsoon as well as the tropical cyclone over the ocean from the Philippines to the South China Sea(SCS). The results indicated that a great deal of southerly warm and wet moisture carried by northward migrating Asian summer monsoon provided plenty of moisture supplying for the "7.21"heavy rainstorm. When the warm and wet moisture met with the strong cold temperature advection induced by cold troughs or vortexes, an obviously unstable stratification formed, thus leading to the occurrence of heavy precipitation. Without this kind of intense moisture transport, the rainstorm only relying on the role of the cold air from mid-and higher-latitudes could not reach the record-breaking intensity. Further research suggested that the northward movement of an Asian monsoonal warm and wet moisture transport conveyor(MWWTC) was closely related with the active phase of a 30-60 day intra-seasonal oscillation of the Asian summer monsoon. During this time, the monsoon surge triggered and maintained the northward movement of the MWWTC. In addition, compared with another heavy rainstorm named"63.8"heavy rainstorm, which occurred over the Huaihe River Basin in the mid-August 1963 and seriously affected North China, a similar MWWTC was also observed. It was just the intense interaction of the MWWTC with strong cold air from the north that caused this severe rainstorm.

Genetic Analysis of a Heavy Rainstorm on June 29,2006 in Henan Province

Based on conventional radiosonde data, surface encrypted observation data and so forth, the diagnostic analysis of a heavy rainstorm in the central and east of Henan Province on June 29, 2006 was carried out from the aspects of its large-scale background, environmental field and physical characteristics. The results showed that under the effect of a favorable large-scale environmental field, the rainstorm was caused by a mesoscale system. The high-east and low-west circulation pattern, the eastward movement of high-level low trough, low-level shear lines and strengthening of low-level jet streams directly resulted in the occurrence of the heavy rainstorm.

Analysis on "96. 8" Heavy Rainstorm Process in Handan

[ ObjEtive] The research aimed to analyze ＂96.8＂ heavy rainstorm process causing flood disaster in Handan. [ Method] Based on ac- tual situation data, satellite cloud data and NCEP reanalysis data in the first dekad of August in 1996, ＂96.8＂ heavy rainstorm process causing flood disaster in Handan was analyzed to understand occurrence reason of the flood disaster. [ Result] Two meso-scale convective cloud clusters which developed and went north in turn caused ＂96.8＂ heavy rainstorm in Handan. Typhoon and inverted trough were main weather systems induced flood disaster in Handan. In going north process of the low-level jet, due to blocking of the subtropical high, water vapor and energy accumulated in Handan, providing material basis for formation of the heavy rainstorm. Development and eastward movement of the short-wave trough at middle lati- tude and continuous invasion of the reflux weak cold air at the low layer were direct reason for triggering generation and development of the convec- tive cloud cluster, and further causing continuous rainstorm. Wet layer over the rainstorm zone was deep and thick. Meridional distribution of the wet zone was wider than latitudinal distribution. South China Sea and Bay of Bengal were water vapor sources for the rainstorm zone. In the whole rain- storm period, it was convergence at low layer and divergence at high layer in the rainstorm zone. It was positive vorticity at low layer and negative vorticity at high layer. Precipitation intensity changed as convergence and divergence. Rainstorm zone had strong ascending motion. As strengthe- ning and uplifting of the ascending motion strong center, strong precipitation also strengthened. Rainstorm center was near the biggest vertical ve- locity center. Strong precipitation changed as vertical ascending motion. [ Conclmion] The research provided scientific basis for disaster prevention and reduction and decision-making service.

