Perovskite solar cells(PsCs)have developed tremendously over the past decade.However,the key factors influencing the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs remain incompletely understood,due to the complexity and cou...Perovskite solar cells(PsCs)have developed tremendously over the past decade.However,the key factors influencing the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs remain incompletely understood,due to the complexity and coupling of these structural and compositional parameters.In this research,we demon-strate an effective approach to optimize PSCs performance via machine learning(ML).To address chal-lenges posed by limited samples,we propose a feature mask(FM)method,which augments training samples through feature transformation rather than synthetic data.Using this approach,squeeze-and-excitation residual network(SEResNet)model achieves an accuracy with a root-mean-square-error(RMSE)of 0.833%and a Pearson's correlation coefficient(r)of 0.980.Furthermore,we employ the permu-tation importance(PI)algorithm to investigate key features for PCE.Subsequently,we predict PCE through high-throughput screenings,in which we study the relationship between PCE and chemical com-positions.After that,we conduct experiments to validate the consistency between predicted results by ML and experimental results.In this work,ML demonstrates the capability to predict device performance,extract key parameters from complex systems,and accelerate the transition from laboratory findings to commercialapplications.展开更多
Exploring the realms of physics that extend beyond thermal equilibrium has emerged as a crucial branch of condensed matter physics research.It aims to unravel the intricate processes involving the excitations,interact...Exploring the realms of physics that extend beyond thermal equilibrium has emerged as a crucial branch of condensed matter physics research.It aims to unravel the intricate processes involving the excitations,interactions,and annihilations of quasi-and many-body particles,and ultimately to achieve the manipulation and engineering of exotic non-equilibrium quantum phases on the ultrasmall and ultrafast spatiotemporal scales.Given the inherent complexities arising from many-body dynamics,it therefore seeks a technique that has efficient and diverse detection degrees of freedom to study the underlying physics.By combining high-power femtosecond lasers with real-or momentum-space photoemission electron microscopy(PEEM),imaging excited state phenomena from multiple perspectives,including time,real space,energy,momentum,and spin,can be conveniently achieved,making it a unique technique in studying physics out of equilibrium.In this context,we overview the working principle and technical advances of the PEEM apparatus and the related laser systems,and survey key excited-state phenomena probed through this surface-sensitive methodology,including the ultrafast dynamics of electrons,excitons,plasmons,spins,etc.,in materials ranging from bulk and nano-structured metals and semiconductors to low-dimensional quantum materials.Through this review,one can further envision that time-resolved PEEM will open new avenues for investigating a variety of classical and quantum phenomena in a multidimensional parameter space,offering unprecedented and comprehensive insights into important questions in the field of condensed matter physics.展开更多
Based on the domain reduction method,this study employs an SEM-FEM hybrid workflow which integrates the advantages of the spectral element method(SEM)for flexible and highly efficient simulation of seismic wave propag...Based on the domain reduction method,this study employs an SEM-FEM hybrid workflow which integrates the advantages of the spectral element method(SEM)for flexible and highly efficient simulation of seismic wave propagation in a three-dimensional(3D)regional-scale geophysics model and the finite element method(FEM)for fine simulation of structural response including soil-structure interaction,and performs a physics-based simulation from initial fault rupture on an ancient wood structure.After verification of the hybrid workflow,a large-scale model of an ancient wood structure in the Beijing area,The Tower of Buddhist Incense,is established and its responses under the 1665 Tongxian earthquake and the 1730 Yiheyuan earthquake are simulated.The results from the simulated ground motion and seismic response of the wood structure under the two earthquakes demonstrate that this hybrid workflow can be employed to efficiently provide insight into the relationships between geophysical parameters and the structural response,and is of great significance toward accurate input for seismic simulation of structures under specific site and fault conditions.展开更多
The development of the times has prompted China to enhance the quality of education and the value of talent.As guides for students,teachers should conscientiously implement ideological and political education,create c...The development of the times has prompted China to enhance the quality of education and the value of talent.As guides for students,teachers should conscientiously implement ideological and political education,create college physics courses that are more in line with modern talent cultivation,eliminate the fixed and singular nature of traditional teaching,and find the integration points of ideological and political education.Teachers need to use the textbook itself,the expansion of resources in smart classrooms,and current technological progress to implement ideological and political education in order to cultivate more high-quality and high-level comprehensive talents for society.展开更多
Although seemingly disparate,high-energy nuclear physics(HENP)and machine learning(ML)have begun to merge in the last few years,yielding interesting results.It is worthy to raise the profile of utilizing this novel mi...Although seemingly disparate,high-energy nuclear physics(HENP)and machine learning(ML)have begun to merge in the last few years,yielding interesting results.It is worthy to raise the profile of utilizing this novel mindset from ML in HENP,to help interested readers see the breadth of activities around this intersection.The aim of this mini-review is to inform the community of the current status and present an overview of the application of ML to HENP.From different aspects and using examples,we examine how scientific questions involving HENP can be answered using ML.展开更多
Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration ...Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration and the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences jointly set up the Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base,China Meteorological Administration. This paper introduces the instruments and field experiments of this base, provides an overview of the recent advances in retrieval algorithms of microphysical parameters, improved understanding of microphysical characteristics, as well as the formation mechanisms and numerical prediction of heavy rainfalls in south China based on the field experiments dataset.展开更多
Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was u...Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.展开更多
Background:Information on the association between physical activity(PA)and the risk of chronic kidney disease(CKD)is limited.We aimed to explore the associations of total,domain-specific,and intensity-specific PA with...Background:Information on the association between physical activity(PA)and the risk of chronic kidney disease(CKD)is limited.We aimed to explore the associations of total,domain-specific,and intensity-specific PA with CKD and its subtypes in China.Methods:The study included 475,376 adults from the China Kadoorie Biobank aged 30-79 years during 2004-2008 at baseline.An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the information about PA,which was quantified as metabolic equivalent of task hours per day(MET-h/day)and categorized into 4 groups based on quartiles.Cox regression was used to analyze the association between PA and CKD risk.Results:During a median follow-up of 12.1 years,5415 incident CKD cases were documented,including 1159 incident diabetic kidney disease(DKD)cases and 362 incident hypertensive nephropathy(HTN)cases.Total PA was inversely associated with CKD risk,with an adjusted hazard ratio(HR,95%confidence interval(95%CI))of 0.83(0.75-0.92)for incident CKD in the highest quartile of total PA as compared with participants in the lowest quartile.Similar results were observed for risk of DKD and HTN,and the corresponding HRs(95%CIs)were 0.75(0.58-0.97)for DKD risk and 0.56(0.37-0.85)for HTN risk.Increased nonoccupational PA,low-intensity PA,and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA were significantly associated with a decreased risk of CKD,with HRs(95%CIs)of 0.80(0.73-0.88),0.85(0.77-0.94),and 0.85(0.76-0.95)in the highest quartile,respectively.Conclusion:PA,including nonoccupational PA,low-intensity PA,and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA,was inversely associated with the risk of CKD,including DKD,HTN,and other CKD,and such associations were dose dependent.展开更多
Until recently,it is believed that the rupture speed above the pressure wave is impossible since spontaneously propagating ruptures are driven by the energy released due to the rupture motion,which is transferred thro...Until recently,it is believed that the rupture speed above the pressure wave is impossible since spontaneously propagating ruptures are driven by the energy released due to the rupture motion,which is transferred through the medium to the rupture tip region at the maximum speed equal to the pressure wave speed.However,the apparent violation of classic theories has been revealed by new experimental results demonstrating supersonic shear ruptures.This paper presents a detailed analysis of the recently discovered shear rupture mechanism(fan hinged),which suggests a new physics of energy supply to the tip of supersonic ruptures.The key element of this mechanism is the fan‐shaped structure of the head of extreme ruptures,which is formed as a result of an intense tensile cracking process with the creation of intercrack slabs that act as hinges between the shearing rupture faces.The fan structure is featured with the following extraordinary properties:extremely low friction approaching zero;amplification of shear stresses above the material strength at low applied shear stresses;creation of a self‐disbalancing stress state causing a spontaneous rupture growth;abnormally high energy release;generation of driving energy directly at the rupture tip which excludes the need to transfer energy through the medium.The fan mechanism operates in intact rocks at stress conditions corresponding to seismogenic depths and in pre‐existing extremely smooth interfaces due to identical tensile cracking processes at these conditions.This is Paper 1(of two companion papers)which discusses the fan theory and extreme ruptures in experiments on extremely smooth interfaces.Paper 2 entitled“Fan‐hinged shear instead of frictional stick‐slip as the main and most dangerous mechanism of natural,induced and volcanic earthquakes in the earth's crust”considers extreme ruptures in intact rocks.Further study of this subject is a major challenge for deep underground science,earthquake and fracture mechanics,physics,and tribology.展开更多
智能手机的飞速发展和智能手机APP的不断更新对当今社会的各个方面都产生了深远的影响。与此同时,智能手机APP也逐渐被引入课堂教学中,为学生提供了自主学习的机会,也使物理实验教学模式发生了巨大的改变,成了广大教育者关注的热点。利...智能手机的飞速发展和智能手机APP的不断更新对当今社会的各个方面都产生了深远的影响。与此同时,智能手机APP也逐渐被引入课堂教学中,为学生提供了自主学习的机会,也使物理实验教学模式发生了巨大的改变,成了广大教育者关注的热点。利用Vernier Video Physics软件和Vernier Graphical Analysis软件,再结合平抛运动实验仪,对小钢球的运动轨迹进行逐帧追踪定位,得到小钢球做平抛运动的y-x图像、x-t图像、y-t图像和v_(y)-t图像,再对图像进行相应函数拟合,经过数据分析,得到小钢球做平抛运动在水平方向和竖直方向的运动特点。利用智能手机APP辅助高中物理实验教学可以激发学生的学习兴趣,帮助学生理解物理概念和规律,使学生积极主动地参与到实验中来,培养他们的动手能力,提升他们的实验素养。展开更多
Background:Prolonged sitting and reduced physical activity lead to low energy expenditures.However,little is known about the joint impact of daily sitting time and physical activity on body fat distribution.We investi...Background:Prolonged sitting and reduced physical activity lead to low energy expenditures.However,little is known about the joint impact of daily sitting time and physical activity on body fat distribution.We investigated the independent and joint associations of daily sitting time and physical activity with body fat among adults.Methods:This was a cross-sectional analysis of U.S.nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2011-2018 among adults aged 20 years or older.Daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity(LTPA)were self-reported using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.Body fat(total and trunk fat percentage)was determined via dual X-ray absorptiometry.Results:Among 10,808 adults,about 54.6%spent 6 h/day or more sitting;more than one-half reported no LTPA(inactive)or less than 150 min/week LTPA(insufficiently active)with only 43.3%reported 150 min/week or more LTPA(active)in the past week.After fully adjusting for sociodemographic data,lifestyle behaviors,and chronic conditions,prolonged sitting time and low levels of LTPA were associated with higher total and trunk fat percentages in both sexes.When stratifying by LTPA,the association between daily sitting time and body fat appeared to be stronger in those who were inactive/insuufficiently active.In the joint analyses,inactive/insuufficiently active adults who reported sitting more than 8 h/day had the highest total(female:3.99%(95%confidence interval(95%CI):3.09%-4.88%);male:3.79%(95%CI:2.75%-4.82%))and trunk body fat percentages(female:4.21%(95%CI:3.09%-5.32%);male:4.07%(95%CI:2.95%-5.19%))when compared with those who were active and sitting less than 4 h/day.Conclusion:Prolonged daily sitting time was associated with increased body fat among U.S.adults.The higher body fat associated with 6 h/day sitting may not be offset by achieving recommended levels of physical activity.展开更多