Analysis of a Heavy Rainstorm in Jincheng in August of 2010

[Objective] A heavy rainstorm in Jincheng in August in 2010 was expounded. [Method] By dint of the conventional meteorological data, and automatic weather station data, and Doppler radar data, one severe torrential rainstorm was analyzed from the aspect of circulation background, physical quantity field, satellite cloud image, and radar echo, etc. [Result] The rainstorm was in the circulation field of low-west-east-obstruction, and was formed under the middle and low layer shear line and low air torrent situation. The low layer shear and convergence of wind favorable to the lift of unsteady air around Jincheng. The intrusion of cold air in the low layer of convective layer and above the ground trigered such convective weather. The torrent of the low air in the southwest sent abundant water vapor to the rainstorm area. The high temperature and the moisture accumulated much unsteady energy for the generation of rainstorm. The main precipitation system of this process was the singular of convective echo which was stimulated by the ground mesoscale shear line. Under the guidance of southwest airstream of the low and middle air, the convective echo singular formed train effect by moving towards Jincheng and formed large rainstorm. Doppler radar data suggested that the characteristics of the generation, development and movement of this mesoscale rainstorm system. The strong precipitation center was in the large value area of the gradient in the back of the TBB center. [Conclusion] The study provided references for the forecast and pre-warning of temporary rainstorm of such kind.

Analysis on a Regional Heavy Rainstorm Process in North Henan

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze a regional heavy rainstorm process in North Henan.[Method] Based on routine weather chart,rainfall station in county and town,satellite cloud chart,etc.,by using synoptic diagnostic method,formation reason of the regional heavy rainstorm weather in North Henan during 18-19 August,2010 was analyzed initially from large-scale circulation background,influence system,physical quantity field and terrain influence.[Result] The strong precipitation had obvious meso-scale characteristics.The main influence systems were ground meso-scale convergence line,shear line at the middle and low layers,low-level southwest jet.The low-level southwest jet transported sufficient water vapor for generation of the heavy rainstorm.The ground converge line increased convergence ascending movement and water vapor convergence.Atmospheric divergence convergence center at the low layer was just in North Henan.Strong rise zone of the vertical velocity was also in North Henan.It provided sufficient dynamic condition for rainstorm generation.Generation,development and movement of the ground meso-scale convergence line had good indications for occurrence times and falling zones of the rainstorm and short-time strong precipitation.The big-value zones of K index and θse at the low layer both presented Ω distribution at the vertical direction,which had indicative significance for strong precipitation forecast.The strong precipitation center corresponded with fork horn terrain,and orographic rain characteristics were obvious.[Conclusion] The research provided reference basis for forecast of this kind of rainstorm.

Analysis on Formation Reason of a Local Heavy Rainstorm in Linyi Area

[Objective] The research aimed to study formation reason of a local heavy rainstorm process in Linyi from night on August 3 to early morning on 4th, 2010. [Method] Based on MICAPS weather chart, actual situation data of NECP analysis field, data of automatic encryption station and Doppler radar product, a local heavy rainstorm and extra heavy rainstorm process in Linyi from night on August 3 to early morning on 4th, 2010 was detailedly analyzed from weather background, meso- and micro-scale characteristics, physical mechanisms of occurrences and developments of meso and micro-scale systems. The formation reason of heavy rainstorm process was discussed. Moreover, we tried to find some occurrence rules of short-time strong precipitation. [Result] The local heavy rainstorm process had large short-time rainfall and obvious local characteristics. The main influence systems were subtropical high, westerly trough, meso- and small-scale ground low pressures. It was affected by many systems which had different scales and heights. The up-cold-down-warm unstable stratification accumulated a large number of unstable energy, which was basic condition of strong precipitation occurrence. It was convergence shear line at the bottom layer of airspace. The vertical shear and turbosphere of deep southwest-northwest-easterly airflow were at airspace. The common effect of up and down systems triggered generation of updraft, and made unstable energy release. For the release of unstable energy, after northwest airflow was cut off, the updraft made southwest airflow develop upward. It linked with easterly wave to form new vertical shear, which was a reason of long duration of strong precipitation. The southwest airflow at the edge of subtropical high was water vapor source of precipitation process, which provided sufficient water vapor supply for generation of heavy rainstorm. The system which was developing and strengthening would make the moving speed of system slow down. Then, the rainfall increased. It was a reason of long duration of strong precipitation. [Conclusion] The research accumulated certain experience for forecast work in future.