Any scientific system has a unified basic theory. But physics has no unified basic theory in the modern sense. Classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics have their own basic concepts, categories and princi...Any scientific system has a unified basic theory. But physics has no unified basic theory in the modern sense. Classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics have their own basic concepts, categories and principles, so none of them can be regarded as true basic theories of physics. Cosmic Continuum Theory holds that the continuity and discreteness of the universe are fundamental issues related to the unification of physics. Because the contradiction between quantum non-locality and local reality is the fundamental obstacle to the unification of physics, while locality and non-locality correspond to the continuity and discreteness of physical reality respectively. The cosmic continuum theory introduces mathematical continuum and axiomatic ideas to reconstruct the basic theory of physics, and by the correspondence of existence and its dimensions to achieve the unification of the essence of physical reality, by introducing the cosmic continuum hypothesis to achieve the unification of the continuity and discreteness of physical reality, by introducing axiomatic methods to achieve formal unification of the foundations on physics. From the perspective of Cosmic Continuum, classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics are no longer the basic theories of physics, but three branch theories of physics that are respectively applicable to macroscopic, cosmoscopic and microcosmic systems.展开更多
A high energy and high yield neutron source is a prime requirement for technological studies related to fusion reactor development. It provides a high-energy neutron environment for small-scale fusion reactor componen...A high energy and high yield neutron source is a prime requirement for technological studies related to fusion reactor development. It provides a high-energy neutron environment for small-scale fusion reactor components research and testing such as tritium breeding, shielding, plasmafacing materials, reaction cross-section data study for fusion materials, etc. Along with ITER participation, the Institute of Plasma Research, India is developing an accelerator-based 14 MeV neutron source with a yield of 10^(12)n s^(-1). The design of the source is based on the deuterium–tritium fusion reaction. The deuterium beam is accelerated and delivered to the tritium target to generate 14 MeV neutrons. The deuterium beam energy and tritium availability in the tritium target are the base parameters of the accelerator-based neutron source design. The paper gives the physics design of the neutron generator facility of the Institute for Plasma Research. It covers the requirements, design basis, and physics parameters of the neutron generator. As per the analytical results generator can produce more than 1 × 10^(12)n s^(-1)with a 110 keV D^(+) ion beam of 10 mA and a minimum 5 Ci tritium target. However, the detailed simulation with the more realistic conditions of deuteron ion interaction with the tritium titanium target shows that the desired results cannot be achieved with 110 keV. The safe limit of the ion energy should be 300 keV as per the simulation. At 300 keV ion energy and 20 mA current, it reaches 1.6 × 10^(12)n s^(-1). Moreover, it was found that to ensure sufficiently long operation time a tritium target of more than 20 Ci should be used. The scope of the neutron source is not limited to the fusion reactor research studies, it is extended to other areas such as medical radioisotopes research, semiconductor devices irradiations, and many more.展开更多
Total organic carbon (TOC) prediction with elastic parameter inversions has been widely used in the identification and evaluation of source rocks. However, the elastic parameters used to predict TOC are not only deter...Total organic carbon (TOC) prediction with elastic parameter inversions has been widely used in the identification and evaluation of source rocks. However, the elastic parameters used to predict TOC are not only determined by TOC but also depend on the other physical properties of source rocks. Besides, the TOC prediction with the elastic parameters inversion is an indirect method based on the statistical relationship obtained from well logs and experiment data. Therefore, we propose a rock physics model and define a TOC indicator mainly affected by TOC to predict TOC directly. The proposed rock physics model makes the equivalent elastic moduli of source rocks parameterized by the TOC indicator. Combining the equivalent elastic moduli of source rocks and Gray’s approximation leads to a novel linearized approximation of the P-wave reflection coefficient incorporating the TOC indicator. Model examples illustrate that the novel reflectivity approximation well agrees with the exact Zoeppritz equation until incident angles reach 40°. Convoluting the novel P-wave reflection approximation with seismic wavelets as the forward solver, an AVO inversion method based on the Bayesian theory is proposed to invert the TOC indicator with seismic data. The synthetic examples and field tests validate the feasibility and stability of the proposed AVO inversion approach. Using the inversion results of the TOC indicator, TOC is directly and accurately estimated in the target area.展开更多
Heavy oil has high density and viscosity, and exhibits viscoelasticity. Gassmann's theory is not suitable for materials saturated with viscoelastic fluids. Directly applying such model leads to unreliable results ...Heavy oil has high density and viscosity, and exhibits viscoelasticity. Gassmann's theory is not suitable for materials saturated with viscoelastic fluids. Directly applying such model leads to unreliable results for seismic inversion of heavy oil reservoir. To describe the viscoelastic behavior of heavy oil, we modeled the elastic properties of heavy oil with varying viscosity and frequency using the Cole-Cole-Maxwell (CCM) model. Then, we used a CCoherent Potential Approximation (CPA) instead of the Gassmann equations to account for the fluid effect, by extending the single-phase fluid condition to two-phase fluid (heavy oil and water) condition, so that partial saturation of heavy oil can be considered. This rock physics model establishes the relationship between the elastic modulus of reservoir rock and viscosity, frequency and saturation. The viscosity of the heavy oil and the elastic moduli and porosity of typical reservoir rock samples were measured in laboratory, which were used for calibration of the rock physics model. The well-calibrated frequency-variant CPA model was applied to the prediction of the P- and S-wave velocities in the seismic frequency range (1–100 Hz) and the inversion of petrophysical parameters for a heavy oil reservoir. The pre-stack inversion results of elastic parameters are improved compared with those results using the CPA model in the sonic logging frequency (∼10 kHz), or conventional rock physics model such as the Xu-Payne model. In addition, the inversion of the porosity of the reservoir was conducted with the simulated annealing method, and the result fits reasonably well with the logging curve and depicts the location of the heavy oil reservoir on the time slice. The application of the laboratory-calibrated CPA model provides better results with the velocity dispersion correction, suggesting the important role of accurate frequency dependent rock physics models in the seismic prediction of heavy oil reservoirs.展开更多
Neural network methods have been widely used in many fields of scientific research with the rapid increase of computing power.The physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have received much attention as a major breakthr...Neural network methods have been widely used in many fields of scientific research with the rapid increase of computing power.The physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have received much attention as a major breakthrough in solving partial differential equations using neural networks.In this paper,a resampling technique based on the expansion-shrinkage point(ESP)selection strategy is developed to dynamically modify the distribution of training points in accordance with the performance of the neural networks.In this new approach both training sites with slight changes in residual values and training points with large residuals are taken into account.In order to make the distribution of training points more uniform,the concept of continuity is further introduced and incorporated.This method successfully addresses the issue that the neural network becomes ill or even crashes due to the extensive alteration of training point distribution.The effectiveness of the improved physics-informed neural networks with expansion-shrinkage resampling is demonstrated through a series of numerical experiments.展开更多
This paper presents model problem studies for micropolar thermoviscoelastic solids without memory and micropolar thermoviscous fluid using micropolar non-classical continuum theories (NCCT) based on internal rotations...This paper presents model problem studies for micropolar thermoviscoelastic solids without memory and micropolar thermoviscous fluid using micropolar non-classical continuum theories (NCCT) based on internal rotations and rotation rates in which rotational inertial physics is considered in the derivation of the conservation and balance laws (CBL). The dissipation mechanism is due to strain rates as well as rotation rates. Model problems are designed to demonstrate and illustrate various significant aspects of the micropolar NCCT with rotational inertial physics considered in this paper. In case of micropolar solids, the translational and rotational waves are shown to coexist. In the absence of microconstituents (classical continuum theory, CCT) the internal rotations are a free field, hence have no influence on CCT. Absence of gradients of displacements and strains in micropolar thermoviscous fluid medium prohibits existence of translational waves as well as rotational waves even though the appearance of the mathematical model is analogous to the solids, but in terms of strain rates. It is shown that in case of micropolar thermoviscous fluids the BAM behaves more like time dependent diffusion equation i.e., like heat conduction equation in Lagrangian description. The influence of rotational inertial physics is demonstrated using BLM as well as BAM in the model problem studies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFF0609504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61974126,51902273,62005230,62001405)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No.2021J06009)
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PsCs)have developed tremendously over the past decade.However,the key factors influencing the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs remain incompletely understood,due to the complexity and coupling of these structural and compositional parameters.In this research,we demon-strate an effective approach to optimize PSCs performance via machine learning(ML).To address chal-lenges posed by limited samples,we propose a feature mask(FM)method,which augments training samples through feature transformation rather than synthetic data.Using this approach,squeeze-and-excitation residual network(SEResNet)model achieves an accuracy with a root-mean-square-error(RMSE)of 0.833%and a Pearson's correlation coefficient(r)of 0.980.Furthermore,we employ the permu-tation importance(PI)algorithm to investigate key features for PCE.Subsequently,we predict PCE through high-throughput screenings,in which we study the relationship between PCE and chemical com-positions.After that,we conduct experiments to validate the consistency between predicted results by ML and experimental results.In this work,ML demonstrates the capability to predict device performance,extract key parameters from complex systems,and accelerate the transition from laboratory findings to commercialapplications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12374223)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.20231117151322001).