Mechanism Analysis of " 7·21" Extremely Heavy Rainstorm Process in 2012 in Beijing

Extremely heavy rainstorm occurred in Beijing on July 21,2012, which was the most serious since 1961. Based on analyzing the precipitation characteristics, formation mechanism of the rainstorm process was analyzed. Results showed that when the precipitation process occurred, it was stable east-high and west-low situation at 500 hPa, and there was a steady stream of water vapor transportation at middle and low layers and strong vertical ascending motion at 700 hPa. The distribution of physical quantity field （relative humidity, vorticity and divergence） showed that they were all benefited to the formation of rainstorm. Then, falling zone of rainstorm and the movement of rain belt, generation, development and weakening of precipitation were analyzed. Finally, according to circulation situation and the distribution of physical quantity at each layer, vertical distribu- tion of physical quantity and distribution of water vapor and jet stream, ＂7 · 21＂ rainstorm model was summarized.

Cause Analysis of Continuous Heavy Rainstorm during June 22-23, 2019

Based on conventional observation data and MICAPS data,disaster characteristics,circulation situation and dynamic mechanism of heavy rainstorm process during June 22-23,2019 were analyzed.The analysis showed that dynamic mechanism of the heavy rainstorm was 200 hPa of high-pressure divergence area,high-altitude shallow trough,850 hPa of low-level shear line and ground cold front.The radar echo showed that the"train effect"of strong banded echo caused a continuous heavy rainstorm.

Study on Temporal-spatial Distribution of Heavy Rain and Rainstorm in Different Functional Areas of Chongqing

To discuss response ability of five functional areas to rainstorm flood in Chongqing,by taking 8 districts（ counties） as research object,monthly occurrence times of heavy rain and rainstorm in different functional areas over the years and appearance month of the maximum rainfall were conducted statistics. Results showed that frequency distribution of heavy rain in whole year in different functional areas was different,but it was similar in the same functional zone. Temporal-spatial distribution of rainstorm was more independent,and there were different performances in various districts of each functional area. In urban functional core area and urban functional expansion area,rainstorm times was more,and the maximum precipitation was larger. In urban development new district,rainstorm times and the maximum precipitation were relatively smaller in whole Chongqing. In ecological conservation development area of northeast Chongqing,rainstorm duration was longer,and we needed prevention and control during June- September. In ecological protection area of southeast Chongqing,although rainstorm occurrence times was the most in Chongqing,the heavy rainstorm was less.

Analysis of a Local Rainstorm in Central Inner Mongolia

Based on conventional observation data,satellite cloud image data and new generation Doppler radar data,the local rainstorm weather situation and physical quantities in Ulanqab City from 08:00 to 20:00 on June 24,2019 were analyzed by means of synoptic methods.The results show that the local rainstorm was caused by the forward trough system and the convergence of warm and cold air,and triggered by the low-level jet and the surface convergence line.The splitting and merging of cloud clusters in satellite cloud images and strong radar echoes had a good guiding effect on short-term heavy precipitation.

Overview of China’s Emergency Early Warning in 2021

This research uses the 59th-70th national emergency early warning information release monthly report data of China to study the total number of emergency early warnings in 2021, the general situation of early warning categories and regional distribution differences. The results show that: 1) there are 387,075 early warning information in China in 2021, and the early warning has obvious seasonality. 2) The issuance of early warnings is obviously related to the seasons, and the issuance of early warnings varies from month to month. The issuance of one kind of early warning can easily lead to the issuance of another kind of early warning, that is, the early warnings are closely related, and some specific disasters are easy to cause secondary disasters. 3) There are differences in the number of early warnings in each province. 4) The reason for the peak of early warnings in July and the large proportion of red early warnings in Henan Province is the sudden heavy rainstorm in Henan Province in July;the physical mechanism of this heavy rainstorm is sufficient water vapor, strong uplifting movement and stable situation and a long existence time.