文摘Exploring the realms of physics that extend beyond thermal equilibrium has emerged as a crucial branch of condensed matter physics research.It aims to unravel the intricate processes involving the excitations,interactions,and annihilations of quasi-and many-body particles,and ultimately to achieve the manipulation and engineering of exotic non-equilibrium quantum phases on the ultrasmall and ultrafast spatiotemporal scales.Given the inherent complexities arising from many-body dynamics,it therefore seeks a technique that has efficient and diverse detection degrees of freedom to study the underlying physics.By combining high-power femtosecond lasers with real-or momentum-space photoemission electron microscopy(PEEM),imaging excited state phenomena from multiple perspectives,including time,real space,energy,momentum,and spin,can be conveniently achieved,making it a unique technique in studying physics out of equilibrium.In this context,we overview the working principle and technical advances of the PEEM apparatus and the related laser systems,and survey key excited-state phenomena probed through this surface-sensitive methodology,including the ultrafast dynamics of electrons,excitons,plasmons,spins,etc.,in materials ranging from bulk and nano-structured metals and semiconductors to low-dimensional quantum materials.Through this review,one can further envision that time-resolved PEEM will open new avenues for investigating a variety of classical and quantum phenomena in a multidimensional parameter space,offering unprecedented and comprehensive insights into important questions in the field of condensed matter physics.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52108468 and 52178495。
文摘Based on the domain reduction method,this study employs an SEM-FEM hybrid workflow which integrates the advantages of the spectral element method(SEM)for flexible and highly efficient simulation of seismic wave propagation in a three-dimensional(3D)regional-scale geophysics model and the finite element method(FEM)for fine simulation of structural response including soil-structure interaction,and performs a physics-based simulation from initial fault rupture on an ancient wood structure.After verification of the hybrid workflow,a large-scale model of an ancient wood structure in the Beijing area,The Tower of Buddhist Incense,is established and its responses under the 1665 Tongxian earthquake and the 1730 Yiheyuan earthquake are simulated.The results from the simulated ground motion and seismic response of the wood structure under the two earthquakes demonstrate that this hybrid workflow can be employed to efficiently provide insight into the relationships between geophysical parameters and the structural response,and is of great significance toward accurate input for seismic simulation of structures under specific site and fault conditions.
基金Anhui Sanlian University’s School-Level Key Teaching and Research Project“Exploration and Research on Curriculum Ideology and Politics in College Physics Teaching”(23zlgc108)Anhui Sanlian University’s School-Level Key Research Project“Research and Design of High Isolation UWB Antenna”(KJZD2023007)。
文摘The development of the times has prompted China to enhance the quality of education and the value of talent.As guides for students,teachers should conscientiously implement ideological and political education,create college physics courses that are more in line with modern talent cultivation,eliminate the fixed and singular nature of traditional teaching,and find the integration points of ideological and political education.Teachers need to use the textbook itself,the expansion of resources in smart classrooms,and current technological progress to implement ideological and political education in order to cultivate more high-quality and high-level comprehensive talents for society.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos.11890714,12147101(Ma),12075098(Pang),12247107,12075007(Song)the Germany BMBF under the ErUM-Data project(Zhou)the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research No.2020B0301030008(Ma).
文摘Although seemingly disparate,high-energy nuclear physics(HENP)and machine learning(ML)have begun to merge in the last few years,yielding interesting results.It is worthy to raise the profile of utilizing this novel mindset from ML in HENP,to help interested readers see the breadth of activities around this intersection.The aim of this mini-review is to inform the community of the current status and present an overview of the application of ML to HENP.From different aspects and using examples,we examine how scientific questions involving HENP can be answered using ML.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22422203,42030610,41975138,41975046,42075086,42275008)the High-level Science and Technology Journals Projects of Guangdong Province(214040990009)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant(2017YFC1501701,2017YFC1501703)Science and Technology Foundation of CAMS(2020KJ021)。
文摘Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration and the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences jointly set up the Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base,China Meteorological Administration. This paper introduces the instruments and field experiments of this base, provides an overview of the recent advances in retrieval algorithms of microphysical parameters, improved understanding of microphysical characteristics, as well as the formation mechanisms and numerical prediction of heavy rainfalls in south China based on the field experiments dataset.
文摘Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82192900,82192901,82192904,81941018,and 91846303)Peking University Medicine Seed Fund for Interdisciplinary Research(BMU2022MX025)+5 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiessupported by a grant from the Kadoorie Charitable Foundation in Hong Kongsupported by grants from the UK Wellcome Trust(212946/Z/18/Z,202922/Z/16/Z,104085/Z/14/Z,and 088158/Z/09/Z)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0900500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81390540)Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(2011BAI09B01)。
文摘Background:Information on the association between physical activity(PA)and the risk of chronic kidney disease(CKD)is limited.We aimed to explore the associations of total,domain-specific,and intensity-specific PA with CKD and its subtypes in China.Methods:The study included 475,376 adults from the China Kadoorie Biobank aged 30-79 years during 2004-2008 at baseline.An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the information about PA,which was quantified as metabolic equivalent of task hours per day(MET-h/day)and categorized into 4 groups based on quartiles.Cox regression was used to analyze the association between PA and CKD risk.Results:During a median follow-up of 12.1 years,5415 incident CKD cases were documented,including 1159 incident diabetic kidney disease(DKD)cases and 362 incident hypertensive nephropathy(HTN)cases.Total PA was inversely associated with CKD risk,with an adjusted hazard ratio(HR,95%confidence interval(95%CI))of 0.83(0.75-0.92)for incident CKD in the highest quartile of total PA as compared with participants in the lowest quartile.Similar results were observed for risk of DKD and HTN,and the corresponding HRs(95%CIs)were 0.75(0.58-0.97)for DKD risk and 0.56(0.37-0.85)for HTN risk.Increased nonoccupational PA,low-intensity PA,and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA were significantly associated with a decreased risk of CKD,with HRs(95%CIs)of 0.80(0.73-0.88),0.85(0.77-0.94),and 0.85(0.76-0.95)in the highest quartile,respectively.Conclusion:PA,including nonoccupational PA,low-intensity PA,and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA,was inversely associated with the risk of CKD,including DKD,HTN,and other CKD,and such associations were dose dependent.
文摘Until recently,it is believed that the rupture speed above the pressure wave is impossible since spontaneously propagating ruptures are driven by the energy released due to the rupture motion,which is transferred through the medium to the rupture tip region at the maximum speed equal to the pressure wave speed.However,the apparent violation of classic theories has been revealed by new experimental results demonstrating supersonic shear ruptures.This paper presents a detailed analysis of the recently discovered shear rupture mechanism(fan hinged),which suggests a new physics of energy supply to the tip of supersonic ruptures.The key element of this mechanism is the fan‐shaped structure of the head of extreme ruptures,which is formed as a result of an intense tensile cracking process with the creation of intercrack slabs that act as hinges between the shearing rupture faces.The fan structure is featured with the following extraordinary properties:extremely low friction approaching zero;amplification of shear stresses above the material strength at low applied shear stresses;creation of a self‐disbalancing stress state causing a spontaneous rupture growth;abnormally high energy release;generation of driving energy directly at the rupture tip which excludes the need to transfer energy through the medium.The fan mechanism operates in intact rocks at stress conditions corresponding to seismogenic depths and in pre‐existing extremely smooth interfaces due to identical tensile cracking processes at these conditions.This is Paper 1(of two companion papers)which discusses the fan theory and extreme ruptures in experiments on extremely smooth interfaces.Paper 2 entitled“Fan‐hinged shear instead of frictional stick‐slip as the main and most dangerous mechanism of natural,induced and volcanic earthquakes in the earth's crust”considers extreme ruptures in intact rocks.Further study of this subject is a major challenge for deep underground science,earthquake and fracture mechanics,physics,and tribology.
文摘智能手机的飞速发展和智能手机APP的不断更新对当今社会的各个方面都产生了深远的影响。与此同时,智能手机APP也逐渐被引入课堂教学中,为学生提供了自主学习的机会,也使物理实验教学模式发生了巨大的改变,成了广大教育者关注的热点。利用Vernier Video Physics软件和Vernier Graphical Analysis软件,再结合平抛运动实验仪,对小钢球的运动轨迹进行逐帧追踪定位,得到小钢球做平抛运动的y-x图像、x-t图像、y-t图像和v_(y)-t图像,再对图像进行相应函数拟合,经过数据分析,得到小钢球做平抛运动在水平方向和竖直方向的运动特点。利用智能手机APP辅助高中物理实验教学可以激发学生的学习兴趣,帮助学生理解物理概念和规律,使学生积极主动地参与到实验中来,培养他们的动手能力,提升他们的实验素养。
文摘Background:Prolonged sitting and reduced physical activity lead to low energy expenditures.However,little is known about the joint impact of daily sitting time and physical activity on body fat distribution.We investigated the independent and joint associations of daily sitting time and physical activity with body fat among adults.Methods:This was a cross-sectional analysis of U.S.nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2011-2018 among adults aged 20 years or older.Daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity(LTPA)were self-reported using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.Body fat(total and trunk fat percentage)was determined via dual X-ray absorptiometry.Results:Among 10,808 adults,about 54.6%spent 6 h/day or more sitting;more than one-half reported no LTPA(inactive)or less than 150 min/week LTPA(insufficiently active)with only 43.3%reported 150 min/week or more LTPA(active)in the past week.After fully adjusting for sociodemographic data,lifestyle behaviors,and chronic conditions,prolonged sitting time and low levels of LTPA were associated with higher total and trunk fat percentages in both sexes.When stratifying by LTPA,the association between daily sitting time and body fat appeared to be stronger in those who were inactive/insuufficiently active.In the joint analyses,inactive/insuufficiently active adults who reported sitting more than 8 h/day had the highest total(female:3.99%(95%confidence interval(95%CI):3.09%-4.88%);male:3.79%(95%CI:2.75%-4.82%))and trunk body fat percentages(female:4.21%(95%CI:3.09%-5.32%);male:4.07%(95%CI:2.95%-5.19%))when compared with those who were active and sitting less than 4 h/day.Conclusion:Prolonged daily sitting time was associated with increased body fat among U.S.adults.The higher body fat associated with 6 h/day sitting may not be offset by achieving recommended levels of physical activity.
文摘Any scientific system has a unified basic theory. But physics has no unified basic theory in the modern sense. Classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics have their own basic concepts, categories and principles, so none of them can be regarded as true basic theories of physics. Cosmic Continuum Theory holds that the continuity and discreteness of the universe are fundamental issues related to the unification of physics. Because the contradiction between quantum non-locality and local reality is the fundamental obstacle to the unification of physics, while locality and non-locality correspond to the continuity and discreteness of physical reality respectively. The cosmic continuum theory introduces mathematical continuum and axiomatic ideas to reconstruct the basic theory of physics, and by the correspondence of existence and its dimensions to achieve the unification of the essence of physical reality, by introducing the cosmic continuum hypothesis to achieve the unification of the continuity and discreteness of physical reality, by introducing axiomatic methods to achieve formal unification of the foundations on physics. From the perspective of Cosmic Continuum, classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics are no longer the basic theories of physics, but three branch theories of physics that are respectively applicable to macroscopic, cosmoscopic and microcosmic systems.
文摘A high energy and high yield neutron source is a prime requirement for technological studies related to fusion reactor development. It provides a high-energy neutron environment for small-scale fusion reactor components research and testing such as tritium breeding, shielding, plasmafacing materials, reaction cross-section data study for fusion materials, etc. Along with ITER participation, the Institute of Plasma Research, India is developing an accelerator-based 14 MeV neutron source with a yield of 10^(12)n s^(-1). The design of the source is based on the deuterium–tritium fusion reaction. The deuterium beam is accelerated and delivered to the tritium target to generate 14 MeV neutrons. The deuterium beam energy and tritium availability in the tritium target are the base parameters of the accelerator-based neutron source design. The paper gives the physics design of the neutron generator facility of the Institute for Plasma Research. It covers the requirements, design basis, and physics parameters of the neutron generator. As per the analytical results generator can produce more than 1 × 10^(12)n s^(-1)with a 110 keV D^(+) ion beam of 10 mA and a minimum 5 Ci tritium target. However, the detailed simulation with the more realistic conditions of deuteron ion interaction with the tritium titanium target shows that the desired results cannot be achieved with 110 keV. The safe limit of the ion energy should be 300 keV as per the simulation. At 300 keV ion energy and 20 mA current, it reaches 1.6 × 10^(12)n s^(-1). Moreover, it was found that to ensure sufficiently long operation time a tritium target of more than 20 Ci should be used. The scope of the neutron source is not limited to the fusion reactor research studies, it is extended to other areas such as medical radioisotopes research, semiconductor devices irradiations, and many more.
基金The authors acknowledge the sponsorship of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42174139,41974119,42030103)Laoshan Laboratory Science and Technology Innovation Program(LSKj202203406)Science Foundation from Innovation and Technology Support Program for Young Scientists in Colleges of Shandong Province and Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2019RA2136).
文摘Total organic carbon (TOC) prediction with elastic parameter inversions has been widely used in the identification and evaluation of source rocks. However, the elastic parameters used to predict TOC are not only determined by TOC but also depend on the other physical properties of source rocks. Besides, the TOC prediction with the elastic parameters inversion is an indirect method based on the statistical relationship obtained from well logs and experiment data. Therefore, we propose a rock physics model and define a TOC indicator mainly affected by TOC to predict TOC directly. The proposed rock physics model makes the equivalent elastic moduli of source rocks parameterized by the TOC indicator. Combining the equivalent elastic moduli of source rocks and Gray’s approximation leads to a novel linearized approximation of the P-wave reflection coefficient incorporating the TOC indicator. Model examples illustrate that the novel reflectivity approximation well agrees with the exact Zoeppritz equation until incident angles reach 40°. Convoluting the novel P-wave reflection approximation with seismic wavelets as the forward solver, an AVO inversion method based on the Bayesian theory is proposed to invert the TOC indicator with seismic data. The synthetic examples and field tests validate the feasibility and stability of the proposed AVO inversion approach. Using the inversion results of the TOC indicator, TOC is directly and accurately estimated in the target area.
基金supported by NSFC(41930425)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462020YXZZ008)+1 种基金R&D Department of China National Petroleum Corporation(Investigations on fundamental experiments and advanced theoretical methods in geophysical prospecting applications(2022DQ0604-01)the Strategic Cooperation Technology Projects of CNPC and CUPB(ZLZX2020-03)and NSFC(42274142).
文摘Heavy oil has high density and viscosity, and exhibits viscoelasticity. Gassmann's theory is not suitable for materials saturated with viscoelastic fluids. Directly applying such model leads to unreliable results for seismic inversion of heavy oil reservoir. To describe the viscoelastic behavior of heavy oil, we modeled the elastic properties of heavy oil with varying viscosity and frequency using the Cole-Cole-Maxwell (CCM) model. Then, we used a CCoherent Potential Approximation (CPA) instead of the Gassmann equations to account for the fluid effect, by extending the single-phase fluid condition to two-phase fluid (heavy oil and water) condition, so that partial saturation of heavy oil can be considered. This rock physics model establishes the relationship between the elastic modulus of reservoir rock and viscosity, frequency and saturation. The viscosity of the heavy oil and the elastic moduli and porosity of typical reservoir rock samples were measured in laboratory, which were used for calibration of the rock physics model. The well-calibrated frequency-variant CPA model was applied to the prediction of the P- and S-wave velocities in the seismic frequency range (1–100 Hz) and the inversion of petrophysical parameters for a heavy oil reservoir. The pre-stack inversion results of elastic parameters are improved compared with those results using the CPA model in the sonic logging frequency (∼10 kHz), or conventional rock physics model such as the Xu-Payne model. In addition, the inversion of the porosity of the reservoir was conducted with the simulated annealing method, and the result fits reasonably well with the logging curve and depicts the location of the heavy oil reservoir on the time slice. The application of the laboratory-calibrated CPA model provides better results with the velocity dispersion correction, suggesting the important role of accurate frequency dependent rock physics models in the seismic prediction of heavy oil reservoirs.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC1807905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52079090 and U20A20316)the Basic Research Program of Qinghai Province(Grant No.2022-ZJ-704).
文摘Neural network methods have been widely used in many fields of scientific research with the rapid increase of computing power.The physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have received much attention as a major breakthrough in solving partial differential equations using neural networks.In this paper,a resampling technique based on the expansion-shrinkage point(ESP)selection strategy is developed to dynamically modify the distribution of training points in accordance with the performance of the neural networks.In this new approach both training sites with slight changes in residual values and training points with large residuals are taken into account.In order to make the distribution of training points more uniform,the concept of continuity is further introduced and incorporated.This method successfully addresses the issue that the neural network becomes ill or even crashes due to the extensive alteration of training point distribution.The effectiveness of the improved physics-informed neural networks with expansion-shrinkage resampling is demonstrated through a series of numerical experiments.
文摘This paper presents model problem studies for micropolar thermoviscoelastic solids without memory and micropolar thermoviscous fluid using micropolar non-classical continuum theories (NCCT) based on internal rotations and rotation rates in which rotational inertial physics is considered in the derivation of the conservation and balance laws (CBL). The dissipation mechanism is due to strain rates as well as rotation rates. Model problems are designed to demonstrate and illustrate various significant aspects of the micropolar NCCT with rotational inertial physics considered in this paper. In case of micropolar solids, the translational and rotational waves are shown to coexist. In the absence of microconstituents (classical continuum theory, CCT) the internal rotations are a free field, hence have no influence on CCT. Absence of gradients of displacements and strains in micropolar thermoviscous fluid medium prohibits existence of translational waves as well as rotational waves even though the appearance of the mathematical model is analogous to the solids, but in terms of strain rates. It is shown that in case of micropolar thermoviscous fluids the BAM behaves more like time dependent diffusion equation i.e., like heat conduction equation in Lagrangian description. The influence of rotational inertial physics is demonstrated using BLM as well as BAM in the model problem studies.